Edgar Filing: TENARIS SA

FORM 6 - K

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Report of Foreign Private Issuer

Pursuant to Rule 13a - 16 or 15d - 16 of

the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

As of April 5, 2019

TENARIS, S.A.

(Translation of Registrant's name into English)

TENARIS, S.A.

29, Avenue de la Porte-Neuve 3rd floor

L-2227 Luxembourg

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or 40-F.

Form 20-F _Ö_ Form 40-F ___

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information contained in this Form is also thereby furnishing the information to the Commission pursuant to Rule 12G3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ___ No _Ö_

If “Yes” is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant in connection with Rule 12g3-2(b): 82-__.

The attached material is being furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 13a-16 and Form 6-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This report contains Tenaris' 2018 annual report (which includes the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the Company’s annual accounts as at December 31, 2018, together with the independent auditors’ reports and the Board of Directors’ management report and certification).

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: April 5, 2019.

Tenaris, S.A.

By: /s/ Cecilia Bilesio

Cecilia Bilesio

Corporate Secretary

TENARIS S.A.

Annual Report 2018

Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Company Profile	3
Letter from the Chairman	4
Consolidated Management Report	6
Leading Indicators	9
Information on Tenaris	10
Principal Risks and Uncertainties	24
Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	31
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk	46
Outstanding Legal Proceedings	51
Recent Developments	54
Corporate Governance Statement	56
Related Party Transactions	70
Dividends	73
Employees	74
Diversity	74
Non-financial Information	75
Management Certification	76
Financial Information	77
Consolidated Financial Statements	77
Annual Accounts (Luxembourg GAAP)	141
Exhibit I – Alternative performance measures	153

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Company Profile

Tenaris is a leading supplier of tubes and related services for the world’s energy industry and certain other industrial applications. Our mission is to deliver value to our customers through product development, manufacturing excellence and supply chain management. We seek to minimize risk for our customers and help them reduce costs, increase flexibility and improve time-to-market. Our employees around the world are committed to continuous improvement by sharing knowledge across a single global organization.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Letter from the Chairman

Dear Shareholders,

2018 has been a year when Tenaris has demonstrated with its results the strength of its global and competitive positioning. In a market, where the increase in global oil and gas rig count has been a relatively modest 9%, largely concentrated in the U.S. shales, Tenaris has increased sales by 45% over the year. All our regions, as well as our non-tubular businesses, have contributed to this achievement. Our margins have also increased with our EBITDA margin consolidating around 20%, and our net income margin rising to 11% of sales.

Our financial position is solid with a net cash position at year end of $485 million and our Board of Directors is proposing to maintain our annual dividend payment at the same level as last year.

This performance compares favorably against any of our competitors and, in the past years, we have established a clear leadership in our sector, reflecting the efforts we have made over many years: in industrial excellence, product development, in our Rig Direct® service and in our global reach and financial strength.

Central to our performance this year has been the extraordinary achievement of completing the delivery of pipes with highly complex specifications for three offshore gas pipelines in the Eastern Mediterranean, which will change the balance of gas supply and demand in the region.

During the year, around 60% of our OCTG sales by volume was supplied under Rig Direct® conditions. We have fully consolidated the service in the U.S. and Canadian markets and are working to increase differentiation through improving service quality and extending integration with customer operations. Elsewhere, we have successfully introduced the service in Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Guyana and Brazil. No other company in our sector is capable of deploying on a global scale such a strategy of deep integration with customers, with its benefits for reducing costs and simplifying operations.

We also positioned ourselves favorably for major gas development projects around the world. In Argentina, Tenaris supported the rapid development of gas production in the Vaca Muerta shale, while we also won awards for the supply to major gas developments in Australia, Qatar, Indonesia, Mozambique and, most recently, India.

In a year when Section 232 tariffs and quotas were introduced in the United States, we expanded our production in all of our plants in the country. In particular, we have been focusing on the ramp up of our new greenfield mill at Bay City and, in 2019, we will continue working to bring the mill to its full potential.

During the years, we have been researching the application of digital, automation and machine learning technologies in our industrial processes and we incorporated many of these new developments into our Bay City mill. Now, we are beginning to introduce these new technologies and transform the rest of our industrial system. This work will be strengthened in the years ahead.

Sustainability principles are deeply embedded in our values and management processes, as we position Tenaris to grow and prosper over the long-term. First and foremost is an absolute commitment to the safety of our employees, contractors and users of our products and services. While we are encouraged to be making progress on improving our safety indicators, we realize that further cultural change is still needed to achieve our safety objectives. We have decided to change the role of shift leaders in our industrial system to give them more responsibility to lead the change.

The ramp up in production at our modern Bay City mill is having an impact on our environment indicators, which are showing a gradual improvement. At the same time, we are investing in our older facilities to improve air quality and material recycling performance indicators. Over 10% of our capital expenditure budget during 2018 was dedicated to projects whose primary aim is to improve our safety and environmental performance.

We continue to work on transforming our human relations processes to strengthen the role and opportunity for employees to control their own development and career choices and encourage flexible working programs. We are pleased to note that, in our internal surveys, employee engagement has been improving. We are now extending the use of these surveys to our factory-floor employees, which is providing us additional insight into opportunities for improving working conditions.

The cornerstone of our programs to strengthen the communities where we operate is our investment in technical education and providing opportunities for promising young students from all backgrounds. As our Roberto Rocca Technical School in Campana completed its fifth anniversary, PISA and College Board tests show that its pupils are performing appreciably better in mathematics and language than their peers within Argentina and the OECD average.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Over the past decade, we have focused our expansion strategy on organic growth with the construction of new rolling mills at Tamsa and Bay City and the expansion of heat treatment, threading and service facilities around the world. Now, with the acquisition of a welded pipe mill in Saudi Arabia, the launch of the Tenaris Severstal joint venture project in Russia and our prospective acquisition of IPSCO Tubulars in the U.S., we are starting a new phase of industrial expansion in key markets for the oil and gas industry.

We have completed an important year of expansion in sales and results but if I should look ahead let me stress that we are faced with high levels of uncertainty in the political and economic environment of many of the countries where we operate. I feel, however, that Tenaris, with its global positioning, its diverse and highly motivated team of professionals and its financial flexibility remains better placed than any of its competitors to take advantage of new opportunities and respond to the different scenarios that could unfold.

I would like to thank our employees for their efforts and achievements over the past year. I would also like to thank our customers, suppliers and shareholders for their continuing support and confidence in our company.

April 1, 2019

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Consolidated Management Report

CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS

Unless otherwise specified or if the context so requires:

References in this annual report to “the Company” are exclusively to Tenaris S.A., a Luxembourg société anonyme.

References in this annual report to “Tenaris”, “we”, “us” or “our” are to Tenaris S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries. See “II. Accounting Policies A. Basis of presentation” and “II. Accounting Policies B. Group accounting” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

References in this annual report to “San Faustin” are to San Faustin S.A., a Luxembourg société anonyme and the Company’s controlling shareholder.

“shares” refers to ordinary shares, par value $1.00, of the Company.

“ADSs” refers to the American Depositary Shares, which are evidenced by American Depositary Receipts, and represent two shares each.

“OCTG” refers to oil country tubular goods. See “Information on Tenaris – Business Overview – Our Products”.

“tons” refers to metric tons; one metric ton is equal to 1,000 kilograms, 2,204.62 pounds, or 1.102 U.S. (short) tons.

“billion” refers to one thousand million, or 1,000,000,000.

“U.S. dollars”, “US$”, “USD” or “$” each refers to the United States dollar.

“EUR” refers to the Euro.

“SAR” refers to the Saudi Arabian riyal.

“BRL” refers to the Brazilian real.

“MXN” refers to the Mexican peso.

“ARS” refers to the Argentine peso.

PRESENTATION OF CERTAIN FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

Accounting Principles

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), and in accordance with IFRS, as adopted by the European Union. Additionally, this annual report includes non-IFRS alternative performance measures such as EBITDA, Net cash/debt position and Free Cash Flow. See Exhibit 1 for more details on these alternative performance measures.

Following the sale in January 2017 of our steel electric conduit business in North America, known as Republic Conduit, the results of Republic Conduit are presented as discontinued operations in accordance with IFRS 5, “Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations”. Consequently, all amounts related to discontinued operations within each line item of the consolidated income statement are reclassified into discontinued operations. The consolidated statement of cash flows includes the cash flows for continuing and discontinued operations; cash flows and earnings per share from discontinued operations are disclosed separately in note 27 “Discontinued Operations” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, as well as additional information detailing net assets of disposal group classified as held for sale and discontinued operations.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

We publish consolidated financial statements presented in increments of a thousand U.S. dollars. This annual report includes our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Rounding

Certain monetary amounts, percentages and other figures included in this annual report have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown as totals in certain tables may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them, and figures expressed as percentages in the text may not total 100% or, as applicable, when aggregated may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the percentages that precede them.

Our Internet Website is Not Part of this Annual Report

We maintain an Internet website at www.tenaris.com. Information contained in or otherwise accessible through our Internet website is not part of this annual report. All references in this annual report to this Internet site are inactive textual references to these URLs, or “uniform resource locators” and are for informational reference only. We assume no responsibility for the information contained on our Internet website.

Industry Data

Unless otherwise indicated, industry data and statistics (including historical information, estimates or forecasts) in this annual report are contained in or derived from internal or industry sources believed by Tenaris to be reliable. Industry data and statistics are inherently predictive and are not necessarily reflective of actual industry conditions. Such statistics are based on market research, which itself is based on sampling and subjective judgments by both the researchers and the respondents, including judgments about what types of products and transactions should be included in the relevant market. In addition, the value of comparisons of statistics for different markets is limited by many factors, including that (i) the markets are defined differently, (ii) the underlying information was gathered by different methods and (iii) different assumptions were applied in compiling the data. Such data and statistics have not been independently verified, and the Company makes no representation as to the accuracy or completeness of such data or any assumptions relied upon therein.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report and any other oral or written statements made by us to the public may contain “forward-looking statements” under applicable securities laws. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current views and assumptions and are provided to allow potential investors the opportunity to understand management’s beliefs and opinions in respect of the future so that they may use such beliefs and opinions as one factor in evaluating an investment. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by those statements.

We use words and terms such as “aim”, “will likely result”, “will continue”, “contemplate”, “seek to”, “future”, “objective”, “goal”, “should”, “will pursue”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “expect”, “project”, “intend”, “plan”, “believe” and words and terms of similar substance to identify forward-looking statements, but they are not the only way we identify such statements. This annual report contains forward-looking statements, including with respect to certain of our plans and current goals and expectations relating to Tenaris’s future financial condition and performance. Sections of this annual report that by their nature contain forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, “Business Overview”, “Principal Risks and Uncertainties”, and “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects”. In addition to the risks related to our business discussed under “Principal Risks and Uncertainties”, other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to:

our ability to implement our business strategy or to grow through acquisitions, joint ventures and other investments;

the competitive environment in our business and our industry;

our ability to price our products and services in accordance with our strategy;

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

our ability to absorb cost increases and to secure supplies of essential raw materials and energy;

our ability to adjust fixed and semi-fixed costs to fluctuations in product demand;

trends in the levels of investment in oil and gas exploration and drilling worldwide;

general macroeconomic and political conditions in the countries in which we operate or distribute pipes; and

changes to applicable law and regulations, including the imposition of tariffs or quotas or other trade barriers.

By their nature, certain disclosures relating to these and other risks are only estimates and could be materially different from what actually occurs in the future. As a result, actual future gains or losses that may affect our financial condition and results of operations could differ materially from those that have been estimated. You should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this annual report. Except as required by law, we are not under any obligation, and expressly disclaim any obligation to update or alter any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of changes of circumstances or management’s estimates or opinions, new information, future events or otherwise.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Leading Indicators

	2018		2017			2016
TUBES SALES VOLUMES (thousands of tons)
Seamless		2,694		2,157			1,635
Welded		877		461			355
Total		3,571		2,618			1,990

TUBES PRODUCTION VOLUMES (thousands of tons)
Seamless		2,798		2,347			1,735
Welded		799		544			305
Total		3,597		2,890			2,040

FINANCIAL INDICATORS (millions of $)
Net sales		7,659		5,289			4,294
Operating income (loss)		872		335			(59	)
EBITDA ⁽¹⁾		1,536		943			598
Net income		874		536			59
Cash flow from operations		611		(22	)		864
Capital expenditures		349		558			787

BALANCE SHEET (millions of $)
Total assets		14,251		14,398			14,003
Total borrowings		539		966			840
Net cash position ⁽²⁾		485		647			1,406
Total liabilities		2,376		2,817			2,590
Shareholders’ equity including non-controlling interests		11,875		11,581			11,413

PER SHARE / ADS DATA ($ PER SHARE / PER ADS) ⁽³⁾
Number of shares outstanding ⁽⁴⁾ (thousands of shares)		1,180,537		1,180,537			1,180,537
Earnings per share		0.74		0.46			0.05
Earnings per ADS		1.48		0.92			0.09
Dividends per share ⁽⁵⁾		0.41		0.41			0.41
Dividends per ADS ⁽⁵⁾		0.82		0.82			0.82
ADS Stock price at year-end		21.32		31.86			35.71
Number of employees ⁽⁴⁾		23,472		21,605			19,399

⁽¹⁾

Defined as operating income plus depreciation, amortization and impairment charges/(reversals). See Exhibit I. EBITDA includes severance charges of $74 million in 2016. If these charges were not included, EBITDA would have been $672 million in 2016.

⁽²⁾

Defined as Cash and cash equivalents + Other investments (Current and Non-Current) +/- Derivatives hedging borrowings and investments–Borrowings (Current and Non-Current). See Exhibit I.

⁽³⁾

Each ADS represents two shares.

⁽⁴⁾

As of December 31.

⁽⁵⁾

Proposed or paid in respect of the year.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Information on Tenaris

The Company

Our holding company’s legal and commercial name is Tenaris S.A. The Company was established as a société anonyme organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on December 17, 2001. The Company’s registered office is located at 29 Avenue de la Porte-Neuve, 3rd Floor, L-2227, Luxembourg, telephone (352) 2647-8978.

The Company holds, either directly or indirectly, controlling interests in various subsidiaries in the steel pipe manufacturing and distribution businesses and other related businesses. For information on the Company’s subsidiaries, see note 29 “Principal subsidiaries” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Our shares are traded on the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the Italian Stock Exchange and the Mexican Stock Exchange; the Company’s American Depositary Shares (“ADS”) trade on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).

Overview

We are a leading global manufacturer and supplier of steel pipe products and related services for the world’s energy industry and for other industrial applications. Our customers include most of the world’s leading oil and gas companies as well as engineering companies engaged in constructing oil and gas gathering, transportation, processing and power generation facilities. Our principal products include casing, tubing, line pipe, and mechanical and structural pipes.

We operate an integrated worldwide network of steel pipe manufacturing, research, finishing and service facilities with industrial operations in the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa and a direct presence in most major oil and gas markets.

Our mission is to deliver value to our customers through product development, manufacturing excellence, and supply chain management. We seek to minimize risk for our customers and help them reduce costs, increase flexibility and improve time-to-market. Our employees around the world are committed to continuous improvement by sharing knowledge across a single global organization.

A. History and Development of Tenaris

Tenaris began with the formation of Siderca S.A.I.C. (“Siderca”), the sole Argentine producer of seamless steel pipe products, by San Faustin’s predecessor in Argentina in 1948. We acquired Siat S.A., an Argentine welded steel pipe manufacturer, in 1986. We grew organically in Argentina and then, in the early 1990s, began to evolve beyond this initial base into a global business through a series of strategic investments. As of the date of this annual report, our investments include controlling or strategic interests in:

Tubos de Acero de México S.A. (“Tamsa”), the sole Mexican producer of seamless steel pipe products;

Dalmine S.p.A. (“Dalmine”), a leading Italian producer of seamless steel pipe products;

Confab Industrial S.A. (“Confab”), the leading Brazilian producer of welded steel pipe products;

NKKTubes K.K. (“NKKTubes”), a leading Japanese producer of seamless steel pipe products;

Algoma Tubes Inc. (“AlgomaTubes”), the sole Canadian producer of seamless steel pipe products;

S.C. Silcotub S.A. (“Silcotub”), a leading Romanian producer of seamless steel pipe products;

Maverick Tube Corporation (“Maverick”), a U.S. producer of welded steel pipe products;

Prudential Steel Ltd. (“Prudential”), a welded pipe mill producing OCTG, and line pipe products in Canada;

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Tenaris Tubocaribe Ltda. (“Tubocaribe”), a welded mill producing OCTG products including finishing of welded and seamless pipes, line pipe products and a couplings facility in Colombia;

Hydril Company (“Hydril”), a North American manufacturer of premium connection products for oil and gas drilling production;

PT Seamless Pipe Indonesia Jaya (“SPIJ”), an Indonesian OCTG processing business with heat treatment and premium connection threading facilities;

Tenaris Qingdao Steel Pipes Ltd. (“Tenaris Qingdao”), a Chinese producer of premium joints and couplings;

Pipe Coaters Nigeria Ltd. (“Pipe Coaters”) the leading company in the Nigerian coating industry;

Ternium S.A. (“Ternium”), one of the leading flat steel producers of the Americas with operating facilities in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, the southern United States and Central America;

Usinas Siderúrgicas de Minas Gerais S.A. (“Usiminas”), a Brazilian producer of high quality flat steel products used in the energy, automotive and other industries;

Techgen S.A. de C.V. (“Techgen”), an electric power plant in Mexico;

sucker rod businesses, in various countries; and

Tenaris Bay City Inc. (“Tenaris Bay City”), a state-of-the-art seamless pipe mill in Bay City, Texas.

In addition, we have established a global network of pipe finishing, distribution and service facilities with a direct presence in most major oil and gas markets and a global network of research and development centers.

B. Business Overview

Our business strategy is to consolidate our position as a leading global supplier of integrated product and service solutions to the energy and other industries by:

pursuing strategic investment opportunities in order to further strengthen our presence in local and global markets;

expanding our comprehensive range of products and developing new products designed to meet the needs of customers operating in challenging environments;

enhancing our Rig Direct® offer of technical and pipe management services designed to enable customers to optimize their selection and use of our products and reduce their overall operating costs; and

securing an adequate supply of production inputs and reducing the manufacturing costs of our core products.

Pursuing strategic investment opportunities and alliances

We have a solid record of growth through strategic investments and acquisitions. We pursue selective strategic investments and acquisitions as a means to expand our operations and presence in select markets, enhance our global competitive position and capitalize on potential operational synergies. Our track record on companies’ acquisitions is described above (see “History and Development of Tenaris”). In addition:

On January 21, 2019 we acquired 47.79% of the shares of Saudi Steel Pipe Company (“SSP”), a welded steel pipes producer located in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that has a manufacturing capacity of 360,000 tons per year. The investment amounted to $141 million. Through this acquisition, we have significantly expanded our industrial presence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the range of products we supply to the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (“Saudi Aramco”).

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

On February 5, 2019 we entered into an agreement with Public Joint Stock Company “Severstal” (“PAO Severstal”) to build during the coming two years, a welded pipe plant to produce OCTG products in the Surgut area, West Siberia, Russian Federation. The estimated annual production capacity of the plant will be 300,000 tons, with an estimated cost of approximately $240 million, in which we will hold a 49% interest. Through this agreement, togheter with PAO Severstal we aim to serve the growing market for welded OCTG pipe products in Russia and neighboring countries, combining our know-how in OCTG pipe manufacturing and sales with PAO Severstal’s expertise in producing high quality steel products.

On March 22, 2019, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire 100% of the shares of IPSCO Tubulars, Inc. (“IPSCO”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of PAO TMK (“TMK”) and a U.S. producer of seamless and welded OCTG and line pipe products, for $1,209 million.The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals, including approval by the U.S. antitrust authorities, and other customary conditions. IPSCO has an annual production capacity of 450,000 metric tons of steel bars, 400,000 metric tons of seamless pipes and 1,000,000 metric tons of welded pipes, and production facilities spread throughout the country.

Expanding our range of products

We have developed an extensive range of high-value products suitable for most of our customers’ operations using our network of specialized research and testing facilities and by investing in our manufacturing facilities. As our customers expand their operations, we seek to supply high-value products that reduce costs and enable them to operate safely in challenging environments, including for complex offshore and unconventional operations.

Enhancing our offer of technical and pipe management services - Rig Direct® - and extending their global deployment

We continue to enhance our offer of technical and pipe management services, Rig Direct® services, and extend their deployment worldwide. For many years, we have provided these services, providing technical advice and assistance on the selection of materials and their use in the field, managing customer inventories and directly supplying pipes to their rigs on a just-in-time basis in markets like Mexico and Argentina. In response to changes in market conditions and the increased focus of customers on reducing costs and improving the efficiency of their operations, the deployment of our Rig Direct® services was extended throughout North America and in other markets around the world (e.g. North Sea, Romania and Thailand). Through the provision of Rig Direct® services, we seek to enable our customers, to optimize their operations, reduce costs and to concentrate on their core businesses, providing an integrated product and service value proposition, increasing supply chain efficiency. They are also intended to differentiate us from our competitors and further strengthen our relationships with our customers worldwide through long-term agreements.

Securing inputs for our manufacturing operations

We seek to secure our existing sources of raw material and energy inputs, and to gain access to new sources of low-cost inputs which can help us maintain or reduce the cost of manufacturing our core products over the long term. We aim to achieve a vertically integrated value chain for our production. To this end, we purchase most of our supplies through Exiros, a specialized procurement company whose ownership we share with Ternium. Exiros offers us integral procurement solutions, supplier sourcing activities; category organized purchasing; suppliers’ performance administration; and inventory management. Moreover, in February 2014, we entered into an agreement with our affiliates Ternium and Tecpetrol International S.A. (“Tecpetrol”) (a wholly-owned subsidiary of San Faustin, the controlling shareholder of both Tenaris and Ternium) to build a natural gas-fired combined cycle electric power plant in Mexico for the supply of Tenaris’s and Ternium’s respective Mexican industrial facilities. For more information on the power plant, see note 11 c) “Investments in non-consolidated companies – Techgen S.A. de C.V.” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. For more information on the Company’s commitments under the power plant, see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk - Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements”.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe our main competitive strengths include:

our global production, commercial and distribution capabilities, offering a full product range with flexible supply options backed up by local service capabilities in important oil and gas producing and industrial regions around the world;

our ability to develop, design and manufacture technologically advanced products;

our solid and diversified customer base and historic relationships with major international oil and gas companies around the world, and our strong and stable market shares in most of the countries in which we have manufacturing operations;

our proximity to our customers;

our human resources around the world with their diverse knowledge and skills;

our low-cost operations, primarily at state-of-the-art, strategically located production facilities with favorable access to raw materials, energy and labor, and more than 60 years of operating experience; and

our strong financial condition.

Business Segments

Tenaris has one major business segment, “Tubes”, which is also the reportable operating segment.

The Tubes segment includes the production and sale of both seamless and welded steel tubular products and related services mainly for the oil and gas industry, particularly OCTG used in drilling operations, and for other industrial applications with production processes that consist in the transformation of steel into tubular products. Business activities included in this segment are mainly dependent on the oil and gas industry worldwide, as this industry is a major consumer of steel pipe products, particularly OCTG used in drilling activities. Demand for steel pipe products from the oil and gas industry has historically been volatile and depends primarily upon the number of oil and natural gas wells being drilled, completed and reworked, and the depth and drilling conditions of these wells. Sales are generally made to end users, with exports being done through a centrally managed global distribution network and domestic sales made through local subsidiaries. Corporate general and administrative expenses have been allocated to the Tubes segment.

The “Others” segment include all other business activities and operating segments that are not required to be separately reported, including the production and selling of sucker rods, industrial equipment, coiled tubing, utility conduits for buildings, and the sale of energy and raw materials that exceed internal requirements.

For more information on our business segments, see “II C. Accounting Policies – Segment information” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Our Products

Our principal finished products are seamless and welded steel casing and tubing, line pipe and various other mechanical and structural steel pipes for different uses. Casing and tubing are also known as oil country tubular goods (“OCTG”). We manufacture our steel pipe products in a wide range of specifications, which vary in diameter, length, thickness, finishing, steel grades, coating, threading and coupling. For more complex applications, including high pressure and high temperature applications, seamless steel pipes are usually specified and, for some standard applications, welded steel pipes can also be used.

Casing. Steel casing is used to sustain the walls of oil and gas wells during and after drilling.

Tubing. Steel tubing is used to conduct crude oil and natural gas to the surface after drilling has been completed.

Line pipe. Steel line pipe is used to transport crude oil and natural gas from wells to refineries, storage tanks and loading and distribution centers.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Mechanical and structural pipes. Mechanical and structural pipes are used by general industry for various applications, including the transportation of other forms of gas and liquids under high pressure.

Cold-drawn pipe. The cold-drawing process permits the production of pipes with the diameter and wall thickness required for use in boilers, superheaters, condensers, heat exchangers, automobile production and several other industrial applications.

Premium joints and couplings. Premium joints and couplings are specially designed connections used to join lengths of steel casing and tubing for use in high temperature or high pressure environments. A significant portion of our steel casing and tubing products are supplied with premium joints and couplings. We own an extensive range of premium connections, and following the integration of the premium connections business of Hydril, we have marketed our premium connection products under the “TenarisHydril” brand name. In addition, we hold licensing rights to manufacture and sell the Atlas Bradford range of premium connections outside the United States.

Coiled tubing. Coiled tubing is used for oil and gas drilling and well workovers and for subsea pipelines.

Other products. We also manufacture sucker rods used in oil extraction activities and industrial equipment of various specifications and diverse applications, including liquid and gas storage equipment. In addition, we sell energy and raw materials that exceed our internal requirements.

Production Process and Facilities

We operate relatively low-cost production facilities, which we believe is the result of:

state-of-the-art, strategically located plants;

favorable access to high quality raw materials, energy and labor at competitive costs;

operating history of more than 60 years, which translates into solid industrial know-how;

constant benchmarking and best-practices sharing among the different facilities;

increasing specialization of each of our facilities in specific product ranges; and

extensive use of information technology in our production processes.

Our seamless pipes production facilities are located in North and South America, Europe and Asia and our welded pipes production facilities are located in North and South America and from January 2019 in Saudi Arabia. In addition, we have tubular accessories facilities, such as sucker rods, in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Romania, and the United States. We produce couplings in Argentina, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico and Romania, and pipe fittings in Mexico. In addition to our pipe threading and finishing facilities at our integrated pipe production facilities, we also have pipe threading facilities for steel pipes manufactured in accordance with the specifications of the American Petroleum Institute (“API”), and premium joints in the United States, Canada, China, Denmark, Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Nigeria, the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia.

The following table shows our aggregate installed production capacity of seamless and welded steel pipes and steel bars at the dates indicated as well as the aggregate actual production volumes for the periods indicated. The figures for effective annual capacity are based on our estimates of effective annual production capacity under present conditions.

Capacity of seamless tubes in 2018 increased in respect to 2017 due to the completion of Tenaris Bay City, our state-of-the-art pipe mill in Bay City, Texas.

	At or for the year ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Thousands of tons
Steel Bars
Effective Capacity (annual) (1)		3,935		3,835		3,835
Actual Production		3,167		2,793		2,010
Tubes – Seamless
Effective Capacity (annual) (1)		4,300		3,680		3,680
Actual Production		2,798		2,347		1,735
Tubes – Welded
Effective Capacity (annual) (1)		2,620		2,620		2,620
Actual Production		799		544		305

__________

(1)	Effective annual production capacity is calculated based on standard productivity of production lines, theoretical product mix allocations, the maximum number of possible working shifts and a continued flow of supplies to the production process.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Competition

The global market for steel pipe products is highly competitive. Seamless steel pipe products, which are used extensively in the oil and gas industry particularly for offshore, high pressure, high stress and other complex applications, are produced in specialized mills using round steel billets and specially produced ingots. Welded steel pipe products are produced in mills which process steel coils and plates into steel pipes. Steel companies that manufacture steel coils and other steel products but do not operate specialized seamless steel mills are generally not competitors in the market for seamless steel pipe products, although they often produce welded steel pipes or sell steel coils and plates used to produce welded steel pipes.

The production of steel pipe products following the stringent requirements of major oil and gas companies operating in offshore and other complex operations requires the development of specific skills and significant investments in manufacturing facilities. By contrast, steel pipe products for standard applications can be produced in most seamless pipe mills worldwide and sometimes compete with welded pipe products for such applications including OCTG applications. Welded pipe, however, is not generally considered a satisfactory substitute for seamless steel pipe in high-pressure or high-stress applications.

Over the past decade, substantial investments have been made, especially in China but also in other regions around the world, to increase production capacity of seamless steel pipe products. Production capacity for more specialized product grades has also increased. With the downturn between 2014 and 2016 in the price of oil and demand for tubes for oil and gas drilling, the overcapacity in steel pipe and seamless steel pipe production worldwide has become acute, and now extends beyond commodity grades. The competitive environment has, as a result, become more intense, and we expect that this will continue for some time. Effective competitive differentiation will be a key factor for Tenaris.

Our principal competitors in steel pipe markets worldwide are described below.

Vallourec S.A. (“Vallourec”), a French company, has mills in Brazil, China, Germany and the United States. Vallourec has a strong presence in the European market for seamless pipes for industrial use and a significant market share in the international market with customers primarily in Europe, the United States, Brazil, China, the Middle East and Africa. Vallourec is an important competitor in the international OCTG market, particularly for high-value premium joint products, where it operates a technology partnership for VAM^® premium connections with Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation (“NSSMC”). Prior to the collapse in oil prices in 2014 to 2016, Vallourec increased its production capacity by building a new mill in Brazil jointly with NSSMC, which is aimed primarily at export markets and was commissioned in 2011, and a second seamless pipe rolling mill at its existing facility in Youngstown, Ohio, which began commercial production at the end of 2012. In addition to the construction of the new Youngstown mill, Vallourec reinforced its positioning in the United States through the acquisition of three tubular businesses from Grant Prideco Inc.: Atlas Bradford® Premium Threading & Services, TCA® and Tube-Alloy. Vallourec also strengthened its position in the Middle East through the acquisition of heat treatment and threading facilities in Saudi Arabia in 2011 and, in 2010, it concluded an agreement with a Chinese seamless steel producer, Tianda Oil Pipe Company (“Tianda”), under which it began to distribute products from Tianda in markets outside China. In early 2016, in response to accumulating losses, Vallourec announced a $1 billion capital increase, more than half of which was provided by a French government fund and NSSMC, who each agreed to increase their equity participation to 15%. At the same time, an industrial restructuring program was announced under which Vallourec reduced capacity in Europe, closing its rolling mills in France, combined its operations in Brazil with that of the new mill held with NSSMC, acquired a majority position in Tianda and bought out the remaining minority interest, and strengthened its cooperation with NSSMC for the development and testing of premium connection products and technology. Despite this restructuring program, Vallourec’s losses have continued through 2018.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Japanese players NSSMC and JFE Holdings Inc. (“JFE”) together enjoy a significant share of the international market, having established strong positions in markets in the Far East and the Middle East. They are internationally recognized for their supply of high-alloy grade pipe products. In recent years, NSSMC has increased its capacity to serve international markets through the construction with Vallourec of a new seamless pipe mill in Brazil, and has further strengthened its ties with Vallourec through participating in Vallourec’s capital increase and combining their respective Brazilian operations.

In recent years, PAO TMK (“TMK”), a Russian company, has led consolidation of the Russian steel pipe industry, invested to modernize and expand its production capacity in Russia and expanded internationally through acquisitions into Eastern Europe and the United States where it acquired a significant position in the U.S. market through its acquisition of IPSCO Tubulars Inc.’s (“IPSCO”) tubular operations comprising both seamless and welded pipe mills and the Ultra family of connections. In 2012, TMK opened a research and development center in Houston and has been expanding its capacity to produce premium connection products. TMK also expanded in the Middle East through the acquisition of a controlling interest in Gulf International Pipe Industry LLC (“Gulf International Pipe”), a welded pipe producer in Oman. More recently, TMK adopted a strategy of monetizing its international assets by reducing its participation in Gulf International Pipe and agreeing to sell its U.S. IPSCO Tubulars subsidiary to Tenaris.

Over the past two decades, Chinese producers increased production capacity substantially and strongly increased their exports of steel pipe products around the world. Due to unfair trading practices, many countries, including the United States, the European Union, Canada, Mexico and Colombia, have imposed anti-dumping restrictions on Chinese imports to those regions. The largest Chinese producer of seamless steel pipes, Tianjin Pipe (Group) Corporation Limited (“TPCO”), announced a plan in 2009 to build a new seamless pipe facility in the United States; heat treatment and pipe finishing facilities have been constructed and steelmaking and hot rolling facilities are currently under construction in Corpus Christi, Texas. Although producers from China compete primarily in the “commodity” sector of the market, some of these producers, including TPCO, have been upgrading their facilities and processes with the intention of entering into the market for more specialized products.

The tubes and pipes business in the United States and Canada experienced a significant consolidation process several years ago. Following the acquisitions of Maverick and Hydril by Tenaris and the earlier acquisition of North Star Steel by Vallourec, U.S. Steel Corporation acquired Lone Star Steel Technologies. In 2008, Evraz Group S.A. (“Evraz”) and TMK, two Russian companies, acquired IPSCO’s Tubular division which has both seamless and welded mills in the United States and Canada. Evraz retained IPSCO’s operations in Canada while TMK acquired IPSCO’s operations in the United States, as mentioned above. More recently, however, many new players have built, or announced plans to build, pipe mills in the United States. These include, in addition to TPCO, Boomerang LLC, a company formed by a former Maverick executive that opened a welded pipe mill in Liberty, Texas, in 2010; Benteler International A.G. (“Benteler”), a European seamless pipe producer that built a new seamless pipe mill in Louisiana, which opened in September 2015; and OCT Pipe, LLC, a company building a seamless pipe mill with heat treatment and OCTG threading facilities in Norfolk, Nebraska. North American pipe producers are largely focused on supplying the U.S. and Canadian markets, where they have their production facilities. In March 2019, TMK announced that it had agreed to sell its U.S. IPSCO subsidiary to Tenaris, a transaction which remains subject to anti-trust clearance from the U.S. authorities and other customary closing conditions.

Korean welded pipe producers, who have a limited domestic market, have expanded capacity in recent years and targeted the U.S. market for standard applications. They have gained a relevant market position, despite the application of anti-dumping duties for unfair trading practices.

Tubos Reunidos S.A. (“Tubos Reunidos”) of Spain, Benteler International A.G. of Germany and Voest Alpine A.G. of Austria each have a significant presence in the European market for seamless steel pipes for industrial applications, while the latter also has a relevant presence in the U.S. and international OCTG markets, and in 2016, Tubos Reunidos opened an OCTG threading facility targeting international markets. In 2006, ArcelorMittal S.A. (“ArcelorMittal”) created a tubes division through several acquisitions and has mills in North America, Eastern Europe, Venezuela, Algeria and South Africa and has built a seamless pipe mill in Saudi Arabia.

In the Middle East, particularly in Saudi Arabia, which has implemented policies to encourage local production for its oil and gas industry, a number of pipe mills have been established including a seamless pipe mill built by Jubail Energy Services Company (“JESCO”), a company established with majority participation from a state-backed industrial development company, and the seamless pipe mill built by ArcelorMittal. These local players have been strengthening their capabilities and are taking an increasing share of the pipes supplied to Saudi Aramco as well as exporting to other countries in the Middle East and the rest of the world. In January 2019, Tenaris acquired a controlling 47.79% participation in SSP, a local welded pipe producer.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Producers of steel pipe products can maintain strong competitive positions in markets where they have their pipe manufacturing facilities due to logistical and other advantages that permit them to offer value-added services and maintain strong relationships with domestic customers, particularly in the oil and gas sectors. Our subsidiaries have established strong ties with major consumers of steel pipe products in their home markets, reinforced by Rig Direct® services, as discussed above.

Capital Expenditure Program

During 2018, our capital expenditures, including investments at our plants and investments in information systems, amounted to $349 million, compared to $558 million in 2017 and $787 million in 2016. Of these capital expenditures, investment at our plants amounted to $318 million in 2018, compared to $525 million in 2017 and $757 million in 2016.

In 2018, we have fully consolidated the Rig Direct® service in the United States and Canadian markets and are working to increase differentiation through improving service quality and extending integration with customer operations. In addition, we focused on enhancing automation at our industrial process, product differentiation and competitiveness, increasing local finishing capabilities, as well as enhancing safety and minimizing environmental impact of our plants.

The major highlights of our capital spending program during 2018 included: investments in automation at our industrial system worldwide, increase in the capacity of automotive components, investments at the steel shop and laboratory in Mexico, completion of the expansion of heat treatment capacity at our mill in Italy, completion of construction and start-up investments at Bay City, USA, and installation of a new waste water treatment plant in our mill in Campana, Argentina.

Capital expenditures in 2019 are expected to remain in line with the level of 2018, including the completion of some of the projects started in 2018 and maintenance interventions mainly at our facilities in Argentina, Mexico and Romania.

In addition to capital expenditures at our plants, we have invested in information systems for the integration of our production, commercial and managerial activities, together with investments in cybersecurity for the protection of our information technology and our industrial systems. These investments are intended to promote the further integration of our operating facilities and enhance our ability to provide value-added services to customers worldwide. Investments in information systems totaled $32 million in 2018, compared to $28 million in 2017 and $29 million in 2016.

Research and Development

Research and development, or R&D, of new products and processes to meet the increasingly stringent requirements of our customers is an important aspect of our business.

R&D activities are carried out primarily at our global R&D network with main office at Amsterdam in the Netherlands and specialized research and testing facilities located at Campana in Argentina, at Veracruz in Mexico, at Dalmine in Italy, and at the product testing facilities of NKKTubes in Japan. Additionally we have a Wedge Technology Center in Houston, Texas, USA. We strive to engage some of the world’s leading industrial research institutions to solve the problems posed by the complexities of oil and gas projects with innovative applications. In addition, our global technical sales team is made up of experienced engineers who work with our customers to identify solutions for each particular oil and gas drilling environment.

Product R&D currently being undertaken are focused on the increasingly challenging energy markets and include:

proprietary premium joint products including Dopeless® technology;

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

heavy-wall deepwater line pipe, risers and welding technology;

proprietary steels;

tubes and components for the car industry and mechanical applications;

tubes for boilers;

welded pipes for oil and gas and other applications;

sucker rods;

coiled tubing; and

coatings.

In addition to R&D aimed at new or improved products, we continuously study opportunities to optimize our manufacturing processes. Recent projects in this area include modeling of rolling and finishing process and the development of different process controls, with the goal of improving product quality and productivity at our facilities.

We seek to protect our innovation, through the use of patents, trade secrets, trademarks and other intellectual property tools that allow us to differentiate ourselves from our competitors.

We spent $63 million in R&D in 2018, compared to $64 million in 2017 and $69 million in 2016.

Environmental Regulation

The ultimate impact of complying with existing laws and regulations is not always clearly known or determinable since regulations under some of these laws are not yet effective or are undergoing revision. The expenditures necessary to remain in compliance with these laws and regulations, including site or other remediation costs, or costs incurred from potential environmental liabilities, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and profitability. While we incur and will continue to incur, in expenditures to comply with applicable laws and regulations, there always remains a risk that environmental incidents or accidents may occur that may negatively affect our reputation or our operations.

Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations is a significant factor in our business. We have not been subject to any material penalty for any material environmental violation in the last five years, and we are not aware of any current material legal or administrative proceedings pending against us with respect to environmental matters which could have an adverse material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Insurance

We carry property damage, general liability and certain other insurance coverage in line with industry practice. Our current general liability coverage includes third party, employers, sudden and accidental seepage and pollution and product liability, up to a limit of $300 million. Our current property insurance has indemnification caps up to $250 million for direct damage, depending on the different plants; and a deductible of $100 million.

C. Organizational Structure and Subsidiaries

We conduct all our operations through subsidiaries. The following table shows the principal subsidiaries of the Company and its direct and indirect ownership in each subsidiary as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

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Company	Country of Incorporation	Main activity	*Percentage of ownership at December 31, ()**
Company	Country of Incorporation	Main activity	2018	2017	2016
ALGOMA TUBES INC.	Canada	Manufacturing of seamless steel pipes	100%	100%	100%
CONFAB INDUSTRIAL S.A. and subsidiaries	Brazil	Manufacturing of welded steel pipes and capital goods	100%	100%	100%
KAZAKHSTAN PIPE THREADERS LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP	Kazakhstan	Threading of premium products	100%	100%	100%
HYDRIL COMPANY and subsidiaries (except detailed) (a)	USA	Manufacture and marketing of premium connections	100%	100%	100%
DALMINE S.p.A.	Italy	Manufacturing of seamless steel pipes	100%	100%	100%
MAVERICK TUBE CORPORATION and subsidiaries	USA	Manufacturing of welded steel pipes	100%	100%	100%
S.C. SILCOTUB S.A.	Romania	Manufacturing of seamless steel pipes	100%	100%	100%
NKKTUBES	Japan	Manufacturing of seamless steel pipes	51%	51%	51%
SIAT SOCIEDAD ANONIMA	Argentina	Manufacturing of welded and seamless steel pipes	100%	100%	100%
PRUDENTIAL STEEL LTD.	Canada	Manufacturing of welded steel pipes	100%	100%	100%
SIDERCA SOCIEDAD ANONIMA INDUSTRIAL Y COMERCIAL and subsidiaries	Argentina	Manufacturing of seamless steel pipes	100%	100%	100%
P.T. SEAMLESS PIPE INDONESIA JAYA	Indonesia	Manufacturing of seamless steel products	89%	89%	77%
TUBOS DE ACERO DE MEXICO, S.A.	Mexico	Manufacturing of seamless steel pipes	100%	100%	100%
TENARIS GLOBAL SERVICES (U.S.A.) CORPORATION	USA	Marketing of steel products	100%	100%	100%
TENARIS BAY CITY, INC.	USA	Manufacturing of seamless steel pipes	100%	100%	100%
TENARIS GLOBAL SERVICES (UK) LTD	United Kingdom	Holding company and marketing of steel products	100%	100%	100%
TENARIS INVESTMENTS SWITZERLAND AG and subsidiaries	Switzerland	Holding company	100%	100%	100%
TENARIS FINANCIAL SERVICES S.A.	Uruguay	Financial company	100%	100%	100%
TENARIS GLOBAL SERVICES (CANADA) INC.	Canada	Marketing of steel products	100%	100%	100%
TENARIS INVESTMENTS S.àr.l.	Luxembourg	Holding company	100%	100%	100%
TENARIS CONNECTIONS BV	Netherlands	Development, management and licensing of intellectual property	100%	100%	100%
TENARIS GLOBAL SERVICES S.A. and subsidiaries (except detailed) (b)	Uruguay	Holding company and marketing of steel products	100%	100%	100%
TALTA - TRADING E MARKETING SOCIEDADE UNIPESSOAL LDA.	Portugal	Holding Company	100%	100%	100%

(*) All percentages rounded.

(a) Tenaris Investments S.a.r.l. holds 100% of Hydril's subsidiaries shares except for Technical Drilling & Production Services Nigeria. Ltd where it holds 80%.

(b) Tenaris holds 97,5% of Tenaris Supply Chain S.A, 60% of Gepnaris S.A. and 40% of Tubular Technical Services and Pipe Coaters, and 49% of Amaja Tubular Services Limited and Tubular Services Angola Ltd.

Other Investments

Ternium

We have a significant investment in Ternium, a Luxembourg company controlled by San Faustin, whose securities are listed on the NYSE. As of December 31, 2018, the Company held 11.46% of Ternium’s share capital (including treasury shares).

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

The Company is a party to a shareholders’ agreement with Techint Holdings S.à.r.l. (“Techint Holdings”), a wholly owned subsidiary of San Faustin and Ternium’s main shareholder, dated January 9, 2006, pursuant to which Techint Holdings is required to take actions within its power to cause one of the members of Ternium’s board of directors to be nominated by the Company and any directors nominated by the Company only to be removed pursuant to previous written instructions by the Company. The Company and Techint Holdings also agreed to cause any vacancies on Ternium’s board of directors to be filled with new directors nominated by either the Company or Techint Holdings, as applicable. The shareholders’ agreement will remain in effect so long as each of the parties holds at least 5% of the shares of Ternium or until it is terminated by either the Company or Techint Holdings pursuant to its terms. Carlos Condorelli was nominated by the Company as a director of Ternium pursuant to this shareholders’ agreement.

Usiminas

On January 16, 2012, Confab, acquired 5.0% of the shares with voting rights and 2.5% of the total share capital in Usiminas, a leading Brazilian producer of high quality flat steel products used in the energy, automotive and other industries. The acquisition was part of a larger transaction pursuant to which Confab and Ternium’s subsidiaries Ternium Investments S.à.r.l., Ternium Argentina and Prosid Investments S.A. (jointly, the “Ternium Entities”) formed the so-called T/T Group and joined Usiminas’ existing control group through the acquisition of ordinary shares representing 27.7% of Usiminas’ total voting capital and 13.8% of Usiminas’ total share capital. In addition, the T/T Group entered into a shareholders’ agreement with the NSSMC Group (formed by NSSMC, Mitsubishi Corporation do Brasil S.A. and Metal One Corporation) and Previdência Usiminas, an Usiminas employee fund, governing the parties’ rights within the Usiminas control group.

Following the subscription in 2016 of 1.3 million Usiminas preferred shares and 11.5 million Usiminas ordinary shares by Confab, as of December 31, 2018, Confab owned 36.5 million ordinary shares and 1.3 million preferred shares of Usiminas, representing 5.2% of Usiminas’ total voting capital and 3.1% of Usiminas’ total share capital.

In 2014, a conflict arose within the T/T Group and NSSMC with respect to the governance of Usiminas, including with respect to the rules applicable to the appointment of senior managers, the application of the shareholders’ agreement in matters involving fiduciary duties, and generally with respect to Usiminas’ business strategy.

On February 8, 2018, the dispute with NSSMC was resolved, and on April 10, 2018, the T/T Group entities (including Confab), the NSSMC Group entities and Previdência Usiminas entered into a new shareholders’ agreement for Usiminas, amending and restating the previously existing shareholders’ agreement (“the New SHA”). Usiminas’ control group now holds, in the aggregate, 483.6 million ordinary shares bound to the New SHA, representing approximately 68.6% of Usiminas’ voting capital, with the T/T Group holding approximately 47.1% of the total shares held by the control group (39.5% corresponding to the Ternium Entities and the other 7.6% corresponding to Confab); the NSSMC Group holding approximately 45.9% of the total shares held by the control group; and Previdência Usiminas holding the remaining 7% of the total shares held by the control group.

The New SHA reflects the agreed-upon corporate governance rules for Usiminas, including, among others, an alternation mechanism for the nomination of each of the chief executive officer and the chairman of the board of directors, as well as a mechanism for the nomination of other members of Usiminas’ executive board. The New SHA also incorporates an exit mechanism consisting of a buy-and-sell procedure, exercisable at any time during the term of the New SHA after the fourth-and-a-half-year anniversary from the coming election of Usiminas’ executive board in May 2018. Such exit mechanism shall apply with respect to shares held by the NSSMC Group and the T/T Group, and would allow either Ternium (on behalf of the T/T Group) or NSSMC to purchase all or a majority of the Usiminas shares held by the other shareholder group.

In connection with the execution of the New SHA, the Ternium Entities and Confab amended and restated their separate shareholders’ agreement governing their respective rights and obligations as members of the T/T Group to include provisions relating to the exit mechanism and generally to conform such separate shareholders’ agreement to the other provisions of the New SHA.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Techgen

Techgen is a Mexican joint venture company owned 48% by Ternium, 30% by Tecpetrol and 22% by Tenaris. Techgen operates a natural gas-fired combined cycle electric power plant in the Pesquería area of the State of Nuevo León, Mexico. Tenaris, Ternium and Tecpetrol are parties to a shareholder’s agreement relating to the governance of Techgen.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Tenaris in numbers

Trend information

Leading indicators

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Principal Risks and Uncertainties

You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all other information contained in this annual report, before making any investment decision. Any of these risks and uncertainties could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues, financial condition and results of operations, which could in turn affect the price of shares and ADSs.

Risks Relating to Our Industry

Sales and profitability may fall as a result of downturns in the international price of oil and gas and other circumstances affecting the oil and gas industry.

We are a global steel pipe manufacturer with a strong focus on manufacturing products and related services for the oil and gas industry. The oil and gas industry is a major consumer of steel pipe products worldwide, particularly for products manufactured under high quality standards and demanding specifications. Demand for steel pipe products from the oil and gas industry has historically been volatile and depends primarily upon the number of oil and natural gas wells being drilled, completed and reworked, and the depth and drilling conditions of these wells. The level of exploration, development and production activities of, and the corresponding capital spending by, oil and gas companies, including national oil companies, depends primarily on current and expected future prices of oil and natural gas and is sensitive to the industry’s view of future economic growth and the resulting impact on demand for oil and natural gas. Several factors, such as the supply and demand for oil and gas, and political and global economic conditions, affect these prices. When the price of oil and gas falls, oil and gas companies generally reduce spending on production and exploration activities and, accordingly, make fewer purchases of steel pipe products. Major oil-and gas-producing nations and companies have frequently collaborated to balance the supply (and thus the price) of oil in the international markets. A major vehicle for this collaboration has been the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”). Many of our customers are state-owned companies in member countries of OPEC. A more recent factor affecting oil and gas prices has been the ability of producers in the United States and Canada to rapidly increase production from their reserves of tight oil and shale gas in response to changes in market conditions. Other circumstances – such as geopolitical events and hostilities in the Middle East and elsewhere – may also affect drilling activity and, as a result, cause steel pipe consumption to decline, and thus have a material impact on our revenues, profitability and financial condition. Several factors, such as the supply and demand for oil and gas, and political and global economic conditions, affect, and may continue to affect, these prices; accordingly, oil and gas companies may cut their investment plans and consequently, demand for our products could decline.

Climate change legislation or regulations could curtail demand for fossil fuels and therefore demand for our products and services could be reduced.

There is an increased attention on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change from different sectors of society. Existing or future legislation and regulations related to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, as well as government initiatives to promote the use of alternative energy sources (with many jurisdictions implementing tax advantages and other subsidies to promote the development of renewable energy sources, or even requiring minimum thresholds for power generation from renewable sources), may significantly curtail demand for and production of fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas. These initiatives, together with the growing social awareness regarding climate change and other environmental matters, have resulted in increased investor and consumer demand for renewable energy and additional compliance requirements for fossil energy projects, which are likely to become more stringent over time and to result in substantial increases in costs for the oil and natural gas industry. Furthermore, ongoing technological developments in the renewable energy industry are making renewable energy increasingly competitive against fossil-fuels. If this trend continues, energy demand could shift increasingly towards “cleaner” sources such as hydroelectrical, solar, wind and other renewable energies, which would, in turn, reduce demand for oil and natural gas, thus negatively affecting demand for our products and services and, ultimately, our future results of operations.

Competition in the global market for steel pipe products may cause us to lose market share and hurt our sales and profitability.

The global market for steel pipe products is highly competitive, with the primary competitive factors being price, quality, service and technology. In recent years, substantial investments have been made, especially but not only in China, to increase production capacity of seamless steel pipe products. New production capacity continues to be installed and there is significant excess production capacity, particularly for “commodity” or standard product grades. Capacity for the production of more specialized product grades has also increased. At the same time, the high cost and long lead times required to develop the most complex projects, particularly deepwater and oil sands projects, has led to a slowdown in the sanctioning of new developments in a context of low and more volatile oil prices. Despite our efforts to develop products and services that differentiate us from our competitors, reduced demand for steel pipe products from these complex projects means that the competitive environment is expected to remain intense in the coming years and effective competitive differentiation will be a key success factor for Tenaris. In addition, there is a risk of unfairly traded steel pipe imports in markets in which Tenaris produces and sells its products and, despite the application of antidumping duties and tariffs, we can give no assurance with respect to the effectiveness of these actions. Therefore, we may not continue to compete effectively against existing or potential producers and preserve our current shares of geographic or product markets, and increased competition may have a material impact on the pricing of our products and services, which could in turn adversely affect our revenues, profitability and financial condition.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Increases in the cost of raw materials, energy and other costs, limitations or disruptions to the supply of raw materials and energy, and price mismatches between raw materials and our products may hurt our profitability.

The manufacture of seamless steel pipe products requires substantial amounts of steelmaking raw materials and energy; welded steel pipe products, in turn, are processed from steel coils and plates. The availability and pricing of a significant portion of the raw materials and energy we require are subject to supply and demand conditions, which can be volatile, and to tariffs and other government regulations, which can affect continuity of supply and prices. In addition, disruptions, restrictions or limited availability of energy resources in markets where we have significant operations could lead to higher costs of production and eventually to production cutbacks at our facilities in such markets. For example, in Mexico, the decrease in the national production of natural gas and constraints in natural gas transportation capacity have led to increased imports of natural gas which have resulted in increased natural gas transportation costs and, thus, higher steel pipe production costs. See “Risks Relating to Our Business – Adverse economic or political conditions in the countries where we operate or sell our products and services may decrease our sales or disrupt our manufacturing operations, thereby adversely affecting our revenues, profitability and financial condition”. At any given time, we may be unable to obtain an adequate supply of critical raw materials with price and other terms acceptable to us. The availability and prices of raw materials may also be negatively affected by new laws and regulations, including import controls, allocation by suppliers, interruptions in production, accidents or natural disasters, changes in exchange rates, worldwide price fluctuations, and the availability and cost of transportation.

We may not be able to recover, partially or fully, increased costs of raw materials and energy through increased selling prices on our products, or it may take an extended period of time to do so, and limited availability could force us to curtail production, which could adversely affect our sales and profitability.

Our results of operations and financial conditions could be adversely affected by low levels of capacity utilization.

Like other manufacturers of steel-related products, we have fixed and semi-fixed costs (e.g., labor and other operating and maintenance costs) that cannot adjust rapidly to fluctuations in product demand. If demand for our products falls significantly, these costs may adversely affect our profitability and financial condition. In response to a downturn of the oil and gas industry, we may be required to implement temporary suspensions of our operations. Temporary suspensions of operations generally lead to layoffs of employees which may in turn give rise to labor conflicts and impact operations. Moreover, temporary suspensions may also affect profitability and result in charges for asset impairments.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Adverse economic or political conditions in the countries where we operate or sell our products and services may decrease our sales or disrupt our manufacturing operations, thereby adversely affecting our revenues, profitability and financial condition.

We have significant operations in various countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Romania, Saudi Arabia and the United States, and we sell our products and services throughout the world. Additionally, we recently announced plans to form a joint venture with PAO Severstal, or Severstal, to build a welded pipe plant in Russia. Therefore, like other companies with worldwide operations, our business and operations have been, and could in the future be, affected from time to time to varying degrees by political, economic and social developments and changes in laws and regulations. These developments and changes may include, among others, nationalization, expropriation or forced divestiture of assets; restrictions on production, imports and exports; interruptions in the supply of essential energy inputs; exchange and/or transfer restrictions, inability or increasing difficulties to repatriate income or capital or to make contract payments; inflation; devaluation; war or other international conflicts; civil unrest and local security concerns, including high incidences of crime and violence involving drug trafficking organizations that threaten the safe operation of our facilities and operations; direct and indirect price controls; tax increases and changes in the interpretation, application or enforcement of tax laws and other retroactive tax claims or challenges; cancellation of contract rights; and delays or denials of governmental approvals. Both the likelihood of such occurrences and their overall impact upon us vary greatly from country to country and are not predictable. Realization of these risks could have an adverse impact on the results of operations and financial condition of our subsidiaries located in the affected country.

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For example, our business and operations in Argentina may be materially and adversely affected by economic, political, social, fiscal and regulatory developments. Argentina is subject to high inflation rates and our business and operations in Argentina may be adversely affected by increases in services and labor costs inflation or by the measures that may be adopted by the government to address inflation. In addition, an increased level of labor demands prompted by a growing inflation rate could trigger higher levels of labor conflicts, and eventually result in strikes or work stoppages. Any such disruption of operations could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial results. Other developments that may have an adverse effect on our operations and financial results include increased taxes, exchange controls, restrictions on capital flows, and export and import taxes or restrictions. In addition, in recent years, our operations in Argentina experienced constraints in their electricity and natural gas supply requirements on many occasions. Shortages of energy and natural gas in Argentina have lead in the past (and could lead in the future) to production cutbacks negatively affecting our revenues and profitability; we could also face increased costs when using alternative sources of energy.

In Mexico, our business could be materially and adversely affected by economic, political, social, fiscal and regulatory developments. The Mexican government exercises significant influence over the Mexican economy and, therefore, governmental actions concerning the economy and state-owned enterprises could have a significant impact on Mexico’s private sector and on our Mexican-related operations. In addition, changes to the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, commonly referred to as USMCA, which has been signed but is pending to be ratified by each country’s legislature, could adversely affect the investment climate and economic activity in Mexico, Canada and/or in the United States and impact our results of operations and net results. Similarly, our Mexican operations could be affected by criminal violence, primarily due to the activities of drug cartels and related organized crime that Mexico has experienced and may continue to experience. The city of Veracruz, where our facility is located, has experienced several incidents of violence. Although the Mexican government has implemented various security measures and has strengthened its military and police forces, drug-related crime continues to exist in Mexico. Our business may be materially and adversely affected by these activities, their possible escalation and the violence associated with them.

In the Middle East and Africa, our business could be adversely affected by political and other events in the region, such as armed conflicts, terrorist attacks and social unrest, which could materially impact the operations of companies active in the region’s oil and gas industry.

If we do not successfully implement our business strategy, our ability to grow, our competitive position and our sales and profitability may suffer.

We plan to continue implementing our business strategy of developing integrated product and service solutions designed to differentiate our offering from those of our competitors and meet the needs of our customers for lower operational costs and reliable performance even in the most demanding environments, as well as continuing to pursue strategic investment opportunities. Any of the components of our overall business strategy could cost more than anticipated, may not be successfully implemented or could be delayed or abandoned. For example, we may fail to create sufficient differentiation in our Rig Direct® services to compensate the added costs of providing such services, or fail to find suitable investment opportunities, including acquisition targets that enable us to continue to grow and improve our competitive position. Even if we successfully implement our business strategy, it may not yield the expected results.

We could be subject to regulatory risks associated with our international operations.

The shipment of goods and services across international borders subjects us to extensive trade laws and regulations. Our import and export activities are governed by customs laws and regulations in each of the countries where we operate. Moreover, the European Union, the United States and other countries control the import and export of certain goods and services and impose related import and export recordkeeping and reporting obligations. Those governments have also imposed economic sanctions against certain countries, persons and other entities, such as sanctions involving sales to Iran and Venezuela, that restrict or prohibit transactions involving such countries, persons and entities. Similarly, we are subject to the U.S. anti-boycott laws. These laws and regulations are complex and frequently changing, and they may be enacted, amended, enforced or interpreted in a manner that could materially impact our operations. For example, on March 8, 2018, under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, the U.S. imposed a 25% tariff on steel articles imported from all countries. However, imports of steel tubes from Australia, Argentina, Brazil and South Korea were exempted from the 25% tariff; the latter three with specific quotas per product. During March 2019, the U.S. government granted the exemption for imports of specific types of cast steel billets requested from Romania, Mexico, and Italy, for an aggregate amount of 410,000 tons that are used in our Bay City mill, to be consumed until March 2020.

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Finally, failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could also result in criminal and civil penalties and sanctions.

Changes in applicable tax regulations and resolutions of tax disputes could negatively affect our financial results.

We are subject to tax laws in numerous foreign jurisdictions where we operate. However, the integrated nature of our worldwide operations can produce conflicting claims from revenue authorities in different countries as to the profits to be taxed in the individual countries, including disputes relating to transfer pricing. The majority of the jurisdictions in which we operate have double tax treaties with other foreign jurisdictions, which provide a framework for mitigating the impact of double taxation on our results. However, mechanisms developed to resolve such conflicting claims are largely untried, and can be expected to be very lengthy.

In recent years, tax authorities around the world have increased their scrutiny of company tax filings and have become more rigid in exercising any discretion they may have. As part of this, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has proposed a number of tax law changes under its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action Plans to address issues of transparency, coherence and substance. At the EU level, the European Commission has adopted its Anti Tax Avoidance Directive, which seeks to prevent tax avoidance by companies and to ensure that companies pay appropriate taxes in the markets where profits are effectively made and business is effectively performed.

Changes to tax laws and regulations in the countries where we operate require us to continually assess our organizational structure and could lead to increased risk of international tax disputes. Our interpretations and application of the tax laws could differ from that of the relevant governmental taxing authority, which could result in the payment of additional taxes, penalties or interest, negatively affecting our profitability and financial condition.

Future acquisitions, strategic partnerships and capital investments may not perform in accordance with expectations or may disrupt our operations and hurt our profits.

One element of our business strategy is to identify and pursue growth-enhancing strategic opportunities. As part of that strategy, we regularly make significant capital investments and acquire interests in, or businesses of, various companies. For example, on January 21, 2019 we completed the acquisition of 47.79% of the shares of SSP, a welded steel pipes producer listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange, for a total purchase price of approximately $141 million. Additionally, on February 5, 2019 we entered into an agreement with PAO Severstal to build during the coming two years, a welded pipe plant to produce OCTG products in the Surgut area, West Siberia, Russian Federation, with an estimated cost of $240 million, in which Tenaris will hold a 49% interest. Furthermore, on March 22, 2019, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire100% of the shares of IPSCO, a wholly owned subsidiary of TMK and a U.S. producer of seamless and welded OCTG and line pipe products, for $1,209 million. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals, including approval by the U.S. antitrust authorities, and other customary conditions. We will continue to consider strategic acquisitions, investments and partnerships from time to time. We must necessarily base any assessment of potential acquisitions, joint ventures and capital investments on assumptions with respect to operations, profitability and other matters that may subsequently prove to be incorrect. Our past or future acquisitions, significant investments and alliances may not perform in accordance with our expectations and could adversely affect our operations and profitability. In addition, new demands on our existing organization and personnel resulting from the integration of new acquisitions could disrupt our operations and adversely affect our operations and profitability. Moreover, as part of future acquisitions, we may acquire assets that are unrelated to our business, and we may not be able to integrate these assets or sell them under favorable terms and conditions.

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Disruptions to our manufacturing processes could adversely affect our operations, customer service levels and financial results.

Our steel pipe manufacturing processes depend on the operation of critical steelmaking equipment, such as electric arc furnaces, continuous casters, rolling mills, heat treatment and various operations that support them, such as our power generation facilities. Despite the investments we make to maintain critical production equipment, such equipment may incur downtime as a result of unanticipated failures or other events, such as fires, explosions, floods, accidents and severe weather conditions.

Similarly, natural disasters or severe weather conditions could significantly damage our production facilities and general infrastructure or affect the normal course of business. For example, our Mexican production facility located in Veracruz is located in or close to regions prone to earthquakes, and our Bay City facility in Texas, United States is located in an area prone to strong winds and hurricanes, and occasional floods. More generally, changing weather patterns and climatic conditions in recent years have added to the unpredictability and frequency of natural disasters.

Our operations may also be adversely affected as a result of stoppages or other labor conflicts. In 2017 and 2018, our operations in Mexico experienced a few days of union-led stoppages due to an internal dispute within the local union; such internal dispute is ongoing and we cannot assure it will not cause further disruptions in Mexico. In addition, in some of the countries in which we have significant production facilities (e.g., Argentina and Brazil), significant fluctuations in exchange rates, together with inflationary pressures, affect our costs, increase labor demands and could eventually generate higher levels of labor conflicts.

Some of the previously described events could result in death or injury to persons. They could also result in damage to property, delays in production and liability for Tenaris. To the extent that lost production as a result of such events cannot be compensated for by unaffected facilities, such events could have an adverse effect on our profitability and financial condition. Additionally, the insurance we maintain for property damage and general liability may not be adequate or available to protect us under such events, its coverage may be limited, or the amount of our insurance may be less than the related loss. For more information on our insurance coverage “Information on Tenaris – B. Business overview – Insurance”.

We may be required to record a significant charge to earnings if we must reassess our goodwill or other assets as a result of changes in assumptions underlying the carrying value of certain assets, particularly as a consequence of deteriorating market conditions.

Assets that are subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Intangible assets with indefinite useful life, including goodwill, are subject to at least an annual impairment test. At December 31, 2018 we had $1,288 million in goodwill corresponding mainly to the acquisition of Hydril in 2007 ($920 million) and Maverick in 2006 ($229 million). If our management was to determine in the future that the goodwill or other assets were impaired, particularly as a consequence of deteriorating market conditions, we would be required to recognize a non-cash charge to reduce the value of these assets, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

Our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by movements in exchange rates.

As a global company we manufacture and sell products in a number of countries throughout the world and a portion of our business is carried out in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which is the Company’s functional and presentation currency. As a result, we are exposed to foreign exchange rate risk. Changes in currency values and foreign exchange regulations could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. For information on our foreign exchange rate risk, please see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk – Foreign Exchange Rate Risk”.

If we do not comply with laws and regulations designed to combat corruption in countries in which we sell our products, we could become subject to governmental investigations, fines, penalties or other sanctions and to private lawsuits and our sales and profitability could suffer.

We operate globally and conduct business in certain countries known to experience corruption. Although we are committed to conducting business in a legal and ethical manner in compliance with local and international statutory requirements and standards applicable to our business, there is a risk that our employees, representatives, affiliates, or other persons may take actions that violate applicable laws and regulations that generally prohibit the making of improper payments, including to foreign government officials, for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business, including laws relating to the 1997 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”). Investigations by government authorities may occupy considerable management time and attention and result in significant expenditures, fines, penalties or other sanctions, as well as private lawsuits.

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For more information, including with respect to matters related to corruption investigations in Brazil and Argentina, please refer to “Outstanding Legal Proceedings”.

The cost of complying with environmental regulations and potential environmental and product liabilities may increase our operating costs and negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We are subject to a wide range of local, provincial and national laws, regulations, permit requirements and decrees relating to the protection of human health and the environment, including laws and regulations relating to hazardous materials and radioactive materials and environmental protection governing air emissions, water discharges and waste management. Laws and regulations protecting the environment have become increasingly complex and more stringent and expensive to implement in recent years. Additionally, international environmental requirements vary. While standards in the European Union, Canada, and Japan are generally comparable to U.S. standards, other nations, particularly developing nations, including China, have substantially lesser requirements that may give competitors in such nations a competitive advantage. It is possible that any international agreement to regulate emissions may provide exemptions and lesser standards for developing nations. In such case, we may be at a competitive disadvantage relative to competitors having more or all of their production in such developing nations.

Environmental laws and regulations may, in some cases, impose strict liability rendering a person liable for damages to natural resources or threats to public health and safety without regard to negligence or fault. Some environmental laws provide for joint and several strict liability for remediation of spills and releases of hazardous substances. These laws and regulations may expose us to liability for the conduct of or conditions caused by others or for acts that were in compliance with all applicable laws at the time they were performed.

Compliance with applicable requirements and the adoption of new requirements could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. The costs and ultimate impact of complying with environmental laws and regulations are not always clearly known or determinable since regulations under some of these laws have not yet been promulgated or are undergoing revision. The expenditures necessary to remain in compliance with these laws and regulations, including site or other remediation costs, or costs incurred as a result of potential violations of environmental laws could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and profitability. While we incur and will continue to incur expenditures to comply with applicable laws and regulations, there always remains a risk that environmental incidents or accidents may occur that may negatively affect our reputation or our operations.

Our oil and gas casing, tubing and line pipe products are sold primarily for use in oil and gas drilling, gathering, transportation, processing and power generation facilities, which are subject to inherent risks, including well failures, line pipe leaks, blowouts, bursts and fires, that could result in death, personal injury, property damage, environmental pollution or loss of production. Any of these hazards and risks can result in environmental liabilities, personal injury claims and property damage from the release of hydrocarbons.

Defects in specialty tubing products could result in death, personal injury, property damage, environmental pollution, damage to equipment and facilities or loss of production.

We normally warrant the oilfield products and specialty tubing products we sell or distribute in accordance with customer specifications, but as we pursue our business strategy of providing customers with additional services, such as Rig Direct®, we may be required to warrant that the goods we sell and services we provide are fit for their intended purpose. Actual or claimed defects in our products may give rise to claims against us for losses suffered by our customers and expose us to claims for damages. The insurance we maintain will not be available in cases of gross negligence or willful misconduct, in other cases may not be adequate or available to protect us in the event of a claim, its coverage may be limited, canceled or otherwise terminated, or the amount of our insurance may be less than the related impact on enterprise value after a loss. Similarly, our sales of tubes and components for the automotive industry subject us to potential product liability risks that could extend to being held liable for the costs of the recall of automobiles sold by car manufacturers and their distributors.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Limitations on our ability to protect our intellectual property rights, including our trade secrets, could cause a loss in revenue and any competitive advantage we hold.

Some of our products or services, and the processes we use to produce or provide them, have been granted patent protection, have patent applications pending, or are trade secrets. Our business may be adversely affected if our patents are unenforceable, the claims allowed under our patents are not sufficient to protect our technology, our patent applications are denied or our trade secrets are not adequately protected. Our competitors may be able to develop technology independently that is similar to ours without infringing on our patents or gaining access to our trade secrets, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Cyberattacks could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operation.

We rely heavily on information systems to conduct our business. Although we devote significant resources to protect our systems and data, we have experienced and will continue to experience varying degrees of cyber incidents in the normal conduct of our business, which may occasionally include sophisticated cybersecurity threats such as unauthorized access to data and systems, loss or destruction of data, computer viruses or other malicious code, phishing and/or cyberattacks. These threats often arise from numerous sources, not all of which are within our control, such as fraud or malice from third parties, failures of computer servers or other accidental technological failures, electrical or telecommunication outages or other damage to our property or assets. Given the rapidly evolving nature of cyber threats, there can be no assurance that the systems we have designed to prevent or limit the effects of cyber incidents or attacks will be sufficient to prevent or detect such incidents or attacks, or to avoid a material adverse impact on our systems when such incidents or attacks do occur. While we attempt to mitigate these risks, we remain vulnerable to additional known or unknown threats, including theft, misplacement or loss of data, programming errors, employee errors and/or dishonest behavior that could potentially lead to the compromising of sensitive information, improper use of our systems or networks, as well as unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification or destruction of such information, systems and/or networks. If our systems for protecting against cybersecurity risks are circumvented or breached, this could also result in disruptions to our business operations (including but not limited to, defective products or production downtimes), access to our financial reporting systems, the loss of access to critical data or systems, misuse or corruption of critical data and proprietary information (including our intellectual property and customer data), as well as damage to our reputation with our customers and the market, failure to meet customer requirements, customer dissatisfaction and/or other financial costs and losses. In addition, given that cybersecurity threats continue to evolve, we may be required to devote additional resources in the future to enhance our protective measures or to investigate and/or remediate any cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Moreover, any investigation of a cyberattack would take time before completion, during which we would not necessarily know the extent of the actual or potential harm or how best to remediate it, and certain errors or actions could be repeated or compounded before duly discovered and remediated (all or any of which could further increase the costs and consequences arising out of such cyberattack). Tenaris does not maintain any specific insurance coverage to protect against cybersecurity risks.

Risks Relating to the Structure of the Company

As a holding company, the Company’s ability to pay cash dividends depends on the results of operations and financial condition of its subsidiaries and could be restricted by legal, contractual or other limitations.

The Company conducts its operations through subsidiaries. Dividends or other intercompany transfers of funds from those subsidiaries are the Company’s primary source of funds to pay its expenses, debt service and dividends and to repurchase shares or ADSs.

The ability of the Company’s subsidiaries to pay dividends and make other payments to us will depend on the results of operations and financial condition and could be restricted by applicable corporate and other laws and regulations, including those imposing foreign exchange controls or restrictions on the repatriation of capital or the making of dividend payments and agreements and commitments of such subsidiaries. If earnings and cash flows of the Company’s operating subsidiaries are substantially reduced, the Company may not be in a position to meet its operational needs or to pay dividends. For information concerning limitations on payments of dividends, see “Risks Relating to Our Business – Adverse economic or political conditions in the countries where we operate or sell our products and services may decrease our sales or disrupt our manufacturing operations, thereby adversely affecting our revenues, profitability and financial condition”.

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In addition, the Company’s ability to pay dividends to shareholders is subject to legal and other requirements and restrictions in effect at the holding company level. For example, the Company may only pay dividends out of net profits, retained earnings and distributable reserves and premiums, each as defined and calculated in accordance with Luxembourg law and regulations.

The Company’s controlling shareholder may be able to take actions that do not reflect the will or best interests of other shareholders.

As of the date of this annual report, San Faustin beneficially owned 60.45% of our shares. Rocca & Partners Stichting Administratiekantoor Aandelen San Faustin (“RP STAK”), controls a significant portion of the voting power of San Faustin. As a result, RP STAK is indirectly able to elect a substantial majority of the members of the Company’s board of directors and has the power to determine the outcome of most actions requiring shareholder approval, including, subject to the requirements of Luxembourg law, the payment of dividends. The decisions of the controlling shareholder may not reflect the will of other shareholders. In addition, the Company’s articles of association permit the Company’s board of directors to waive, limit or suppress preemptive rights in certain cases. Accordingly, the Company’s controlling shareholder may cause its board of directors to approve in certain cases an issuance of shares for consideration without preemptive rights, thereby diluting the minority interest in the Company.

Risks Relating to shares and ADSs

It may be difficult to enforce judgments against us outside Luxembourg.

The Company is a société anonyme organized under the laws of Luxembourg, and most of its assets are located in other jurisdictions. Furthermore, most of the Company’s directors and officers named in this annual report reside in different jurisdictions. As a result, investors may not be able to effect service of process upon us or our directors or officers. Investors may also not be able to enforce against us or our directors or officers in the investors’ domestic courts, judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the domestic laws of the investors’ home countries. Likewise, it may be difficult for investors not domiciled in Luxembourg to bring an original action in a Luxembourg court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of other securities laws, including U.S. federal securities laws, against the Company, its directors and officers. There is also uncertainty with regard to the enforceability of original actions of civil liabilities predicated upon the civil liability provisions of securities laws, including U.S. federal securities laws, outside the jurisdiction where such judgments have been rendered; and enforceability will be subject to compliance with procedural requirements under applicable local law, including the condition that the judgment does not violate the public policy of the applicable jurisdiction.

Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion and analysis presents our financial condition and results of operations on a consolidated basis. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS, as issued by the IASB and in accordance with IFRS as adopted by the European Union.

Certain information contained in this discussion and analysis and presented elsewhere in this annual report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements”. In evaluating this discussion and analysis, you should specifically consider the various risk factors identified in “Principal Risks and Uncertainties”, other risk factors identified elsewhere in this annual report and other factors that could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements.

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Overview

We are a leading global manufacturer and supplier of steel pipe products and related services for the energy industry and other industries.

We are a leading global manufacturer and supplier of steel pipe products and related services for the world’s energy industry as well as for other industrial applications. Our customers include most of the world’s leading oil and gas companies as well as engineering companies engaged in constructing oil and gas gathering and processing and power facilities. We operate an integrated worldwide network of steel pipe manufacturing, research, finishing and service facilities with industrial operations in the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa and a direct presence in most major oil and gas markets.

Our main source of revenue is the sale of products and services to the oil and gas industry, and the level of such sales is sensitive to international oil and gas prices and their impact on drilling activities.

Demand for our products and services from the global oil and gas industry, particularly for tubular products and services used in drilling operations, represents a substantial majority of our total sales. Our sales, therefore, depend on the condition of the oil and gas industry and our customers’ willingness to invest capital in oil and gas exploration and development as well as in associated downstream processing activities. The level of these expenditures is sensitive to oil and gas prices as well as the oil and gas industry’s view of such prices in the future. Crude oil prices fell from over $100 per barrel in June 2014 to less than $30 per barrel in February 2016, before recovering to around $80 per barrel in the third quarter of 2018, but subsequently fell 40% in the fourth quarter before partially recovering in the beginning of 2019. North American natural gas prices (Henry Hub), which were around $4 per million BTU in 2014, also briefly fell below $2 per million BTU at the beginning of 2016, before recovering to average levels of $3 per million BTU during 2017 and 2018.

In 2018, worldwide drilling activity, as represented in the number of active drilling rigs published by Baker Hughes, a GE company, increased 9% compared to the level of 2017, with the increase concentrated in the U.S. shale plays, and a gradual increase in international rigs starting in the second half of 2018. In the United States the rig count in 2018 increased by 18%, with an average of 1,032 active rigs. Drilling activity in the United States rose steadily through the year but has subsequently declined slightly in the beginning of 2019. In Canada, the rig count in 2018 declined by 7% compared with 2017, with the decline concentrated in the final quarter, while in the rest of the world, it rose 4%.

Prior to the most recent downturn in oil prices, a growing proportion of exploration and production spending by oil and gas companies had been directed at offshore, deep drilling and non-conventional drilling operations in which high-value tubular products, including special steel grades and premium connections, are usually specified. The success, however, of shale drilling operators, with their inherently short investment cycles, in adapting to lower oil and gas costs and increasing production, has led to a slowdown in new developments of complex offshore projects with long investment lead times in a context of low and more volatile oil prices, consequently affecting the level of product differentiation.

Our business is highly competitive.

The global market for steel pipes is highly competitive, with the primary competitive factors being price, quality, service and technology. We sell our products in a large number of countries worldwide and compete primarily against European and Japanese producers in most markets outside North America. In the United States and Canada, we compete against a wide range of local and foreign producers. Over the past decade, substantial investments have been made, especially in China but also in other regions around the world, to increase production capacity of seamless steel pipe products. Production capacity for more specialized product grades has also increased. With the downturn between 2014 and 2016 in the price of oil and demand for tubes for oil and gas drilling, the overcapacity in steel pipe and seamless steel pipe production worldwide has become acute, and now extends beyond commodity grades. The competitive environment has, as a result, become more intense, and we expect that this will continue for some time. Effective competitive differentiation will be a key factor for Tenaris.

In addition, there is an increased risk of unfairly traded steel pipe imports in markets in which we produce and sell our products. In September 2014, the United States imposed anti-dumping duties on OCTG imports from various countries, including South Korea. Despite the duties imposed, imports from South Korea continued at a very high level. As a result, U.S. domestic producers have requested successive reviews of South Korea’s exports, which are ongoing. At the same time South Korean producers have appealed the duties imposed. Similarly, in Canada, the Canada Border Services Agency introduced anti-dumping duties on OCTG imports from South Korea and other countries in April 2015.

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During 2018, in addition to anti-dumping duties, the U.S. administration introduced tariffs and quotas under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 on the imports of steel products, including steel pipes, with the objective of strengthening domestic production capacity utilization and investment. Quotas were imposed on the imports of steel products from South Korea, Brazil and Argentina, while 25% tariffs were imposed on imports from most other countries, except Australia. As a result of the fixed quota imposed on the imports of steel pipes from South Korea, their imports halved during 2018 compared to 2017.

Our production costs are sensitive to prices of steelmaking raw materials and other steel products.

We purchase substantial quantities of steelmaking raw materials, including ferrous steel scrap, direct reduced iron (DRI), pig iron, iron ore and ferroalloys, for use in the production of our seamless pipe products. In addition, we purchase substantial quantities of steel coils and plates for use in the production of our welded pipe products. Our production costs, therefore, are sensitive to prices of steelmaking raw materials and certain steel products, which reflect supply and demand factors in the global steel industry and in the countries where we have our manufacturing facilities.

The costs of steelmaking raw materials and of steel coils and plates increased during 2018. As a reference, prices for hot rolled coils, HRC Midwest USA Mill, published by CRU, averaged $915 per ton in 2018 compared to $680 per ton in 2017. The prices for 2018 showed downward trend in the last 5 months of the year reaching $835 per ton in December 2018.

Summary of results

In 2018, our financial results recovered strongly at all levels. Our sales rose 45% year on year, increasing in all regions and also in our non-Tubes profit centers. Highlights of the year include the consolidation of our positioning and Rig Direct® service in the U.S. and Canada, the fast track delivery of the pipes for three East Mediterranean offshore gas pipelines, and our successful positioning for major gas developments in Argentina, Qatar, Indonesia, Mozambique and Australia. EBITDA rose 63% year on year to $1.5 billion, with margins recovering to the level of 20%. Shareholders net income rose strongly to $876 million, benefitting from substantially higher operating income, and an excellent contribution from our investment in Ternium.

Despite a buildup in working capital to support our growth in sales, we were able to generate free cash flow of $261 million. After payment of dividends, our net cash position declined during the year to $485 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $647 million at December 31, 2017.

Outlook

Drilling activity in the U.S. shales continued to grow in 2018, following the previous year’s strong recovery, while drilling activity in Canada was affected at the end of the year by the drop in regional oil prices. For 2019, following the recent reset of oil prices, drilling activity in the USA is expected to be stable while, in Canada, it is expected to be lower than last year.

In Latin America, a recovery in drilling activity in Mexico is expected as the new government makes more funds available for Petróleos Mexicanos S.A. de C.V. (“Pemex”) and private operators begin implementing their energy reform commitments. In the rest of the regions drilling activity is expected to be relatively stable, with shale drilling activity in Argentina likely to switch from gas to oil.

In the Eastern Hemisphere, drilling activity is expected to continue a gradual recovery with a focus on gas developments.

After our strong performance in 2018, we expect to consolidate our sales and margins through 2019, in line with those of the second half of 2018. We should benefit from growing sales of premium connection products for offshore projects around the world, and the inclusion of consolidated revenues from our new operation in Saudi Arabia, but we will not repeat the exceptional level of offshore line pipe shipments to the Eastern Mediterranean and will have lower sales in Canada. With a stable level of sales, and limited capital investment requirements, we should be able to reduce working capital and generate a stronger free cash flow during the year.

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Functional and presentation currency

The functional and presentation currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The U.S. dollar is the currency that best reflects the economic substance of the underlying events and circumstances relevant to Tenaris’s global operations.

Except for the Brazilian and Italian subsidiaries whose functional currencies are their local currencies, Tenaris determined that the functional currency of its other subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar, based on the following principal considerations:

Sales are mainly negotiated, denominated and settled in U.S. dollars. If priced in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, the sales price may consider exposure to fluctuation in the exchange rate versus the U.S. dollar;

Prices of their critical raw materials and inputs are priced and settled in U.S. dollars;

Transaction and operational environment and the cash flow of these operations have the U.S. dollars as reference currency;

Significant level of integration of local operations within Tenaris’s international global distribution network;

Net financial assets and liabilities are mainly received and maintained in U.S. dollars; and

The exchange rate of certain legal currencies has long been affected by recurring and severe economic crises.

Critical Accounting Estimates

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our audited consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

The preparation of our audited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with IFRS requires us to make estimates and assumptions that might affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. Management evaluates its accounting estimates and assumptions, including those related to: impairment of long-lived tangible and intangible assets; assets useful lives; deferred income tax; obsolescence of inventory; doubtful accounts and loss contingencies, and revises them when appropriate. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Although management believes that these estimates and assumptions are reasonable, they are based upon information available at the time they are made. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Our most critical accounting estimates are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and which require us to make our most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Our most critical accounting estimates and judgments are the following:

Accounting for business combinations

To account for our business combinations we use the acquisition method, which requires the acquired assets and assumed liabilities to be recorded at their respective fair value as of the acquisition date. The determination of fair values of assets acquired, liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed and determination of useful lives, requires us to make estimates and use valuation techniques, including the use of independent valuators, when market value is not readily available. The excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If this is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the income statement.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Impairment and recoverability of goodwill and other assets

Long-lived assets including identifiable intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at the lowest level for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash generating units, or “CGU”). Most of Tenaris’s principal subsidiaries that constitute a CGU have a single main production facility and, accordingly, each of such subsidiary represents the lowest level of asset aggregation that generates largely independent cash inflows.

In assessing whether there is any indication that a CGU may be impaired, external and internal sources of information are analyzed. Material facts and circumstances specifically considered in the analysis usually include the discount rate used in Tenaris’s cash flow projections and the business condition in terms of competitive and economic factors, such as the cost of raw materials, oil and gas prices, capital expenditure programs for Tenaris’s customers and the evolution of the rig count.

An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher between the asset’s value in use and fair value less costs of disposal. Any impairment loss is allocated to reduce the carrying amount of the assets of the CGU in the following order:

first, to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU; and

then, to the other assets of the unit (group of units) pro rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit (group of units), considering not to reduce the carrying amount of the asset below the highest of its fair value less cost of disposal, its value in use or zero.

The value in use of each CGU is determined on the basis of the present value of net future cash flows which would be generated by such CGU. Tenaris uses cash flow projections for a five-year period with a terminal value calculated based on perpetuity and appropriate discount rates.

For purposes of calculating the fair value less costs of disposal Tenaris uses the estimated value of future cash flows that a market participant could generate from the corresponding CGU.

Management judgment is required to estimate discounted future cash flows. Actual cash flows and values could vary significantly from the forecasted future cash flows and related values derived using discounting techniques.

Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal at each reporting date.

No impairment charge was recorded in 2018, 2017, or 2016. For more information on Impairment and recoverability of goodwill and other assets, see “II. Accounting Policies G. Impairment of non-financial assets” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Reassessment of Property, Plant and Equipment Assets Useful Lives

Property, plant and equipment are stated at directly attributable historical acquisition or construction cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Property, plant and equipment acquired through acquisitions accounted for as business combinations are valued initially at fair market value of the assets acquired. Depreciation of the cost of the asset (apart from land, which is not depreciated) to its residual value over its estimated useful life, is done using the straight line method. The depreciation method is reviewed at each year end. Estimating useful lives for depreciation is particularly difficult as the service lives of assets are also impacted by maintenance and changes in technology, and our ability to adapt technological innovation to the existing asset base. In accordance with IAS 16, “Property, Plant and Equipment”, the depreciation method, the residual value and the useful life of an asset must be reviewed at least at each financial year-end, and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change must be treated as a change in an accounting estimate. Management’s re-estimation of asset useful lives performed in accordance with IAS 16 did not materially affect depreciation expense for 2018. However, if management’s estimates prove incorrect, the carrying value of plant and equipment and its useful lives may be required to be reduced from amounts currently recorded. Any such reductions may materially affect asset values and results of operations.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Reassessment of Useful Lives of Customer Relationships

In accordance with IFRS 3, "Business Combinations" and IAS 38, “Intangible Assets”, Tenaris has recognized the value of customer relationships separately from goodwill attributable to the acquisition of Maverick and Hydril groups.

Customer relationships acquired in a business combination are recognized at fair value at the acquisition date, have a finite useful life and are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is calculated using the straight line method over the initial expected useful life of approximately 14 years for Maverick and 10 years for Hydril.

Maverick’s Tubes business has experienced a significant change in its customers portfolio. While initially Maverick was selling OCTG products mostly to distributors, today it is selling mostly through Rig Direct® to end users. By the end of 2018, Maverick supplied the majority of its customers of OCTG products with Rig Direct® services. Additionally, line pipe products while still being sold largely to distributors due to the different nature of this market, are now focused on large pipeline projects through a completely different set of distributors. Based on these circumstances, the Company has reviewed the useful life of Maverick’s Tubes customer relationships and decided to reduce the remaining useful life from two years to zero, consequently a higher amortization charge of approximately $109 million was recorded in the consolidated income statement under selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018.

As of December 31, 2018 the residual value of Maverick’s coiled tubing customer relationships amounts to $19.9 million and the residual useful life is 2 years, while Hydril’s customer relationships is fully amortized.

Allowance for Obsolescence of Supplies and Spare Parts and Slow-Moving Inventory

Inventories are stated at the lower between cost and net realizable value. The cost of finished goods and goods in process is comprised of raw materials, direct labor, utilities, freights and other direct costs and related production overhead costs, and it excludes borrowing costs. The allocation of fixed production costs is based on the normal level of production capacity. Supplies and raw material cost is mainly based on the FIFO method while goods in progress and finished goods cost are mainly based on specific historical production costs for each production order. Tenaris estimates net realizable value of inventories by grouping, where applicable, similar or related items. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less any estimated costs of completion and selling expenses. Goods in transit as of year-end are valued based on the supplier’s invoice cost.

Tenaris establishes an allowance for obsolete or slow-moving inventories related to finished goods, goods in process, supplies and spare parts. For slow moving or obsolete finished products, an allowance is established based on management’s analysis of product aging. An allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventory of supplies and spare parts is established based on management's analysis of such items to be used as intended and the consideration of potential obsolescence due to technological changes, aging and consumption patterns.

Allowances for Doubtful Accounts

Trade and other receivables are recognized initially at fair value that corresponds to the amount of consideration that is unconditional unless they contain significant financing components. The Company holds trade receivables with the objective of collecting the contractual cash flows and therefore measures them subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Due to the short-term nature, their carrying amount is considered to be the same as their fair value.

Tenaris applies the IFRS 9, “Financial instruments” simplified approach to measure expected credit losses, which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance for all trade receivables. To measure the expected credit losses, trade receivables have been grouped based on shared credit risk characteristics and the days past due. The expected loss rates are based on the payment profiles of sales over a period of three years and the corresponding historical credit losses experienced within this period. The historical loss rates are adjusted to reflect current and forward-looking information on macroeconomic factors affecting the ability of the customers to settle the receivables.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Deferred income tax

Deferred income tax is recognized applying the liability method on temporary differences arising between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. The principal temporary differences arise from fair value adjustments of assets acquired in business combinations, the effect of currency translation on depreciable fixed assets and inventories, depreciation on property, plant and equipment, valuation of inventories and provisions for pension plans. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for net operating loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the time period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. At the end of each reporting period, Tenaris reassesses unrecognized deferred tax assets. Tenaris recognizes a previously unrecognized deferred tax asset to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable income will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are not recognized for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax basis of investments in foreign operations where the company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are re-measured if tax rates change. These amounts are charged or credited to the Consolidated Income Statement or to the item other comprehensive income for the year in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income, depending on the account to which the original amount was charged or credited.

Contingencies

We are from time to time subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings, including customer employee, tax and environmental-related claims, in which third parties are seeking payment for alleged damages, reimbursement for losses, or indemnity. Management with the assistance of legal counsel periodically reviews the status of each significant matter and assesses potential financial exposure. Our potential liability with respect to such claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings cannot be estimated with certainty.

Some of these claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings involve highly complex issues, and often these issues are subject to substantial uncertainties and, therefore, the probability of loss and an estimation of damages are difficult to ascertain. Accordingly, with respect to a large portion of such claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings Tenaris is unable to make a reliable estimate of the expected financial effect that will result from ultimate resolution of the proceeding. In those cases, Tenaris has not accrued a provision for the potential outcome of these cases. If a potential loss from a claim, lawsuit or other proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, a provision is recorded. Accruals for loss contingencies reflect a reasonable estimate of the losses to be incurred based on information available to management as of the date of preparation of the financial statements, and take into consideration litigation and settlement strategies. In a limited number of ongoing cases, Tenaris was able to make a reliable estimate of the expected loss or range of probable loss and has accrued a provision for such loss, but believes that publication of this information on a case-by-case basis would seriously prejudice Tenaris’s position in the ongoing legal proceedings or in any related settlement discussions. Accordingly, in these cases, the Company has disclosed information with respect to the nature of the contingency, but has not disclosed its estimate of the range of potential loss.

These estimates are primarily constructed with the assistance of legal counsel, and management believes that the aggregate provisions recorded for potential losses in the consolidated financial statements are adequate based upon currently available information. However, if management’s estimates prove incorrect, current reserves could be inadequate and we could incur a charge to earnings which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, net worth and cash flows. As the scope of liabilities becomes better defined, there may be changes in the estimates of future costs which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, net worth and cash flows.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Internal control over financial reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting was designed by management to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of its financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS.

In addition, under the Company’s articles of association, as supplemented by the audit committee’s charter, the audit committee assists the board of directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities relating to the effectiveness of the Company’s systems of internal control, risk management and internal audit over financial reporting. In particular, the audit committee is required to review the scope and results of the activities of the Company’s external auditors and the internal audit function relating to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, and obtain reports on significant findings and recommendations; and is also required to assess, at least annually at the time the annual accounts are approved, the effectiveness of the Company’s systems of internal control and risk management over financial reporting.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements or omissions. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

On a yearly basis, management conducts its assessment of the effectiveness of Tenaris’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control- Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

On February 19, 2019, management reported to the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors that management had conducted its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2018, and that, based on management’s evaluation and considering the inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any internal control system, management had concluded that the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2018.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Results of Operations

Thousands of U.S. dollars (except number of shares and per share amounts)	For the year ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Selected consolidated income statement data

Continuing operations
Net sales		7,658,588			5,288,504			4,293,592
Cost of sales		(5,279,300	)		(3,685,057	)		(3,165,684	)
Gross profit		2,379,288			1,603,447			1,127,908
Selling, general and administrative expenses		(1,509,976	)		(1,270,016	)		(1,196,929	)
Other operating income (expenses), net		2,501			1,157			9,964
Operating income (loss)		871,813			334,588			(59,057	)
Finance income		39,856			47,605			66,204
Finance cost		(36,942	)		(27,072	)		(22,329	)
Other financial results		34,386			(43,550	)		(21,921	)
Income (loss) before equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies and income tax		909,113			311,571			(37,103	)
Equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies		193,994			116,140			71,533
Income before income tax		1,103,107			427,711			34,430
Income tax		(229,207	)		17,136			(17,102	)
Income for the year for continuing operations		873,900			444,847			17,328

Discontinued operations
Result for discontinued operations		-			91,542			41,411
Income for the year ⁽¹⁾		873,900			536,389			58,739

Income (loss) attributable to ⁽¹⁾:
Owners of the parent		876,063			544,737			55,298
Non-controlling interests		(2,163	)		(8,348	)		3,441
Income for the year ⁽²⁾		873,900			536,389			58,739

Depreciation and amortization for continuing operations		(664,357	)		(608,640	)		(657,109	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding		1,180,536,830			1,180,536,830			1,180,536,830
Basic and diluted earnings per share for continuing operations		0.74			0.38			0.01
Basic and diluted earnings per share		0.74			0.46			0.05
Dividends per share ⁽²⁾		0.41			0.41			0.41

⁽¹⁾

IAS 1 (revised), requires that income for the year as shown on the income statement does not exclude non-controlling interests. Earnings per share, however, continue to be calculated on the basis of income attributable solely to the owners of the parent.

⁽²⁾

Dividends per share correspond to the dividends proposed or paid in respect of the year.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

			At December 31,
Thousands of U.S. dollars (except number of shares)	2018		2017		2016

Selected consolidated financial position data

Current assets		5,464,192		5,381,154		4,817,154
Property, plant and equipment, net		6,063,908		6,229,143		6,001,939
Other non-current assets		2,723,199		2,787,921		3,032,765
Assets of disposal group classified as held for sale		-		-		151,417
Total assets		14,251,299		14,398,218		14,003,275

Current liabilities		1,718,363		2,070,899		1,713,036
Non-current borrowings		29,187		34,645		31,542
Deferred tax liabilities		379,039		457,970		550,657
Other non-current liabilities		249,218		253,734		276,874
Liabilities of disposal group classified as held for sale		-		-		18,094
Total liabilities		2,375,807		2,817,248		2,590,203

Capital and reserves attributable to the owners of the parent		11,782,882		11,482,185		11,287,417
Non-controlling interests		92,610		98,785		125,655
Total equity		11,875,492		11,580,970		11,413,072

Total liabilities and equity		14,251,299		14,398,218		14,003,275

Share capital		1,180,537		1,180,537		1,180,537
Number of shares outstanding		1,180,536,830		1,180,536,830		1,180,536,830

The following table sets forth our operating and other costs and expenses as a percentage of net sales for the periods indicated.

Percentage of net sales	For the year ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Continuing Operations
Net sales		100.0			100.0			100.0
Cost of sales		(68.9	)		(69.7	)		(73.7	)
Gross profit		31.1			30.3			26.3
Selling, general and administrative expenses		(19.7	)		(24.0	)		(27.9	)
Other operating income (expenses), net		0.0			0.0			0.2
Operating income (loss)		11.4			6.3			(1.4	)
Finance income		0.5			0.9			1.5
Finance cost		(0.5	)		(0.5	)		(0.5	)
Other financial results		0.4			(0.8	)		(0.5	)
Income (loss) before equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies and income tax		11.9			5.9			(0.9	)
Equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies		2.5			2.2			1.7
Income before income tax		14.4			8.1			0.8
Income tax		(3.0	)		0.3			(0.4	)
Income for the year for continuing operations		11.4			8.4			0.4

Discontinued operations
Result for discontinued operations		-			1.7			1.0
Income for the year		11.4			10.1			1.4

Income (loss) attributable to:
Owners of the parent		11.4			10.3			1.3
Non-controlling interests		(0.0	)		(0.2	)		0.1

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018, Compared to Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017

The following table shows our net sales by business segment for the periods indicated below:

Millions of U.S. dollars	For the year ended December 31,								Increase /
		2018			2017				(Decrease)
Tubes		7,233	94	%		4,966	94	%		46	%
Others		426	6	%		323	6	%		32	%
Total		7,659	100	%		5,289	100	%		45	%

Tubes

The following table indicates, for our Tubes business segment, sales volumes of seamless and welded pipes for the periods indicated below:

Thousands of tons	For the year ended December 31,			Increase /
		2018	2017	(Decrease)
Seamless		2,694	2,157		25	%
Welded		877	461		90	%
Total		3,571	2,618		36	%

The following table indicates, for our Tubes business segment, net sales by geographic region, operating income and operating income as a percentage of net sales for the periods indicated below:

Millions of U.S. dollars	For the year ended December 31,					Increase /
		2018		2017		(Decrease)
Net sales
- North America		3,488		2,362			48	%
- South America		1,284		982			31	%
- Europe		628		497			26	%
- Middle East & Africa		1,541		921			67	%
- Asia Pacific		292		204			43	%
Total net sales		7,233		4,966			46	%
Operating income		777		292			166	%
Operating income (% of sales)		10.7	%	5.9	%

Net sales of tubular products and services increased 46% to $7,233 million in 2018, compared to $4,966 million in 2017, reflecting a 36% increase in volumes and a 7% increase in average selling prices. Sales increased mainly due to a strong increase in demand in the United States and Canada and higher sales of line pipe for complex projects, including shipments for the second Zohr offshore welded pipeline in Egypt. In North America sales increased mainly due to higher demand of OCTG and line pipe and the consolidation of our market position throughout the region. In South America, sales increased mainly due to higher demand of OCTG and line pipe in Argentina, associated with increased investments in Vaca Muerta shale and higher demand for OCTG in the Andean region, including sales to the Liza development in Guyana, partially offset by lower sales of OCTG in Brazil, reflecting transition to new contracts with Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (“Petrobras”). In Europe, sales increased reflecting higher demand for industrial products and for OCTG products in the North Sea and continental Europe. In the Middle East and Africa sales increased significantly, thanks to an exceptional level of sales for offshore line pipe for East Mediterranean gas development projects and higher sales of OCTG in the Middle East and Caspian areas. In Asia Pacific sales increased following a recovery in Indonesia and China from very low levels in 2017.

Operating income from tubular products and services, amounted to $777 million in 2018, compared to $292 million in 2017. Operating income during 2018 was negatively affected by a higher customer relationships amortization charge of $109 million, after the full amortization of the residual value of Maverick’s Tubes segment customer relationships. Excluding this one off effect operating income would amount to $886 million, 12% of sales. The significant improvement in Tubes operating income reflects a better operating environment, where a 46% increase in sales improved the utilization of production capacity and therefore the absorption of fixed costs.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Others

The following table indicates, for our Others business segment, net sales, operating income and operating income as a percentage of net sales for the periods indicated below:

Millions of U.S. dollars	For the year ended December 31,					Increase /
		2018		2017		(Decrease)
Net sales		426		323			32	%
Operating income		95		43			122	%
Operating income (% of sales)		22.2	%	13.2	%

Net sales of other products and services increased 32% to $426 million in 2018, compared to $323 million in 2017, mainly due to higher sales of energy related products e.g., sucker rods and coiled tubing

Operating income from other products and services, increased from $43 million in 2017 to $95 million in 2018, while all the profit centers improved their results, the main contributors were the energy related businesses, mainly sucker rods and coiled tubing.

Selling, general and administrative expenses or SG&A, increased by $240 million (19%) in 2018 from $1,270 million in 2017 to $1,510 million in 2018. SG&A during 2018 includes a higher amortization charge of $109 million, after the full amortization of the residual value of Maverick’s Tubes segment customer relationships. Excluding this one off effect, SG&A amounted to $1,401 million (18% of sales), compared to $1,270 million (24%) in 2017. The decline of SG&A as a percentage of net sales reflects the containment of fixed and semi-fixed expenses in a higher volumes environment.

Financial results amounted to a gain of $37 million in 2018, compared to a loss of $23 million in 2017.The 2018 gain corresponds mainly to an FX gain of $29 million; $24 million related to the Argentine peso devaluation on Peso denominated financial, trade, social and fiscal payables at Argentine subsidiaries which functional currency is the U.S. dollar, $17 million related to the Euro depreciation on Euro denominated intercompany liabilities (offset in the currency translation reserve in equity), partially offset by a loss of $8 million due to the devaluation of the Canadian dollar. Additionally, we gained $7 million on derivatives, mainly covering net receivables in Canadian dollar and $3 million net interest on our net cash position.

Equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies generated a gain of $194 million in 2018, compared to $116 million in 2017. These results were mainly derived from our equity investment in Ternium (NYSE:TX).

Income tax charge amounted to $229 million in 2018 (25% over income before tax), compared to a gain of $17 million in 2017. In 2017 we recorded a gain of $63 million due to the reduction in income tax rates in Argentina, the United States and Colombia over deferred tax liabilities. Additionally, during 2017 we recorded an income tax charge of $29 million corresponding to a settlement agreement between Dalmine, our Italian subsidiary, and the Italian tax authorities in connection with all withholding tax claims on 2007 and 2008 dividend payments. Under such settlement agreement, Dalmine paid to the Italian tax administration an aggregate amount of EUR42.9 million (approximately $51 million), net of EUR3.2 million (approximately $4 million) corresponding to the amount previously paid during the litigation proceeding.

Net income for continuing operations amounted to $874 million in 2018, compared with $536 million in 2017. The improvement in results reflects a better operating environment, where a 45% increase in sales improved the utilization of production capacity and therefore the absorption of fixed costs, better financial results and better results from our investment in Ternium.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table provides certain information related to our cash generation and changes in our cash and cash equivalents position for each of the last three years:

Millions of U.S. dollars	For the year ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		611			(22	)		864
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		399			349			(98	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(900	)		(401	)		(653	)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		109			(74	)		113

Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of year (excluding overdrafts)		330			399			286
Effect of exchange rate changes		(13	)		6			(0	)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		109			(74	)		113
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of year (excluding overdrafts)		427			330			399

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of year (excluding overdrafts)		427			330			399
Bank overdrafts		2			0			1
Other current investments		488			1,192			1,633
Non-current investments		114			123			248
Derivatives hedging borrowings and investments		(6	)		(33	)		(35	)
Current and non current borrowings		(539	)		(966	)		(840	)
Net cash at the end of the year		485			647			1,406

Our financing strategy aims to maintain adequate financial resources and access to additional liquidity. During 2018 cash flow provided by operating activities amounted to $611 million (including an increase in working capital of $738 million), our capital expenditures amounted to $349 million and we paid dividends amounting to $484 million. At the end of the year we had a net cash position of $485 million, compared to $647 million at the beginning of the year (including the $328 million we collected from the sale of Republic Conduit during 2017).

We believe that funds from operations, the availability of liquid financial assets and our access to external borrowing through the financial markets will be sufficient to satisfy our working capital needs, to finance our planned capital spending program, to service our debt in the foreseeable future and to address short-term changes in business conditions.

We have a conservative approach to the management of our liquidity, which consists of (i) cash and cash equivalents (cash in banks, liquidity funds and investments with a maturity of less than three months at the date of purchase), and (ii) Other Investments (fixed income securities, time deposits, and fund investments).

At December 31, 2018, liquid financial assets as a whole (comprising cash and cash equivalents and other investments) were 7% of total assets compared to 11% at the end of 2017.

We hold investments primarily in liquidity funds and variable or fixed-rate securities from investment grade issuers. We hold our cash and cash equivalents primarily in U.S. dollars and in major financial centers. As of December 31, 2018, U.S. dollar denominated liquid assets represented 95% of total liquid financial assets compared to 93% at the end of 2017.

Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018, Compared to Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017

Operating activities

Net cash provided by operations during 2018 was $611 million, compared to $22 million of net cash used in operations during 2017. This increase was mainly attributable to an increase in results and a smaller increase in working capital. In 2018 and 2017 the increase in working capital amounted to $738 million and $853 million respectively. The main yearly variation was related to an increase of $518 million in trade receivables, compared with an increase of $259 million in 2017, while trade payables decreased $57 million in 2018 and increased $194 million in 2017. Additionally, during 2018 inventories increased $176 million which compares with an increase in inventory of $804 million in 2017. For more information on cash flow disclosures and changes to working capital, see note 26 “Cash flow disclosures” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Investing activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $399 million in 2018, compared to $349 million in 2017 (including the $328 million we collected from the sale of Republic Conduit). Capital expenditures decreased to $349 million from $558 million in 2017 declining following the start up of our greenfield seamless facility in Bay City, Texas at the end of 2017. Additionally, we reduced our financial investments by $717 million in 2018 compared to a reduction of $565 million in 2017.

Financing activities

Net cash used in financing activities, including dividends paid, proceeds and repayments of borrowings and acquisitions of non-controlling interests, was $900 million in 2018, compared to $401 million in 2017.

During 2018 we had net repayments from borrowings of $413 million, while in 2017 we had net proceeds of borrowings of $107 million.

Dividends paid during 2018 and 2017 amounted to $484 million in each year.

Our total liabilities to total assets ratio was 0.17:1 as of December 31, 2018 and 0.20:1 as of December 31, 2017.

Principal Sources of Funding

During 2018, we funded our operations with operating cash flows, bank financing, proceeds from sales of assets and available liquid financial assets. Short-term bank borrowings were used as needed throughout the year.

Financial liabilities

During 2018, borrowings decreased by $427 million, to $539 million at December 31, 2018, from $966 million at December 31, 2017.

Borrowings consist mainly of bank loans. As of December 31, 2018, U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings plus borrowings denominated in other currencies swapped to the U.S. dollar represented 97% of total borrowings.

For further information about our financial debt, please see note 18 “Borrowings” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

The following table shows the composition of our financial debt at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

Millions of U.S. dollars	2018	2017	2016

Bank borrowings	537	966	839
Bank overdrafts	2	0	1
Finance lease liabilities	0	0	0
Total borrowings	539	966	840

Our weighted average interest rates before tax (considering hedge accounting), amounted to 3.98% at December 31, 2018 and to 3.73% at December 31, 2017.

The maturity of our financial debt is as follows:

Millions of U.S. dollars
At December 31, 2018	1 year or less		1 - 2 years		2 - 3 years		3 - 4 years		4 - 5 years		Over 5 years		Total

Borrowings		510		4		5		20		-		-		539
Interests to be accrued		8		1		1		0		-		-		11
Total		518		5		6		20		-		-		550

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Our current borrowings to total borrowings ratio amounted to 0.95:1 as of December 31, 2018, compared with 0.96:1 as of December 31, 2017. Our liquid financial assets exceeded our total borrowings, we had a net cash position (cash and cash equivalents, other current and non-current investments, derivatives hedging borrowings and investments, less total borrowings) of $485 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $647 million at December 31, 2017.

For information on our derivative financial instruments, please see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk – Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities” and note 23 “Derivative financial instruments” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

For information regarding the extent to which borrowings are at fixed rates, please see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk”.

Significant Borrowings

Our most significant borrowings as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:

Millions of U.S. dollars
Disbursement date	Borrower	Type	Original & Outstanding		Final maturity
2018	Tamsa	Bank loans		347	2019
2018	Siderca	Bank loans		66	2019
2018	TuboCaribe	Bank loan		50	May 2019

As of December 31, 2018, Tenaris was in compliance with all of its covenants under its significant borrowings, including financial covenants on leverage ratio.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

The multinational nature of our operations and customer base expose us to a variety of risks, including the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. In order to reduce the impact related to these exposures, management evaluates exposures on a consolidated basis to take advantage of natural exposure netting. For the residual exposures, we may enter into various derivative transactions in order to reduce potential adverse effects on our financial performance. Such derivative transactions are executed in accordance with internal policies and hedging practices. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes, other than non-material investments in structured products.

The following information should be read together with section III, “Financial risk management” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Debt Structure

The following tables provide a breakdown of our debt instruments at December 31, 2018 and 2017 which included fixed and variable interest rate obligations, detailed by maturity date:

At December 31, 2018	Expected maturity date
		2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter	Total ⁽¹⁾
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Non-current Debt
Fixed rate		-	4	4	20	-	-		28
Floating rate		-	0	1	0	-	-		1

Current Debt
Fixed rate		493	-	-	-	-	-		493
Floating rate		17	-	-	-	-	-		17
		510	4	5	20	-	-		539

At December 31, 2017	Expected maturity date
		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	Thereafter	Total ⁽¹⁾
	(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Non-current Debt
Fixed rate		-	5	4	4	20	0		33
Floating rate		-	0	0	1	0	-		2

Current Debt
Fixed rate		913	-	-	-	-	-		913
Floating rate		18	-	-	-	-	-		18
		931	5	4	5	20	0		966

_______________

⁽¹⁾

As most borrowings are based on short-term fixed rates, or floating rates that approximate market rates, with interest rate resetting every 3 to 6 months, the fair value of the borrowings approximates its carrying amount and is not disclosed separately.

Our weighted average interest rates before tax (considering hedge accounting), amounted to 3.98% at December 31, 2018 and to 3.73% at December 31, 2017.

Our financial liabilities (other than trade payables and derivative financial instruments) consist mainly of bank loans. As of December 31, 2018, U.S. dollar denominated financial debt plus debt denominated in other currencies swapped to the U.S. dollar represented 97% of total financial debt.

For further information about our financial debt, please see note 18 “Borrowings” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Interest Rate Risk

Fluctuations in market interest rates create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments. At December 31, 2018, we had variable interest rate debt of $19 million and fixed rate debt of $520 million ($493 million of the fixed rate debt are short-term).

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Foreign Exchange Rate Risk

We manufacture and sell our products in a number of countries throughout the world and consequently we are exposed to foreign exchange rate risk. Since the Company’s functional currency is the U.S. dollar, the purpose of our foreign currency hedging program is mainly to reduce the risk caused by changes in the exchange rates of other currencies against the U.S. dollar.

Most of our revenues are determined or influenced by the U.S. dollar. In addition, a relevant part of our costs correspond to steelmaking raw materials and steel coils and plates, also determined or influenced by the U.S. dollar. However, outside the United States, a portion of our expenses is incurred in foreign currencies (e.g. labor costs). Therefore, when the U.S. dollar weakens in relation to the foreign currencies of the countries where we manufacture our products, the U.S. dollar-reported expenses increase. Had the U.S. dollar average exchange rate been weaker by 5% against the currencies of the countries where we have labor costs, operating income would have decreased approximately by $50 million in 2018, compared with $51 million in 2017.

Our consolidated exposure to currency fluctuations is reviewed on a periodic basis. A number of hedging transactions are performed in order to achieve an efficient coverage in the absence of operative or natural hedges. Almost all of these transactions are forward exchange rate contracts.

Because certain subsidiaries have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the results of hedging activities as reported in the income statement under IFRS may not reflect entirely management’s assessment of its foreign exchange risk hedging needs. Also, intercompany balances between our subsidiaries may generate exchange rate results to the extent that their functional currencies differ.

The value of our financial assets and liabilities is subject to changes arising out of the variation of foreign currency exchange rates. The following table provides a breakdown of our main financial assets and liabilities (including foreign exchange derivative contracts) that impact our profit and loss as of December 31, 2018.

All amounts in millions of U.S. dollars
Currency Exposure	Functional currency	Long / (Short) Position

Argentine Peso	U.S. dollar	(187	)
Euro	U.S. dollar	(175	)

The main relevant exposures as of December 31, 2018 were to Argentine peso-denominated financial, trade, social and fiscal payables at our Argentine subsidiaries, for which the functional currency is the U.S. dollar, and Euro-denominated intercompany liabilities at certain subsidiaries for which functional currency is the U.S. dollar.

Foreign Currency Derivative Contracts

The net fair value of our foreign currency derivative contracts amounted to a liability of $3 million at December 31, 2018 and $32 million at December 31, 2017. For further detail on our foreign currency derivative contracts, please see note 23 “Derivative financial instruments – Foreign exchange derivative contracts and hedge accounting” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

Derivative financial instruments are classified as financial assets (or liabilities) at fair value through profit or loss. Their fair value is calculated using standard pricing techniques and, as a general rule, we recognize the full amount related to the change in its fair value under financial results in the current period.

We designate for hedge accounting certain derivatives that hedge risks associated with recognized assets, liabilities or highly probable forecast transactions. These instruments are classified as cash flow hedges. The effective portion of the fair value of such derivatives is accumulated in a reserve account in equity. Amounts accumulated in equity are then recognized in the income statement in the same period when the offsetting losses and gains on the hedged item are recorded. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the income statement. The fair value of our derivative financial instruments (assets or liabilities) continues to be reflected on the consolidated statement of financial position.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

At December 31, 2018, the effective portion of designated cash flow hedges, included in other reserves in shareholders’ equity amounted to a debit of $0.9 million.

Concentration of credit risk

There is no significant concentration of credit from customers. No single customer comprised more than 10% of our net sales in 2018.

Our credit policies related to sales of products and services are designed to identify customers with acceptable credit history, and to allow us to use credit insurance, letters of credit and other instruments designed to minimize credit risk whenever deemed necessary. We maintain allowances for potential credit losses.

Commodity Price Sensitivity

We use commodities and raw materials that are subject to price volatility caused by supply conditions, political and economic variables and other unpredictable factors. As a consequence, we are exposed to risk resulting from fluctuations in the prices of these commodities and raw materials. Although we fix the prices of such raw materials and commodities for short-term periods, typically not in excess of one year, in general we do not hedge this risk.

Trend Information

Principal Factors Affecting Oil and Gas Prices and Demand for Steel Pipes from the Global Oil and Gas Industry.

Sales to the oil and gas industry worldwide represent a high percentage of our total sales, and demand for steel pipes from the global oil and gas industry is a significant factor affecting the general level of volumes and prices for our products. Downward pressures on oil and gas prices usually result in lower oil and gas drilling activity and investment throughout the oil and gas industry with consequently lower demand for our steel pipe products and, in some circumstances, upward pressures can result in higher demand from our oil and gas customers.

Whereas oil prices are similar in most parts of the world because oil is a fully tradable commodity, gas prices are influenced by regional factors. In North America, where gas production is extensively developed and there is an extensive regional pipeline system, these factors include available gas storage capacity and seasonal weather patterns, particularly winter temperatures in the United States. Liquefied natural gas (“LNG”), prices have traditionally been established in relation to international oil prices, particularly in the largest LNG markets in Asia. However, as the market for LNG becomes more global and the USA becomes a relevant source of LNG, LNG prices are now being set increasingly in relation to prices prevailing at regional gas hubs.

International oil prices depend on diverse factors. On the supply side, major oil- and gas-producing nations and companies have frequently collaborated to balance the supply (and thus the price) of oil in the international markets. A major vehicle for this collaboration has been OPEC. Many of our customers are state-owned companies in member countries of OPEC. Another factor that has affected the international price level of oil is the political and socioeconomic conditions of oil-producing countries, such as Libya, Nigeria and Venezuela and the persistence of geo-political and armed conflicts affecting the Middle East region, which is home to a substantial proportion of the world’s known oil reserves. On the demand side, economic conditions and the level of oil inventories in the leading industrial nations of the world, and more recently China, which constitute the largest oil consuming nations, also play a significant role in oil prices.

A more recent factor affecting oil and gas prices has been the ability of producers in the United States and Canada to rapidly increase production from their reserves of tight oil and shale gas in response to changes in market conditions. Production from U.S. tight oil reserves has grown in recent years to represent around 10% of global liquids production, and production from shale gas plays is converting the United States into a net exporter of natural gas and a significant player in the LNG market.

Following three years of relatively stable oil prices of around $100 per barrel, prices started to decline in the middle of 2014 as the rate of U.S. production increase began to exceed the increase in global demand and OPEC confirmed at its November 2014 meeting that it would not cut production to balance demand. Prices reached levels below $30 per barrel in January 2016. They then recovered to around $80 per barrel during 2018 once OPEC and other producers agreed to cut production levels to accelerate the market rebalancing process. By this time, OPEC and other producers had lifted their production cuts and U.S. oil production was increasing at a rate greater than the increase in global demand. Oil prices declined 40% in the fourth quarter of 2018 before partially recovering in the first two months of 2019.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

The 2014 collapse in oil prices led oil and gas operators to substantially reduce their exploration and production investments to a level which is currently around 60% of the average of the 2012-14 period and this, in turn, resulted in a severe contraction in demand and pressure on pricing for steel pipes used in oil and gas drilling and associated operations. During 2017, however, oil and gas operators in North America, who have been very successful in reducing production costs in their shale plays, increased investments in response to more favorable market conditions, and U.S. operators continued to do so in 2018.

Since the development of the prolific Marcellus shale gas play, North American gas prices have remained at low levels compared to previous decades. For the past three years, prices have fluctuated in the range of $2.00-3.50 per million BTU, significantly below prices in many other major gas-consuming regions. For several years, production increases, primarily from productive shale gas deposits, have exceeded demand increases, reducing the need for imports, to the extent that, in 2017, the U.S. became a net exporter of natural gas. Low prices have encouraged investment in gas consuming industrial facilities and LNG export facilities as well as switching from coal to gas for electric power production, particularly with the adoption of new regulations which could force the retirement of older coal-based generating units. With continuing investments in LNG export facilities, the U.S. has become a major global LNG exporter.

Drilling activity in the United States and Canada, following several years of high activity, fell sharply through 2015 and the first half of 2016 before beginning a strong recovery which eased during the second half of 2017. Rig counts plunged to less than a quarter of their former level as operators cut back on investments for two consecutive years as their cash flows declined with low oil and gas prices. At the same time, they reduced drilling costs through increased efficiencies, concentrating drilling on the most productive plays, and negotiated lower supply and service costs. Despite lower prices, production levels are now higher than before the collapse in oil prices but rig counts are at 60% of the levels they reached in 2014, reflecting the strong productivity gains made by the U.S. oil and gas drilling industry. In the rest of the world, drilling activity began to decline in the second half of 2014 and has continued to decline during 2015, 2016 and 2017 before beginning a gradual recovery in the second half of 2018. Although drilling activity in the Middle East has been relatively stable, drilling in Latin America and offshore drilling has declined significantly.

In addition, the increasing cost competitiveness and use of alternative renewable sources of energy could limit growth in demand for oil and gas and put downward pressure on oil and gas prices in the longer term. This trend could accelerate if carbon taxes or carbon pricing instruments resulting in high prices for carbon emissions are implemented around the world.

The tables below show the annual average number of active oil and gas drilling rigs, or rig count, in the United States, Canada, International (worldwide other than the United States and Canada and excluding Iran, Sudan, onshore China, Russia and Syria) and Worldwide, as published by Baker Hughes (“BHGE”), a General Electric company, for the years indicated and the percentage increase or decrease over the previous year. BHGE, a leading oil service company, has published its rig counts on a monthly basis since 1975 as a general indicator of activity in the oil and gas sector.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Rig count

	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014
International ^(*)	988	948	955	1,167	1,337
Canada	191	207	128	193	380
United States	1,032	875	510	977	1,862
Worldwide	2,211	2,029	1,593	2,337	3,578

__________

^(*)

International rig count excludes Iran, Sudan, onshore China, Russia and Syria (discontinued in February 2013).

Percentage increase (decrease) over the previous year

	2018		2017		2016		2015
International ^(*)	4	%	(1	%)	(18	%)	(13	%)
Canada	(7	%)	62	%	(34	%)	(49	%)
United States	18	%	72	%	(48	%)	(48	%)
Worldwide	9	%	27	%	(32	%)	(35	%)

__________

^(*)

International rig count excludes Iran, Sudan, onshore China, Russia and Syria (discontinued in February 2013).

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2018, the Company reported the following financial commitments, consisting of guarantees in connection to its participation in the non-consolidated company Techgen:

Tenaris issued a corporate guarantee covering 22% of the obligations of Techgen under a syndicated loan agreement between Techgen and several banks, which was used in the construction of the facility. The main covenants under the corporate guarantee are Tenaris’s commitment to maintain its participation in Techgen or the right to purchase at least 22% of Techgen’s firm energy, and compliance with a maximum permitted leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2018, the amount outstanding under the loan agreement was $600 million and, as a result, the amount guaranteed by Tenaris was approximately $132 million. For a description of the refinancing of the syndicated loan agreement, the release of Tenaris’s corporate guarantee and the stand-by letters of credit supporting certain covenants under the new facility, see “Recent Developments – Techgen refinancing” below.

Tenaris issued a corporate guarantee covering 22% of the outstanding value of natural gas transportation capacity agreements entered into by Techgen with Kinder Morgan Gas Natural de Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V., and Kinder Morgan Texas Pipeline LLC for a natural gas purchasing capacity of 150,000 million BTU per day starting on August 1, 2016 and ending on July 31, 2036. As of December 31, 2018, our exposure under the guarantee in connection with these agreements amounted to $55.1 million.

In addition, we have various off-balance sheet commitments, as described in note 24 “Contingencies, commitments and restrictions on the distribution of profits – (ii) Commitments and other purchase orders” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Outstanding Legal Proceedings

Tenaris is from time to time subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings, including customer, employee, tax and environmental-related claims, in which third parties are seeking payment for alleged damages, reimbursement for losses, or indemnity. Management with the assistance of legal counsel periodically reviews the status of each significant matter and assesses potential financial exposure.

If a potential loss from a claim, lawsuit or other proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, a provision is recorded. Accruals for loss contingencies reflect a reasonable estimate of the losses to be incurred based on information available to management as of the date of preparation of the financial statements and take into consideration litigation and settlement strategies. In a limited number of ongoing cases, Tenaris was able to make a reliable estimate of the expected loss of range of probable loss and has accrued a provision for such loss but believes that publication of this information on a case-by-case basis would seriously prejudice Tenaris’s position in the ongoing legal proceedings or in any related settlement discussions. Accordingly, in these cases, the Company has disclosed information with respect to the nature of the contingency but has not disclosed its estimate of the range of potential loss.

The Company believes that the aggregate provisions recorded for potential losses in its consolidated financial statements (see notes 21 “Non-current allowances and provisions” and 22 “Current allowances and provisions” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report) are adequate based upon currently available information. However, if management’s estimates prove incorrect, current reserves could be inadequate and Tenaris could incur a charge to earnings which could have a material adverse effect on Tenaris’s results of operations, financial condition, net worth and cash flows.

Material Legal Proceedings

Below is a summary description of Tenaris’s material legal proceedings for the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, Tenaris is subject to other legal proceedings, none of which is believed to be material.

CSN claims relating to the January 2012 acquisition of Usiminas’ shares

Confab, a Brazilian subsidiary of the Company, is one of the defendants in a lawsuit filed in Brazil by Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (“CSN”) and various entities affiliated with CSN against Confab and several Ternium subsdiaries that acquired a participation in Usiminas’ control group in January 2012.

The CSN lawsuit alleges that, under applicable Brazilian laws and rules, the acquirers were required to launch a tag-along tender offer to all non-controlling holders of Usiminas’ ordinary shares for a price per share equal to 80% of the price per share paid in such acquisition, or BRL28.8, and seeks an order to compel the acquirers to launch an offer at that price plus interest. If so ordered, the offer would need to be made to 182,609,851 ordinary shares of Usiminas not belonging to Usiminas’ control group, and Confab would have a 17.9% share in that offer.

On September 23, 2013, the first instance court dismissed the CSN lawsuit, and on February 8, 2017, the court of appeals maintained the understanding of the first instance court. On March 6, 2017, CSN filed a motion for clarification against the decision of the Court of Appeals of São Paulo, which was rejected on July 19, 2017. On August 18, 2017, CSN filed an appeal to the Superior Court of Justice seeking the review and reversal of the decision issued by the Court of Appeals. On March 5, 2018, the court of appeals ruled that CSN’s appeal did not meet the requirements for submission to the Superior Court of Justice and rejected the appeal. On May 8, 2018, CSN appealed against such ruling and on January 22, 2019, the court of appeals rejected it and ordered that the case be submitted to the Superior Court of Justice. The Superior Court of Justice will review admissibility of CSN’s appeal, and, if declares it admissible, will then render a decision on the merits. The Superior Court of Justice is restricted to the analysis of alleged violations to federal laws and cannot assess matters of fact.

Tenaris continues to believe that all of CSN’s claims and allegations are groundless and without merit, as confirmed by several opinions of Brazilian legal counsel, two decisions issued by the Brazilian securities regulator (CVM) in February 2012 and December 2016, and the first and second instance court decisions referred to above.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Veracel Celulose Accident Litigation

On September 21, 2007, an accident occurred in the premises of Veracel Celulose S.A. (“Veracel”) in connection with a rupture in one of the tanks used in an evaporation system manufactured by Confab. The Veracel accident allegedly resulted in material damages to Veracel. Itaú Seguros S.A. (“Itaú”), Veracel’s insurer at the time of the Veracel accident and then replaced by Chubb Seguros Brasil S/A (“Chubb”), initiated a lawsuit against Confab seeking reimbursement of damages paid to Veracel in connection with the Veracel accident. Veracel initiated a second lawsuit against Confab seeking reimbursement of the amount paid as insurance deductible with respect to the Veracel accident and other amounts not covered by insurance. Itaú and Veracel claimed that the Veracel accident was caused by failures and defects attributable to the evaporation system manufactured by Confab. Confab believes that the Veracel accident was caused by the improper handling by Veracel’s personnel of the equipment supplied by Confab in violation of Confab’s instructions. The two lawsuits were consolidated and are considered by the 6th Civil Court of São Caetano do Sul; however, each lawsuit will be adjudicated separately.

On September 28, 2018, Confab and Chubb entered into a settlement agreement pursuant to which on October 9, 2018, Confab paid an amount of approximately $3.5 million to Chubb, without assuming any liability for the accident or the claim.

On October 10, 2018, Confab was notified that the court had issued rulings for both lawsuits. Both decisions were unfavorable to Confab:

With respect to Chubb’s claim, Confab was ordered to pay an amount of approximately BRL89.8 million (approximately $23.2 million, including interest, fees and expenses). On October 15, 2018, Confab filed a request for homologation of the settlement agreement mentioned above, as such settlement agreement remains valid and binding between the parties. On November 8, 2018, the settlement agreement was homologated by the court.

With respect to Veracel’s claim, Confab was ordered to pay the insurance deductible and other concepts not covered by insurance, currently estimated to amount to BRL58.8 million (approximately $ 15.2 million, including direct damages, lost profits, interest, fees and expenses). Both parties filed motions for clarification against the court’s decision, which were partially granted. Although the contract between Confab and Veracel expressly provided that Confab would not be liable for damages arising from lost profits, the court award would appear to include an amount currently estimated in BRL50.5 million (approximately $13 million) for damages arising therefrom; Confab has additional defense arguments in respect of a claim for lost profits. On December 18, 2018, Confab filed an appeal against the first instance court decision. At this stage the Company cannot predict the outcome of the claim or the amount or range of loss in case of an unfavorable outcome.

Ongoing investigation

The Company has learned that Italian and Swiss authorities are investigating whether certain payments were made from accounts of entities presumably associated with affiliates of the Company to accounts controlled by an individual allegedly related with officers of Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. and whether any such payments were intended to benefit Confab. Any such payments could violate certain applicable laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The Company had previously reviewed certain of these matters in connection with an investigation by the Brazilian authorities related to “Operation Lava Jato” and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors has engaged external counsel in connection with a review of the alleged payments and related matters. In addition, the Company has voluntarily notified the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice. The Company continues to review these matters and to respond to requests from and otherwise cooperate with the appropriate authorities. At this time, the Company cannot predict the outcome of these matters or estimate the range of potential loss or extent of risk, if any, to the Company’s business that may result from resolution of these matters.

Petroamazonas Penalties

On January 22, 2016, Petroamazonas (“PAM”), an Ecuadorian state-owned oil company, imposed penalties to the Company’s Uruguayan subsidiary, TGS, for its alleged failure to comply with delivery terms under a pipe supply agreement. The penalties amount to approximately $22.5 million plus interest thereon which as of the date hereof amount to approximately $2.4 million. On June 27, 2018, TGS initiated arbitration proceedings against PAM before the Quito Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Center, seeking the annulment of the penalties. In September 2018, PAM filed its response to the arbitration claim. The claim is currently in evidentiary stage before the arbitration panel. Tenaris believes, based on the advice of counsel, that PAM had no legal basis to impose the penalties and that TGS has meritorious defenses against PAM. However, the Company cannot predict the outcome of a claim against a state-owned company.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Contractor’s claim for additional costs

Tenaris Bay City, a U.S. subsidiary of the Company, received claims from a contractor for alleged additional costs in the construction of a project located in the Bay City area for an amount initially stated to be in excess of $90 million; however, subsequently the contractor amended the amount of the claim to $45 million plus attorneys’ fees and arbitration costs. On June 30, 2017, the contractor filed a demand for arbitration of these claims. An arbitral panel was selected and a scheduling order issued. The parties have already submitted statements of claim and responses to the other party’s claim. The final trial hearings on this matter have begun in February 2019 and an award is expected to be issued by June 2019. At this stage the Company cannot predict the outcome of the claim or the amount or range of loss in case of an unfavorable outcome.

Tax assessment in Mexico regarding tax deductions on purchases of scrap

In 2017, Tamsa and Servicios Generales Tenaris Tamsa S.A (“Segeta”), two Mexican subsidiaries of the Company, were informed that the Mexican tax authorities had determined that the tax deductions associated with certain purchases of scrap made by the companies during 2013 failed to comply with applicable requirements and, accordingly, should be rejected. Tamsa and Segeta filed their respective responses and complaints against the determination and provided additional information evidencing compliance with applicable requirements for the challenged tax deductions. On August 30, 2018 and January 24, 2019, administrative decisions were issued in the proceedings against Segeta and Tamsa, respectively, determining a tax obligation in the amount of MXN1,540 million (approximately $78 million) for Segeta and MXN3,749 million (approximately $190 million) for Tamsa. On October 15, 2018 and March 8, 2019, Segeta and Tamsa filed revocation requests (recursos de revocación exclusivos) against the August 2018 decision as to Segeta and the January 2019 decision as to Tamsa. On March 27, 2019, Segeta was notified that the Mexican tax authorities had reversed and left without effects their former tax determination. Tenaris believes, based on the advice of counsel and on the recent favorable resolution regarding Segeta, that it is unlikely that the ultimate resolution of either tax assessment will result in a material obligation.

Putative class actions

The Company is aware that, following its November 27, 2018 announcement that its Chairman and CEO Paolo Rocca was included in an Argentine court investigation known as the Notebooks Case, two putative class action complaints were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York purportedly on behalf of purchasers of Tenaris securities from May 1, 2014 through November 27, 2018. The individual defendants named in the complaint are Tenaris’s Chairman and CEO and Tenaris’s CFO. Each complaint alleges that during the class period (May 2014-November 2018), the Company and the individual defendants inflated the Tenaris share price by failing to disclose that sale proceeds received by Ternium (in which Tenaris held an 11.46% stake) when Sidor was expropriated by Venezuela were received or expedited as a result of alleged improper payments made to Argentine officials. The complaint does not specify the damages that plaintiff is seeking. Management believes the Company has meritorious defenses to these claims, however, at this stage the Company cannot predict the outcome of the claim or the amount or range of loss in case of an unfavorable outcome.

Investigation concerning alleged price overcharges in Brazil

In 2018, two Brazilian subsidiaries of the Company were notified of formal charges arising from a review by the Tribunal de Contas da Uniao (TCU) for alleged price overcharges on goods supplied to Petrobras under a supply contract. Both companies have already filed their defenses. The estimated amount of this claim is BRL27 million (approximately $7 million). Tenaris believes, based on the advice of counsel and external consultants, that the prices charged under the Petrobras contract do not result in overprices and that it is unlikely that the ultimate resolution of this matter will result in a material obligation.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Recent Developments

Acquisition of Saudi Steel Pipe Company

Acquisition

On January 21, 2019, Tenaris acquired 47.79% of the shares of SSP, a welded steel pipes producer listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange, for a total amount of SAR529.8 million (approximately $141 million). The amount was paid with Tenaris cash in hand. SSP’s facilities are located in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and have a manufacturing capacity of 360,000 tons per year. SSP started its operations in 1980 and serves energy industrial and commercial segments, is qualified to supply products to major national oil companies in the region. Upon closing of the acquisition, four Tenaris’s nominees were appointed as new members of the SSP’s board of directors and a senior executive with Tenaris was appointed as managing director and Chief Executive Officer of SSP.

The Company has begun consolidating SSP’s balances and results of operations since January 21, 2019.

Fair value of net assets acquired

The application of the purchase method requires certain estimates and assumptions especially concerning the determination of the fair values of the acquired intangible assets and property, plant and equipment as well as the liabilities assumed at the date of the acquisition. The fair values determined at the acquisition date are based mainly on discounted cash flows and other valuation techniques.

The preliminary allocation of the fair values determined for the assets and liabilities arising from the acquisition is as follows:

Fair value of acquired assets and liabilities:	SAR million			$ million

Property, Plant and Equipment		675			180
Intangible assets		278			74
Investment in associated		77			21
Working capital		168			45
Cash and Cash Equivalents		32			8
Other Receivables		11			3
Borrowings		(304	)		(81	)
Employees end of service benefits		(59	)		(16	)
Net assets acquired		878			234

Tenaris acquired 47.79% of the total assets and liabilities shown above, approximately $112 million of net assets.

The preliminary purchase price allocation disclosed above is currently under analysis with the assistance of a third party expert. Following IFRS 3, the Company will continue reviewing the allocation and make any necessary adjustments (mainly over Property, Plant and Equipment, Intangible Assets and Provisions) during the twelve months following the acquisition date.

Agreement to build welded pipe plant in West Siberia

On February 5, 2019 Tenaris entered into an agreement with PAO Severstal to build a welded pipe plant to produce OCTG products in the Surgut area, West Siberia, Russian Federation. Tenaris will hold a 49% interest in the company, while PAO Severstal will own the remaining 51%. The commencement of the project is subject to regulatory approvals and other customary conditions. The plant, which is estimated to require an investment of $240 million and a two-year construction period, is planned to have an annual production capacity of 300,000 tons.

Techgen refinancing

On February 13, 2019, Techgen entered into a $640 million loan agreement with several banks to refinance its obligations under the 2014 syndicated loan. Techgen’s obligations under the new facility, which is “non-recourse” on the sponsors, will be guaranteed by a Mexican security trust covering Techgen’ shares, assets and accounts as well as Techgen’s affiliates rights under certain contracts. In addition, Techgen’s collection and payment accounts not subject to the trust have been pledged in favor of the lenders under the new loan agreement, and certain direct agreements –customary for these type of transactions– have been entered into with third parties and affiliates, including in connection with the agreements for the sale of energy produced by the project and the agreements for the provision of gas and long-term maintenance services to Techgen. The commercial terms and conditions governing the purchase, by the Company’s Mexican subsidiary Tamsa, of 22% of the energy generated by the project remain unchanged.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Under the loan agreement, Techgen is committed to maintain a debt service reserve account covering debt service becoming due during two consecutive quarters; such account is funded by stand-by letters of credit issued for the account of Techgen’s sponsors in proportion to their respective participations in Techgen. Accordingly, the Company and its Swiss subsidiary Tenaris Investments Switzerland AG applied for stand-by letters of credit covering 22% of the debt service coverage ratio, which as of the date hereof amounts to $9.8 million.

The proceeds of the new loan, drawn on February 26, 2019, have been used to repay all loans outstanding under the 2014 syndicated facility. Following repayment of such loans, Tenaris’s corporate guarantee thereunder has been automatically released.

Annual Dividend Proposal

On February 20, 2019 the Company’s board of directors proposed, for the approval of the Annual General Shareholders' meeting to be held on May 6, 2019, the payment of an annual dividend of $0.41 per share ($0.82 per ADS), or approximately $484 million, which includes the interim dividend of $0.13 per share ($0.26 per ADS) or approximately $153 million, paid on November 21, 2018. If the annual dividend is approved by the shareholders, a dividend of $0.28 per share ($0.56 per ADS), or approximately $331 million will be paid on May 22, 2019, with an ex-dividend date of May 20, 2019. The consolidated financial statements included in this annual report do not reflect this dividend payable.

Tenaris to Acquire IPSCO Tubulars from TMK

On March 22, 2019, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire from TMK, a Russian company and manufacturer of steel pipes, 100% of the shares of its wholly owned U.S. subsidiary IPSCO, for $1,209 million. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals, including approval by the U.S. antitrust authorities, and other customary conditions. IPSCO is a U.S. domestic producer of seamless and welded OCTG and line pipe products, with an annual production capacity of 450,000 metric tons of steel bars, 400,000 metric tons of seamless pipes and 1,000,000 metric tons of welded pipes, and production facilities spread throughout the country.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Corporate Governance Statement

The Company’s corporate governance practices are governed by Luxembourg Law, which includes, among others, the Luxembourg Law of August 10, 1915 on commercial companies, or “Luxembourg Company Law”, the law of January 11, 2008, implementing the European Union’s transparency directive and the law of May 24, 2011, implementing the European Union’s directive on the exercise of certain shareholders’ rights in general meetings of listed companies and the Luxembourg law of July 23, 2016, concerning the audit profession (the “Audit Reform Law”) and the Company’s articles of association. As a Luxembourg company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the NYSE), the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, S.A. de C.V. (the Mexican Stock Exchange), the Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires (the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange) and Borsa Italiana S.p.A. (the Italian Stock Exchange), the Company is required to comply with some, but not all, of the corporate governance standards of these exchanges. The Company, however, believes that the Company’s corporate governance practices meet, in all material respects, the corporate governance standards that are generally required for controlled companies by all of the exchanges on which the Company’s securities trade.

For a summary of the significant ways in which the Company’s corporate governance practices differ from the corporate governance standards required for controlled companies by the exchanges on which the Company’s shares are traded, please visit our website at: www.tenaris.com/investors/

The Company has adopted a code of conduct incorporating guidelines and standards of integrity and transparency applicable to all of our directors, officers and employees. As far as the nature of each relation permits, principles detailed in the code of conduct also apply to relations with our contractors, subcontractors, suppliers and associated persons. In addition, we have adopted a supplementary code of ethics, which applies specifically to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions and is intended to supplement the Company’s code of conduct. The text of our code of conduct and code of ethics is posted on our Internet website at: www.tenaris.com/en/aboutus/codeofconduct.aspx

Shareholders’ Meetings; Voting Rights; Election of Directors

Each share entitles the holder thereof to one vote at the Company’s general shareholders’ meetings. Shareholder action by written consent is not permitted, but proxy voting is permitted. Notices of general shareholders’ meetings are governed by the provisions of Luxembourg law. Pursuant to applicable Luxembourg law, the Company must give notice of the calling of any general shareholders’ meeting at least 30 days prior to the date for which the meeting is being called, by publishing the relevant convening notice in the Recueil Electronique des Sociétés et Associations (Luxembourg’s electronic official gazette) and in a leading newspaper having general circulation in Luxembourg and by issuing a press release informing of the calling of such meeting. In case shares are listed on a foreign regulated market, notices of general shareholders’ meetings shall also comply with the requirements (including as to content and publicity) and follow the customary practices of such regulated market.

Pursuant to the Company’s articles of association, for as long as the shares or other securities of the Company are listed on a regulated market within the European Union (as they currently are), and unless otherwise provided by applicable law, only shareholders holding shares as of midnight, central European time, on the day that is fourteen days prior to the day of any given general shareholders’ meeting can attend and vote at such meeting. The board of directors may determine other conditions that must be satisfied by shareholders in order to participate in a general shareholders’ meeting in person or by proxy, including with respect to deadlines for submitting supporting documentation to or for the Company.

No attendance quorum is required at ordinary general shareholders’ meetings, and resolutions may be adopted by a simple majority vote of the shares validly cast at the meeting. Unless otherwise provided by applicable law, an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting may not validly deliberate on proposed amendments to the Company’s articles of association unless a quorum of at least half of the shares is represented at the meeting. If a quorum is not reached at the first extraordinary shareholders’ meeting, a second extraordinary shareholders’ meeting may be convened in accordance with the Company’s articles of association and applicable law and such second extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting shall validly deliberate regardless of the number of shares represented. In both cases, the Luxembourg Company Law and the Company’s articles of association require that any resolution of an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting as to amendments to the Company’s articles of association be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes validly cast at the meeting. If a proposed resolution consists of changing the Company’s nationality or of increasing the shareholders’ commitments, the unanimous consent of all shareholders is required. Directors are elected at ordinary general shareholders’ meetings.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Cumulative voting is not permitted. The Company’s articles of association do not provide for staggered terms and directors are elected for a maximum of one year but may be reappointed or removed at any time, with or without cause, by the general shareholders’ meeting, by resolution passed by a simple majority vote of the shares validly cast at the meeting. In the case of a vacancy occurring in the board of directors, the remaining directors may temporarily fill such vacancy with a temporary director appointed by resolution adopted with the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors; provided that the next general shareholder’s meeting shall be called upon to ratify such appointment. The term of any such temporary director shall expire at the end of the term of office of the replaced director.

The next Company’s annual general shareholders’ meeting, that will consider, among other things our Consolidated Financial Statements and Annual Accounts included in this report, will take place in the Company’s registered office in Luxembourg, on Monday May 6, 2019, at 9:30 A.M., Luxembourg time. The current articles of association provide that the annual ordinary general shareholder’s meetings must take place in Luxembourg within six months from the end of the previous financial year at the date, place and hour indicated in the convenience notice. The rights of the shareholders attending the meetings are governed by the Luxembourg law of 24 May 2011 on the exercise of certain rights of shareholders in general meetings of listed companies.

Holders of shares deposited in fungible securities accounts have the same rights and obligations as holders of shares recorded in the Company’s share register. However, in order to be able to participate in and vote at shareholders’ meetings of the Company, the former must submit, prior to the relevant meeting, reasonably satisfactory evidence to the Company as to the number of shares held on the applicable record date for such meeting.

The notice to the annual general shareholders meeting to be held on May, 2019, and the Shareholder Meeting Brochure and Proxy Statement for the meeting, describing the procedures for attending and voting at the meeting applicable to shareholders is available at the Company’s website at www.tenaris.com/investors, and will be timely filed by the Company with the applicable authorities.

Access to Corporate Records

Luxembourg law and the Company’s articles of association do not generally provide for shareholder access to corporate records. Shareholders may inspect the annual accounts and auditors’ reports at our registered office during the fifteen-day period prior to a general shareholders’ meeting.

Appraisal Rights

In the event the Company’s shareholders approve:

the delisting of the shares from all stock exchanges where the shares are listed at that time,

a merger in which the Company is not the surviving entity (unless the shares or other equity securities of such entity are listed on the New York or London stock exchanges),

a sale, lease, exchange or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets,

an amendment of our articles of association that has the effect of materially changing the Company’s corporate purpose,

the relocation of the Company’s domicile outside of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, or

amendments to the Company’s articles of association that restrict the rights of the Company’s shareholders;

dissenting or absent shareholders have the right to have their shares repurchased by the Company at (i) the average market value of the shares over the 90 calendar days preceding the applicable shareholders’ meeting or (ii) in the event that the shares are not traded on a regulated market, the amount that results from applying the proportion of the Company’s equity that the shares being sold represent over the Company’s net worth as of the date of the applicable shareholders’ meeting.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Dissenting or absent shareholders must present their claim within one month following the date of the shareholders’ meeting and supply the Company with evidence of their shareholding at the time of such meeting. The Company must (to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations and in compliance therewith) repurchase its shares within six months following the date of the shareholders’ meeting.

If delisting from one or more, but not all, of the stock exchanges where the shares are listed is approved in the shareholders’ meeting, only dissenting or absent shareholders with shares held through participants in the local clearing system for that market or markets can exercise this appraisal right if:

they held the shares as of the date of the announcement by the Company of its intention to delist or as of the date of publication of the first convening notice for the general shareholders’ meeting that approved the delisting; and

they present their claim within one month following the date of the general shareholders’ meeting and supply evidence of their shareholding as of the date of the Company’s announcement or the publication of the first convening notice to the meeting.

In the event a shareholder exercises its appraisal rights, applicable Luxembourg law provisions shall apply.

Distribution of Assets on Winding-Up

In the event of the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the net assets remaining after allowing for the payment of all debts and expenses will be paid out to the holders of the shares in proportion to their respective holdings.

Transferability and Form

The Company’s articles of association do not contain any redemption or sinking fund provisions, nor do they impose any restrictions on the transfer of shares. The shares are issuable in registered form only.

The ownership of registered shares is evidenced by the inscription of the name of the shareholder, the number of shares held by him and the amount paid on each share in the Company’s share register. In addition, the Company’s shares may be held through fungible securities accounts with financial institutions or other professional depositaries.

Shares held through fungible securities accounts may be transferred in accordance with customary procedures for the transfer of securities in book-entry form. Shares that are not held through fungible securities accounts may be transferred by a written statement of transfer signed by both the transferor and the transferee or their respective duly appointed attorney-in-fact and recorded in the Company’s share register. The transfer of shares may also be made in accordance with the provisions of Article 1690 of the Luxembourg Civil Code. As evidence of the transfer of registered shares, the Company may accept any correspondence or other documents evidencing the agreement between transferor and transferee as to the transfer of registered shares.

Repurchase of Company shares

The Company may repurchase its own shares in the cases and subject to the conditions set by the Luxembourg Company Law and, in the case of acquisitions of shares or ADSs made through a stock exchange in which shares or ADSs are traded, with any applicable laws and regulations of such market.

Limitation on Securities Ownership

There are no limitations currently imposed by Luxembourg law or the articles of association on the rights of the Company’s non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or vote their shares.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Board of Directors

Management of the Company is vested in a board of directors with the broadest power to act on behalf of the Company and accomplish or authorize all acts and transactions of management and disposal that are within its corporate purpose and not specifically reserved in the articles of association or by applicable law to the general shareholders’ meeting. The Company’s articles of association provide for a board of directors consisting of a minimum of three and a maximum of fifteen directors; however, for as long as the Company’s shares are listed on at least one regulated market, the minimum number of directors must be five. The Company’s current board of directors is composed of eleven directors.

The board of directors is required to meet as often as required by the interests of the Company and at least four times per year. A majority of the members of the board of directors in office present or represented at the board of directors’ meeting constitutes a quorum, and resolutions may be adopted by the vote of a majority of the directors present or represented. In the case of a tie, the Chairman is entitled to cast the deciding vote.

Directors are elected at the annual ordinary general shareholders’ meeting to serve one-year renewable terms, as determined by the general shareholders’ meeting. The general shareholders’ meeting also determines the number of directors that will constitute the board and their compensation. The general shareholders’ meeting may dismiss all or any one member of the board of directors at any time, with or without cause, by resolution passed by a simple majority vote, irrespective of the number of shares represented at the meeting.

Under the Company’s articles of association the board of directors is authorized until 2020 to increase the issued share capital in whole or in part from time to time, through issues of shares within the limits of the authorized share capital against compensation in cash, compensation in kind at a price or if shares are issued by way of incorporation of reserves, at an amount, which shall not be less than the par value and may include such issue premium as the board of directors shall decide. Under the Company’s articles of association, however, the Company’s existing shareholders shall have a preferential right to subscribe for any new shares issued pursuant to the authorization granted to its board of directors, except in the following cases (in which cases no preferential subscription rights shall apply):

any issuance of shares (including, without limitation, the direct issuance of shares or upon the exercise of options, rights convertible into shares, or similar instruments convertible or exchangeable into shares) against a contribution other than in cash;

any issuance of shares (including by way of free shares or at discount), up to an amount of 1.5% of the issued share capital of the Company, to directors, officers, agents, employees of the Company, its direct or indirect subsidiaries, or its affiliates (collectively “the Beneficiaries”), including, without limitation, the direct issuance of shares or upon the exercise of options, rights convertible into shares, or similar instruments convertible or exchangeable into shares, issued for the purpose of compensation or incentive of the Beneficiaries or in relation thereto (which the board of directors shall be authorized to issue upon such terms and conditions as it deems fit).

The following table sets forth the name of the Company’s current directors, their respective positions on the board, their principal occupation, their years of service as board members and their age.

Name	Position	Principal Occupation	Years as Director	Age at December 31, 2018

Mr. Roberto Bonatti ⁽¹⁾	Director	President of San Faustin	16	69
Mr. Carlos Condorelli	Director	Director of Tenaris and Ternium	12	67
Mr. Germán Curá	Director	Director and Vice Chairman of the Board of Tenaris	1	56
Mr. Roberto Monti	Director	Member of the board of directors of YPF S.A	14	79
Mr. Gianfelice Mario Rocca ⁽¹⁾	Director	Chairman of the board of directors of San Faustin	16	70
Mr. Paolo Rocca ⁽¹⁾	Director	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Tenaris	17	66
Mr. Jaime Serra Puche	Director	Chairman of SAI Consultores	16	67
Mr. Yves Speeckaert	Director	Director of Tenaris	2	58
Ms. Mónica Tiuba	Director	Director of Tenaris	1	40
Mr. Amadeo Vázquez y Vázquez	Director	Director of Tenaris	16	76
Mr. Guillermo Vogel	Director	Director and Vice Chairman of the Board of Tenaris	16	68

__________

⁽¹⁾

Paolo Rocca and Gianfelice Rocca are brothers, and Roberto Bonatti is Paolo and Gianfelice Rocca’s first cousin.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Roberto Bonatti. Mr. Bonatti is a member of the Company’s board of directors. He is a grandson of Agostino Rocca, founder of the Techint Group, a group of companies controlled by San Faustin. Throughout his career in the Techint Group he has been involved specifically in the engineering and construction and corporate sectors. He was first employed by the Techint Group in 1976, as deputy resident engineer in Venezuela. In 1984, he became a director of San Faustin, and since 2001 he has served as its president. In addition, Mr. Bonatti currently serves as president of Techint Financial Corporation N.V. He is also a member of the board of directors of Ternium. Mr. Bonatti is an Italian citizen.

Carlos Condorelli. Mr. Condorelli is a member of the Company’s board of directors. He served as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer from October 2002 until September 2007. He is also a board member of Ternium. He has held several positions within Tenaris, including also the Chief Financial Officer position in some of the principal Tenaris Group companies and member of the Company’s audit committee between November 1, 2017 and May 2, 2018. He also served as president of the board of directors of Empresa Distribuidora La Plata S.A. (“Edelap”), an Argentine utilities company. Mr. Condorelli is an Argentine citizen.

Germán Curá. Mr. Curá is a member of the Company’s board of directors and also holds the position of Vice Chairman of the Board. He served as president of our operations in North America until May 2, 2018, a position held since 2006. He was first employed by Siderca in 1988. Previously, he served as Siderca’s exports director, Tamsa’s exports director and commercial director, sales and marketing manager of our Middle East subsidiary, president of Algoma Tubes, president and Chief Executive Officer of Maverick Tubulars and president and Chief Executive Officer of Hydril, director of our Oilfield Services global business unit and Tenaris commercial director. He was also a member of the board of directors of API and currently serves as a member of the board of directors of the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and of Deep Ocean AS. He is a marine engineer from the Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires and an MBA graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mr. Curá is an U.S. citizen.

Roberto Monti. Mr. Monti is a member of the Company’s board of directors and of its audit committee. He is a member of the board of directors of YPF S.A (“YPF). He has served as vice president of exploration and production of Repsol YPF and as chairman and Chief Executive Officer of YPF. He was also the president of Dowell, a subsidiary of Schlumberger and the president of Schlumberger wire & testing division for East Hemisphere Latin America. Mr. Monti is an Argentine citizen.

Gianfelice Mario Rocca. Mr. Rocca is a member of the Company’s board of directors. He is a grandson of Agostino Rocca. He is Chairman of the board of directors of San Faustin, member of the board of directors of Ternium, president of the Humanitas Group and president of the board of directors of Tenova S.p.A. Moreover, in Italy, he is member of the board of Bocconi University, of the advisory board of Politecnico di Milano. At international level, he is member of the Harvard Business School Advisory Board. Mr. Rocca is an Italian citizen.

Paolo Rocca. Mr. Rocca is the Chairman of the Company’s board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer. He is a grandson of Agostino Rocca. He is also the chairman of the board of directors of Ternium, a director and vice president of San Faustin, and a director of Techint Financial Corporation. He is a member of the executive committee of the World Steel Association. Mr. Rocca is an Italian citizen.

Jaime Serra Puche. Mr. Serra Puche is a member of the Company’s board of directors and of its audit committee. He is the chairman of SAI Consultores, a Mexican consulting firm, and a member of the board of directors of the Mexico Fund, Grupo Vitro, and chairman of the board of BBVA Bancomer. Mr. Serra Puche served as Mexico’s Undersecretary of Revenue, Secretary of Trade and Industry, and Secretary of Finance. He led the negotiation and implementation of NAFTA. Mr. Serra Puche is a Mexican citizen.

Yves Speeckaert. Mr. Speeckaert is a member of the Company’s board of directors. He served as director of KPMG Consulting in London, United Kingdom and Sao Paulo, Brazil, where he led various high-profile engagements in the telecom, energy and agri-business industries. He was also director of structured finance of Banca Intesa-Sanpaolo (London). Since 2010 he is a Luxembourg-based independent director of regulated investment funds (mostly private equity, RE, and UCITS funds, as well as impact funds) and he is a member of the board of directors of several industrial holdings. He is also active in carbon offsetting and climate change mitigation strategies with funds, governments and corporations particularly as related to Corporate Environmental and Social Responsibility (ESR). He is a member of the Luxembourg Institute of Administrators (ILA). He holds an MBA from the University of California at Berkeley. Mr. Speeckaert is a Belgian citizen.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Mónica Tiuba. Ms. Tiuba is a member of the Company’s board of directors and of its audit committee. She is a Brazilian qualified lawyer and accountant with over 17 years of professional experience in Brazil and Luxembourg. She started her career at Barbosa, Mussnich & Aragão law firm in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where she practiced corporate law, M&A and tax litigation. She worked in EY and PwC, in the Brazil and Luxembourg offices, advising multinational clients, private equity houses and family offices. She gained banking experience working as international senior wealth planner at Banque Edmond de Rothschild, in Luxembourg. She holds a specialization in EU tax law from Leiden University and a Master of Laws in international taxation from Vienna University of Economics. Ms. Tiuba is a Brazilian citizen.

Amadeo Vázquez y Vázquez. Mr. Vázquez y Vázquez is a member of the Company’s board of directors and the chairman of its audit committee. He is an independent alternate director of Gas Natural BAN, S.A, of Grupo Gas Natural Fenosa. He is a member of the advisory board of the Fundación de Investigaciones Económicas Latinoamericanas and member of the Asociación Empresaria Argentina. He is a business consultant and previously served as Chief Executive Officer of Banco Río de la Plata S.A. until August 1997, independent director and chairman of the audit committee of BBVA Banco Francés S.A. until 2003, and Chairman of the board of directors of Telecom Argentina S.A. until April 2007. Mr. Vázquez y Vázquez is a Spanish and Argentine citizen.

Guillermo Vogel. Mr. Vogel is a member of the Company’s board of directors and also holds the position of Vice Chairman of the Board. He is the chairman of Grupo Collado and Exportaciones IM Promoción, and served as president of Canacero until April 16, 2018. Mr. Vogel is also a member of the board of directors of each of Techint, S.A. de C.V., Corporación Alfa, Banco Santander (México) S.A, the Universidad Panamericana – IPADE, Rassini, Corporación Mexicana de Inversiones de Capital, Innovare, Grupo Assa and the American Iron and Steel Institute. In addition, he is a member of The Trilateral Commission and member of the International Board of The Manhattan School of Music. Mr. Vogel is a Mexican citizen.

Board members Monti, Serra Puche, Speeckaert, Tiuba, Vázquez y Vázquez qualify as independent directors for purposes of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act Rule 10A-3(b)(1), and board members Messrs. Monti, Serra Puche, Speeckaert and Vázquez y Vázquez also qualify as independent directors under the Company’s articles of association.

Director Liability

Each director must act in the interest of the Company, and in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and the Company’s articles of association. Directors are also bound by a general duty of care owed to the Company.

Under the Luxembourg Company Law, a director may be liable to the Company for any damage caused by management errors, such as wrongful acts committed during the execution of his or her mandate, and to the Company, its shareholders and third parties in the event that the Company, its shareholders or third parties suffer a loss due to an infringement of either the Luxembourg Company Law on commercial companies or the Company’s articles of association.

Under Luxembourg law, unless the decision of the board of directors relates to ordinary business entered into under normal conditions, any director having a direct or indirect financial interest conflicting with that of the Company in a transaction which has to be considered by the board of directors, must advise the board thereof and cause a record of his statement to be included in the minutes of the meeting, and may not take part in these deliberations. At the next following general meeting, before any other resolution is put to vote, a special report must be made on any transactions in which any of the directors may have had an interest conflicting with that of the Company.

Causes of action against directors for damages may be initiated by the Company upon a resolution of the general shareholders’ meeting passed by a simple majority vote, irrespective of the number of shares represented at the meeting. Causes of action against directors who misappropriate corporate assets or commit a breach of trust may be brought by any shareholder for personal losses different from those of the Company.

An action may also be brought against the directors on behalf of the Company by shareholders who, at the general meeting which decided upon discharge of such directors or members, owned securities with the right to vote at such meeting representing at least ten per cent of the votes attaching to all securities.

It is customary in Luxembourg that the shareholders expressly discharge the members of the board of directors from any liability arising out of or in connection with the exercise of their mandate when approving the annual accounts of the Company at the annual general shareholders meeting. However, any such discharge will not release the directors from liability for any damage caused by unrevealed acts of mismanagement or unrevealed breaches of the Luxembourg Company Law or the Company’s articles of association, nor will it release the directors from liability for any personal loss of the shareholders independent and separate from the losses suffered by the Company due to a breach either revealed and unrevealed of either the Luxembourg Company Law or the Company’s articles of association.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Audit Committee

Pursuant to the Company’s articles of association, as supplemented by the audit committee’s charter, for as long as the Company’s shares are listed on at least one regulated market, the Company must have an audit committee composed of at least three members, the majority of whom must qualify as independent directors under the Company’s articles of association.

Under the Company’s articles of association, an independent director is a director who:

is not and has not been employed by us or our subsidiaries in an executive capacity for the preceding five years;

is not a person that controls us, directly or indirectly, and is not a member of the board of directors of a company controlling us, directly or indirectly;

does not have (and is not affiliated with a company or a firm that has) a significant business relationship with us, our subsidiaries or our controlling shareholder;

is not and has not been affiliated with or employed by a present or former auditor of us, our subsidiaries or our controlling shareholder for the preceding five years; and

is not a spouse, parent, sibling or relative up to the third degree of any of the above persons.

The audit committee of the Company’s board of directors currently consists of four members: Roberto Monti, Jaime Serra Puche, Mónica Tiuba and Amadeo Vázquez y Vázquez, who were appointed to the audit committee on May 2, 2018. All of them qualify as independent directors for purposes of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act Rule 10A-3(b)(1), and Messrs. Monti, Serra Puche and Vázquez y Vázquez also qualify as independent directors under the Company’s articles of association. The board of directors of the Company has determined that Ms. Tiuba is competent in accounting or auditing matters. In addition, the membership of the audit committee as a whole has sufficient relevant knowledge of the business and financial experience to properly discharge its functions.

The audit committee operates under a charter which has been amended and restated by the board of directors on October 31, 2018, to implement adequate procedures to discharge the audit committee’s duties and responsibilities under applicable law, including the Audit Reform Law. The audit committee assists the board of directors in its oversight responsibilities relating to (i) the integrity of the Company’s financial statements; (ii) the effectiveness of the Company’s systems of internal control, risk management and internal audit over financial reporting; and (iii) the independence and performance of the Company’s external auditors. The audit committee also performs other duties entrusted to it by the Company’s board of directors or required to be performed by it under applicable laws and regulations.

In addition, the audit committee is required by the Company’s articles of association to review “material transactions”, as such term is defined under the Company’s articles of association, to be entered into by the Company or its subsidiaries with “related parties”, as such term is defined in the Company’s articles of association, in order to determine whether their terms are consistent with market conditions or are otherwise fair to the Company and/or its subsidiaries. In the case of material transactions entered into by the Company’s subsidiaries with related parties, the Company’s audit committee will review those transactions entered into by those subsidiaries whose boards of directors do not have independent members.

Under the Company’s articles of association, as supplemented by the audit committee’s charter, a material transaction is:

any transaction between the Company or its subsidiaries with related parties (i) with an individual value equal to or greater than $10 million, or (ii) with an individual value lower than $10 million, when the aggregate sum – as reflected in the financial statements of the four fiscal quarters of the Company preceding the date of determination- of any series of transactions for such lower value that can be deemed to be parts of a unique or single transaction (but excluding any transactions that were reviewed and approved by Company’s audit committee or board of directors, as applicable, or the independent members of the board of directors of any of its subsidiaries) exceeds 1.5% of the Company’s consolidated net sales made in the fiscal year preceding the year on which the determination is made;

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

any corporate reorganization transaction (including a merger, spin-off or bulk transfer of a business) affecting the Company for the benefit of, or involving, a related party; and

any corporate reorganization transaction (including a merger, spin-off or bulk transfer of a business) not reviewed and approved by the independent members of the board of directors of any of the Company’s direct or indirect subsidiaries, affecting any of the Company’s direct or indirect subsidiaries for the benefit of, or involving, a related party.

The audit committee has the power (to the maximum extent permitted by applicable laws) to request that the Company or relevant subsidiary promptly provide all information necessary for the audit committee to assess the material transactions with related parties that it is required to review. A material related party transaction shall not be entered into without prior review by the Company’s audit committee and subsequent approval by the board of directors unless (i) the circumstances underlying the proposed transaction justify that it be entered into before the time it can actually be reviewed by the Company’s audit committee or approved by the board of directors and (ii) the related party agrees to unwind the transaction if the Company’s board of directors does not approve it.

The audit committee has the authority to conduct any investigation appropriate to the fulfillment of its responsibilities and has direct access to the Company’s external auditors as well as anyone in the Company and, subject to applicable laws and regulations, its subsidiaries. In addition, the audit committee may engage, at the Company’s expense, independent counsel and other internal or external advisors to review, investigate or otherwise advise on, any matter as the committee may determine to be necessary to carry out its purposes and responsibilities.

In addition, the Company has established at management-level a critical risk committee that assists the Company’s board of directors, the audit committee and the Chief Executive Officer with the oversight of risks to which Tenaris is exposed and in the monitoring and review of the risk management framework and processes, with a focus on those risks deemed to be critical. In the performance of its functions, the critical risk committee facilitates the identification and assessment of critical risks (including cybersecurity, environmental, health and safety, product liability, intellectual property, financial reporting and regulatory risks), the development of mitigating actions, and the monitoring of action plans. The critical risk committee periodically reports to the board of directors, the audit committee and the Chief Executive Officer on its activities.

Senior Management

Our current senior management as of the date of this annual report consists of:

Name	Position	Age at December 31, 2018

Mr. Paolo Rocca	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer	66
Mr. Edgardo Carlos	Chief Financial Officer	52
Mr. Antonio Caprera	Chief Industrial Officer	58
Mr. Gabriel Casanova	Chief Supply Chain Officer	60
Mr. Alejandro Lammertyn	Chief Digital and Planning Officer	53
Ms. Paola Mazzoleni	Chief Human Resources Officer	42
Mr. Marcelo Ramos	Chief Technology Officer	55
Mr. Guillermo Gabriel Moreno ⁽¹⁾	President, Canada	54
Mr. Luca Zanotti ⁽¹⁾	President, United States	51
Mr. Sergio de la Maza ⁽¹⁾	President, Mexico	62
Mr. Ricardo Prosperi ⁽¹⁾	President, Andean	56
Mr. Renato Catallini	President, Brazil	52
Mr. Javier Martínez Alvarez	President, Southern Cone	52
Mr. Gabriel Podskubka	President, Eastern Hemisphere	45
Mr. Michele Della Briotta	President, Europe	46

__________

⁽¹⁾

Effective as of May 2, 2018, Germán Curá ceased to act as president of our North American operations and was appointed as member of the board of directors. His position was dissolved and Luca Zanotti continued to act as the president of our U.S. operations and Guillermo Gabriel Moreno continued to act as the president of our Canadian operations. Effective October 1, 2018, the position President, Central America, under Sergio de la Maza was dissolved, replaced by President, Mexico, under Sergio de la Maza, and President, Andean, under Ricardo Prosperi.

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Paolo Rocca. Mr. Rocca is the chairman of the Company’s board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer. He is a grandson of Agostino Rocca. He is also the chairman of the board of directors of Ternium, a director and vice president of San Faustin, and a director of Techint Financial Corporation. He is a member of the Executive Committee of the World Steel Association. Mr. Rocca is an Italian citizen.

Edgardo Carlos. Mr. Carlos currently serves as our Chief Financial Officer, a position he has held since 2013. He joined the Techint Group in 1987 in the accounting department of Siderar. After serving as financial manager for Sidor, in Venezuela, in 2001 he joined Tenaris as our financial director. In 2005 he was appointed administration and financial manager for North America and in 2007 he became administration and financial director for Central America. In 2009 he was appointed economic and financial planning director, until he assumed his current position. Mr. Carlos is an Argentine citizen.

Antonio Caprera. Mr. Caprera currently serves as our Chief Industrial Officer, a position he assumed in April 2017. He joined the company in 1990. From 2000 to 2006 he served as quality director at Dalmine in Italy, where he later assumed responsibilities as production director until 2012. From that year and until 2015 he served as production director at Siderca in Argentina, after which he assumed responsibilities as global industrial coordinator based in Mexico until March 2017. Mr. Caprera is an Italian citizen.

Gabriel Casanova. Mr. Casanova currently serves as our Chief Supply Chain Officer, with responsibility for the execution of all contractual deliveries to customers. After graduating as a marine and mechanical engineer, he joined Siderca’s export department in 1987. In 1995 he became Siderca’s Chief Representative in China and from 1997 to 2009 he held several positions in the commercial area in Dalmine. In 2009 he became the head of our supply chain network and in October 2012 he assumed his current position. Mr. Casanova is an Argentine citizen.

Alejandro Lammertyn. Mr. Lammertyn currently serves as our Chief Digital and Planning Officer. He has served as our Chief Planning and Commercial Coordination Officer since 2013 and assumed additional responsibility for digital strategy and implementation in January 2019. Mr. Lammertyn began his career with Tenaris in 1990. Previously, he served as assistant to the chief executive officer for marketing, organization and mill allocation, supply chain director, commercial director and Eastern Hemisphere area manager. Mr. Lammertyn is an Argentine citizen.

Paola Mazzoleni. Ms. Mazzoleni currently serves as our Chief Human Resources Officer, a position she assumed on January 1, 2016. After receiving a degree in Philosophy, she started her career in Dalmine in 2001 in the human resources department, working in recruitment and selection. She next coordinated the company’s Global Trainee Program and then served as the regional head in Italy of Tenaris University. Ms. Mazzoleni was appointed as human resources director in Romania in 2008, in Italy in 2012 and in the United States in 2014. Ms. Mazzoleni is an Italian citizen.

Marcelo Ramos. Mr. Ramos currently serves as our Chief Technology Officer, with responsibility over technology and quality. Previously he served as corporate quality director and managing director of NKKTubes. He joined the Techint Group in 1987 and has held various positions within Tenaris. He assumed his current position in April 2010, when the quality and technology departments were combined. Mr. Ramos is an Argentine citizen.

Guillermo Gabriel Moreno. Mr. Moreno currently serves as our president of our operations in Canada. He first joined Siderca in 1987 and gained progressive responsibilities in finance and marketing positions until 1993. From 1993 to 1996, he became responsible for sales in Latin America. In 1996 he became Tamsa’s exports sales director. In 1999 he became the director of the Pipeline Services business unit and eventually took over the position of director of Oilfield Services business unit in 2004. He served as planning director from 2010 to 2012, when he assumed his current position. Mr. Moreno is an Argentine citizen.

Luca Zanotti. Mr. Zanotti currently serves as president of our operations in the United States. In 2002, he joined Exiros, the procurement company for the Techint Group, as planning and administration director. He was later promoted to raw materials director and in July 2007 became managing director of Exiros, a position he held until 2010. He served as regional manager Europe, and managing director of Dalmine from 2011 to 2015, when he assumed his current position. Before joining the Techint Group, he was a senior manager at A.T. Kearney in Milan, where he worked from 1998 to 2002, and prior to that he held various business development positions in the Far East for Lovato Electric. Mr. Zanotti is an Italian citizen.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Sergio de la Maza. Mr. de la Maza currently serves as our president, Mexico and also serves as managing director and executive vice-president of Tamsa. He first joined Tamsa in 1980. From 1983 to 1988, Mr. de la Maza worked in several positions in Tamsa. He then became manager of Tamsa’s new pipe factory and later served as manufacturing manager and quality director of Tamsa. Subsequently, he was named manufacturing director of Siderca. He assumed his current position in 2003. Mr. de la Maza is a Mexican citizen.

Ricardo Prosperi. Mr. Prosperi currently serves as president of our operations in the Andean Region, Central America and the Caribbean, based in Colombia. He joined the Techint Group in 1985, working in the Siderar planning department. From 1985 to 1998, Mr. Prosperi worked in several positions in Siderar before becoming the exports general manager of Sidor. He later went on to be the commercial director in Siderar. After a period as president of Ternium Sidor in Venezuela and then International Area Manager for Ternium, he joined Tenaris in 2010, assuming his current position. Mr. Prosperi is an Argentine citizen.

Renato Catallini. Mr. Catallini currently serves as president of our operations in Brazil, a position that he assumed in October 2012, after having served as our supply chain director since August 2007. He joined Tenaris in 2001 in the supply management area, as a general manager of Exiros Argentina. In July 2002, he was appointed operations director and subsequently, in January 2005, became managing director of Exiros. Before joining Tenaris, he worked for ten years in the energy sector, working for TGN, Nova Gas Internacional, TransCanada Pipelines and TotalFinaElf, among others. Mr. Catallini is an Argentine and Italian citizen.

Javier Martínez Álvarez. Mr. Martínez Álvarez currently serves as president of our operations in the Southern Cone, a position he assumed in June 2010, having previously served as our Andean area manager. He began his career in the Techint Group in 1990, holding several positions including planning manager of Siderar and commercial director of Ternium-Sidor. In 2006, he joined Tenaris as our Venezuela area manager. Mr. Martínez Alvarez is an Argentine citizen.

Gabriel Podskubka. Mr. Podskubka currently serves as president of our operations in the Eastern Hemisphere, based in Dubai. He assumed his current position in April 2013 after serving as the head of our operations in Eastern Europe for four years. After graduating as an industrial engineer Mr. Podskubka joined the Techint Group in 1995 in the marketing department of Siderca. He held various positions in the marketing, commercial, and industrial areas until he was appointed as oil & gas sales director in the United States in 2006. Mr. Podskubka is an Argentine citizen.

Michele Della Briotta. Mr. Della Briotta currently serves as president of our operations in Europe, a position he assumed in July 2016. He first joined Tenaris in 1997 and has worked in areas such as industrial planning, operations, supply chain and commercial in Italy, Mexico, Argentina and the United States. Most recently he served as Tenaris’s area manager for Romania. Mr. Della Briotta is an Italian citizen.

Directors’ and senior management compensation

The compensation of the members of the Company’s board of directors is determined at the annual ordinary general shareholders’ meeting. Each member of the board of directors received as compensation for their services for the year 2018 a fee of $115,000. The chairman of the audit committee received as additional compensation a fee of $65,000, while the other members of the audit committee received an additional fee of $55,000. Under the Company’s articles of association, the members of the audit committee are not eligible to participate in any incentive compensation plan for employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries.

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the cash compensation of directors and senior managers amounted to $33.7 million, $45.8 million and $38.6 million, respectively. These amounts include cash benefits paid to certain senior managers in connection with pre-existing retirement plans. In addition, directors and senior managers received 558, 484 and 500 thousand units for a total amount of $5.6 million, $4.7 million and $4.8 million, respectively, in connection with the Employee retention and long-term incentive program described in note O (3) “Employee benefits - Other long term benefits” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

There are no service contracts between any director and Tenaris that provide for material benefits upon termination of employment.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Auditors

The Company’s articles of association require the appointment of an external audit firm in accordance with applicable law. The primary responsibility of the auditor is to audit the Company’s annual accounts and consolidated financial statements and to submit a report on the accounts to shareholders at the annual shareholders’ meeting. In accordance with applicable law, auditors are chosen from among the members of the Luxembourg Institute of Independent Auditors (Institut des réviseurs d’entreprises).

Auditors are appointed by the general shareholders’ meeting upon recommendation from the Company’s audit committee through a resolution passed by a simple majority vote, irrespective of the number of shares represented at the meeting, to serve one-year renewable terms. Auditors may be dismissed by the general shareholders’ meeting at any time, with or without cause. Luxembourg law does not allow directors to serve concurrently as external auditors. As part of their duties, the auditors report directly to the audit committee.

Pursuant to its charter, the Company’s audit committee is responsible for, among other things, the oversight of the independence and performance of the Company’s external auditors. The audit committee is also responsible to consider and make recommendations to the board of directors, to be put to shareholders for approval at the annual general meeting of shareholders, regarding the appointment, re-appointment or removal of the Company’s external auditors. In addition, the audit committee is responsible to review the appropriateness and provision of permitted non-audit fees and to review and approve any fees (whether for audit, audit-related and non-audit services) payable to the Company’s external auditors. On a yearly basis, in the performance of its functions, the audit committee considers the appointment of the Company’s external auditors and reviews, together with management and the external auditor, the audit plan, audit related services and other non-audit services. The audit committee eventually requests the board of diretors to submit the audit committee’s recommendation for the appointment of the Company’s external auditor for each fiscal year and the payment of applicable fees, for final approval by the general shareholders’ meeting. The general shareholders’ meeting regularly approves such audit fees and authorizes the audit committee to approve any increase or reallocation of such audit fees as may be necessary, appropriate or desirable under the circumstances. No services outside the scope of the audit committee’s approval can be undertaken by the external auditor.

Our independent approved statutory auditor for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, appointed by the shareholders’ meeting held on May 2, 2018, was PwC Luxembourg, in connection with the Company’s annual accounts and our consolidated financial statements. At the next annual general shareholders’ meeting, it will be proposed that PwC Luxembourg be re-appointed as the Company’s independent approved statutory auditors for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019, to be engaged until the next annual general meeting of shareholders that will be convened to decide on the Company’s 2019 annual accounts.

Fees Paid to the Company’s External Auditor

In 2018 and 2017, PwC served as the principal external auditor for the Company. Fees for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are detailed below.

	For the year ended December 31,
Thousands of U.S. dollars	2018		2017

Audit Fees		3,841		3,995
Audit-Related Fees		43		88
Tax Fees		-		23
All Other Fees		7		30
Total		3,891		4,136

Audit Fees

Audit fees were paid for professional services rendered by the auditors for the audit of the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting of the Company, the statutory financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries, and any other audit services required for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or other regulatory filings.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Audit-Related Fees

Audit-related fees are typically services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the consolidated financial statements of the Company and the statutory financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries and are not reported under the audit fee item above. This item includes fees for attestation services on financial information of the Company and its subsidiaries included in their annual reports that are filed with their respective regulators.

Tax Fees

Fees paid for tax compliance professional services.

All Other Fees

Fees paid for the support in the development of training courses.

Audit Committee’s Pre-approval Policies and Procedures

The Company’s audit committee is responsible for, among other things, the oversight of the Company’s external auditors. The audit committee has adopted in its charter a policy of pre-approval of audit and permissible non-audit services provided by its external auditors.

Under the policy, the audit committee makes its recommendations to the shareholders’ meeting concerning the continuing appointment or termination of the Company’s external auditors. On a yearly basis, the audit committee reviews together with management and the external auditor, the audit plan, audit related services and other non-audit services and approves, ad-referendum of the general shareholders’ meeting, the related fees. The general shareholders’ meeting normally approves such audit fees and authorizes the audit committee to approve any increase or reallocation of such audit fees as may be necessary, appropriate or desirable under the circumstances. The audit committee delegates to its Chairman the authority to consider and approve, on behalf of the audit committee, additional non-audit services that were not recognized at the time of engagement, which must be reported to the other members of the audit committee at its next meeting. No services outside the scope of the audit committee’s approval can be undertaken by the external auditor.

Share Ownership

To our knowledge, the total number of shares (in the form of ordinary shares or ADSs) beneficially owned by our directors and senior management as of the date of this annual report was 933,817, which represents 0.08% of our outstanding shares.

The following table provides information regarding share ownership by our directors and senior management:

Director or Officer	Number of Shares Held

Guillermo Vogel		850,446
Carlos Condorelli		67,211
Guillermo G. Moreno		8,214
Edgardo Carlos		4,000
Gabriel Podskubka		3,946
Total		933,817

Major Shareholders

The following table shows the beneficial ownership of the shares by (1) the Company’s major shareholders (persons or entities that have notified the Company of holdings in excess of 5% of the Company’s share capital), non-affiliated public shareholders, and (2) the Company’s directors and senior management as a group. The information below is based on the most recent information provided to the Company.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Identity of Person or Group	Number		Percent

San Faustin ⁽¹⁾		713,605,187		60.45	%
Directors and senior management as a group		933,817		0.08	%
Public		465,997,826		39.47	%
Total		1,180,536,830		100.00	%

__________

⁽¹⁾

San Faustin owns all of its shares in the Company through its wholly-owned subsidiary Techint Holdings S.à r.l. The Dutch private foundation RP STAK holds voting rights in San Faustin sufficient to control San Faustin. No person or group of persons controls RP STAK.

The voting rights of the Company’s major shareholders do not differ from the voting rights of other shareholders. None of its outstanding shares have any special control rights. There are no restrictions on voting rights, nor are there, to the Company’s knowledge, any agreements among shareholders of the Company that might result in restrictions on the transfer of securities or the exercise of voting rights.

The Company does not know of any significant agreements or other arrangements to which the Company is a party and which take effect, alter or terminate in the event of a change of control of the Company. The Company does not know of any arrangements, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change of control of the Company.

Information required under the Luxembourg Law on takeovers of May 19, 2006

The Company is a public limited liability company (société anonyme) organized under the laws of Luxembourg. Its object and purpose, as set forth in Article 2 of its articles of association, is the taking of interests, in any form, in corporations or other business entities, and the administration, management, control and development thereof. The Company is registered under the number B85 203 in the Luxembourg Registre de Commerce et des Sociétés.

The Company’s authorized share capital is fixed by the Company’s articles of association as amended from time to time with the approval of shareholders at an extraordinary general shareholder’s meeting. The Company has an authorized share capital of a single class of 2,500,000,000 shares with a par value of $1.00 per share. There were 1,180,536,830 shares issued as of December 31, 2018. All issued shares are fully paid.

The Company’s articles of association authorize the board of directors, or any delegate(s) duly appointed by the board of directors, to issue shares within the limits of the authorized share capital against contributions in cash, contributions in kind or by way of incorporation of reserves, at such time and on such terms and conditions, including the issue price, as the board of directors, or its delegate(s), may in its or in their discretion resolve. The validity period of such authorization will expire (unless renewed) on June 5, 2020.

The Company’s shareholders have authorized the board of directors to waive, suppress or limit any pre-emptive subscription rights of the shareholders provided for by law to the extent it deems such waiver, suppression or limitation advisable for any issue or issues of shares within the authorized share capital; and have waived any pre-emptive subscription rights provided for by law and related procedures. The validity period of such authorization will expire (unless renewed) on June 5, 2020. However, under the Company’s articles of association, the Company’s existing shareholders shall have a preferential right to subscribe for any new shares issued pursuant to the authorization granted to its board of directors, except in the following cases (in which cases no preferential subscription rights shall apply):

any issuance of shares (including by way of free shares or at discount), up to an amount of 1.5% of the issued share capital of the Company, to directors, officers, agents or employees of the Company, its direct or indirect subsidiaries, or its affiliates, including, without limitation, the direct issuance of shares or upon the exercise of options, rights convertible into shares, or similar instruments convertible or exchangeable into shares, issued for the purpose of compensation or incentive for any such persons or in relation thereto (which the board of directors shall be authorized to issue upon such terms and conditions as it deems fit).

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

The Company’s articles of association do not contain any redemption or sinking fund provisions, nor do they impose any restrictions on the transfer of the Company’s shares.

Amendment of the Company’s articles of association requires the approval of shareholders at an extraordinary shareholders’ meeting with a two-thirds majority vote of the shares represented at the meeting.

The Company is controlled by San Faustin, which owns 60.45% of the Company’s outstanding shares, through its wholly owned subsidiary Techint Holdings S.à r.l. The Dutch private foundation (Stichting) RP STAK holds voting rights in San Faustin sufficient to control San Faustin. No person or group of persons controls RP STAK.

Our directors and senior management as a group own 0.08% of the Company’s outstanding shares, while the remaining 39.47% are publicly traded. The Company’s shares trade on the Italian Stock Exchange, the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange and the Mexican Stock Exchange; in addition, the Company’s ADSs trade on the New York Stock Exchange. See “Corporate Governance – Major Shareholders”.

None of the Company’s outstanding securities has any special control rights. The Company’s articles of association do not contain any provision that would have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company and that would operate only with respect to a merger, acquisition or corporate restructuring involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries. In addition, the Company does not know of any significant agreements or other arrangements to which the Company is a party which take effect, alter or terminate in the event of a change of control of the Company. There are no agreements between the Company and members of its board of directors or employees providing for compensation if they resign or are made redundant without reason, or if their employment ceases following a change in control of the Company.

Management is vested in a board of directors. Directors are elected at the annual ordinary shareholders’ meeting to serve one-year renewable terms. See “Corporate Governance – Board of Directors”.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Related Party Transactions

Tenaris is a party to several related party transactions as described below. Material related party transactions are subject to the review of the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors and the requirements of Luxembourg law. For further details on the approval process for related party transactions, see “Corporate Governance – Audit Committee”.

Purchases of Steel Products and Raw Materials

In the ordinary course of business, we purchase round steel bars, flat steel products and other raw materials from Ternium or its subsidiaries. These purchases are made on similar terms and conditions as sales made by these companies to unrelated third parties. These transactions include:

Purchases of round steel bars made under a long-term agreement, for use in our seamless steel pipe operations in Mexico, which amounted to $102 million in 2018, $120 million in 2017 and $9 million in 2016.

Purchases of flat steel products for use in the production of welded pipes and accessories, which amounted to $38 million in 2018, $43 million in 2017 and $18 million in 2016.

Purchases of scrap and other raw materials for use in the production of seamless pipes, which amounted to $2 million in 2018.

In the ordinary course of business, we purchase flat steel products for use in our welded steel pipe operations, from Usiminas. These purchases, which are made on similar terms and conditions as sales made by this company to unrelated third parties, amounted to $68 million in 2018, $43 million in 2017 and $34 million in 2016.

Sales of Raw Materials

In the ordinary course of business, we sell raw materials and other production inputs to Ternium or its subsidiaries. These sales are made on similar terms and conditions as purchases made by these companies from unrelated third parties. These transactions include:

Sales of ferrous scrap, and other raw materials, which amounted to $11 million in 2018, $26 million in 2017 and $14 million in 2016.

Sales of steam and operational services from our Argentine electric power generating facility in San Nicolás. These sales amounted to $13 million in 2018, $11 million in 2017 and $12 million in 2016. On January 29^th 2019, the electric power generation facility was shut down.

Purchase Agency Services and Sales of Materials

Exiros B.V. (“Exiros”), in which we have 50% share ownership and Ternium has the remaining 50% share ownership, provides to Tecpetrol and other companies controlled by San Faustin with purchase agency services and sales of raw materials and other products. Under the Exiros shareholder arrangements, Tenaris recognizes Exiros’ assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses in relation to its interest in the joint operation. Exiros’ sales to companies controlled by San Faustin totaled $16 million in 2018.

Supply of Electric Energy

Techgen is an electric power plant in Mexico, which is currently owned 48% by Ternium, 30% by Tecpetrol and 22% by Tenaris. Techgen became fully operational on December 1, 2016. Ternium and Tenaris currently contract 78% and 22%, respectively, of Techgen’s power capacity. Sales to Tenaris amounted to $36 million in 2018, $29 million in 2017 and $4 million in 2016.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Supply of Natural Gas

We are party to contracts with Tecpetrol, Transportadora de Gas Norte S.A. (“TGN”), Litoral Gas and Energy Consulting Services relating to the supply of natural gas to our operations in Argentina. Tecpetrol, a company controlled by San Faustin, is engaged in oil and gas exploration and production and has rights to various oil and gas fields in Argentina and elsewhere in America. TGN operates two major pipelines in Argentina connecting the major gas basins of Neuquén and Noroeste-Bolivia to the major consumption centers in Argentina, while Litoral Gas distributes gas in the Province of Santa Fe and in the northeastern section of the Province of Buenos Aires. Energy Consulting Services is a company engaged in energy and management consulting, representing one of the major natural gas traders in Argentina. San Faustin holds significant but non-controlling interests in TGN, Litoral Gas and Energy Consulting Services.

Tecpetrol supplies Siderca with natural gas requirements under market conditions and according to local regulations. Tecpetrol’s sales to Tenaris amounted to $95 million in 2018 and $7 million in 2017.

TGN charges Siderca a price to transport its natural gas supplies that is equivalent on a comparable basis to prices paid by other industrial users. The Argentine government regulates the general framework under which TGN operates and prices its services. TGN’s sales to Tenaris amounted to $8 million in 2018, $3 million in 2017 and $2 million in 2016.

Litoral Gas’s sales to Tenaris totaled $3 million in 2018, $5 million in 2017 and $3 million in 2016.

Energy Consulting Services’s sales to Tenaris totaled $2 million in 2018, $7 million in 2017 and $5 million in 2016.

Provision of Engineering and Labor Services

We contract with certain companies controlled by San Faustin engineering and non-specialist manual labor services, such as industrial cleaning, general maintenance, handling of by-products and construction services. Fees accrued for these services in the aggregate amounted to $33 million in 2018, $40 million in 2017 and $45 million in 2016.

Sales of Steel Pipes and Sucker Rods

In the ordinary course of business, we sell steel pipes, sucker rods and related services to other companies controlled or under the significant influence of San Faustin. These sales, which are made principally to companies involved in the construction of gas pipelines and to Tecpetrol and joint ventures in which Tecpetrol participates, for its oil and gas drilling operations, are made on similar terms and conditions as sales to unrelated third parties. Our sales of steel pipes and sucker rods as well as logistical and certain other services to other companies controlled or under significant influence of San Faustin amounted to $129 million in 2018, $95 million in 2017 and $34 million in 2016.

Sales of Other Products and Services

We provide information technology services to companies controlled by San Faustin. Sales of these services amounted to $2 million in 2018, $2 million in 2017 and $2 million in 2016.

Administrative, Legal and Other Support Services

Finma S.A., Arhsa S.A (merged with Finma on January 1, 2018) and Techinst S.A. a group of companies controlled by San Faustin in which we have a 33% share ownership and other affiliates of San Faustin have the remaining share ownership, provide administrative, legal and other support services to San Faustin’s affiliates in Argentina, including Tenaris. Fees accrued for these services amounted to $10 million in 2018, $12 million in 2017 and $11 million in 2016.

Loans to Related Parties

We financed Techgen’s Pesquería project primarily in the form of subordinated loans to Techgen. Outstanding loans to Techgen as of December 31, 2018, amounted to $99 million, as of December 31, 2017 to $93 million, and as of December 31, 2016 to $86 million. These loans generated interest gains in favor of Tenaris in an amount of $5 million in 2018, $4 million in 2017 and $2 million in 2016.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Other Transactions

We entered into various contracts with Tenova (and subsidiaries), a company controlled by San Faustin, for the provision of furnaces, spare parts, accessories and related services for our facilities. Supplies received amounted to $9 million in 2018, $3 million in 2017 and $11 million in 2016.

We purchased industrial cleaning equipment from companies controlled by San Faustin for an amount of $3 million in 2016.

In addition, in the ordinary course of business, from time to time, we carry out other transactions and enter into other arrangements with other related parties, none of which are believed to be material.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Dividends

Subject to applicable law, all shares (including shares underlying ADSs) are entitled to participate equally in dividends when, as and if declared by the shareholders at the annual general shareholders’ meeting, out of funds legally available for such purposes.

The Company does not have, and has no current plans to establish, a formal dividend policy governing the amount and payment of dividends or other distributions. Dividends may be lawfully declared and paid if the Company’s profits and distributable reserves are sufficient under Luxembourg law. The amount and payment of dividends must be determined by a majority vote at a general shareholders’ meeting, generally, but not necessarily, based on the recommendation of the Company’s board of directors. Under Article 21 of the Company’s articles of association, the board of directors has the power to distribute interim dividends out of profits, share premium or any other available reserves, in accordance with applicable law, but payment of such dividends must be finally approved by the Company’s general shareholders’ meeting.

As provided by Article 21 of the Company’s articles of association, dividends or other distributions declared by the general meeting as well as interim dividends or other distributions declared by the board of directors will be distributed at the times and places determined by the board of directors. The Company will make any and all dividend payments and any other distributions in respect of shares registered in the name of any securities settlement system or operator of such a system or in the name of any financial institution or other professional depositary of securities or any other depositary, whether in cash, shares or other assets, only to such registered holder, or otherwise in accordance with such registered holder’s instructions, and, as provided by Article 21 of the Company’s articles of association, that payment shall release the Company from any and all obligations for such payment.

The Company conducts and will continue to conduct its operations through subsidiaries and, accordingly, its main source of cash to pay dividends, among other possible sources, will be the dividends received from its subsidiaries. See “Principal Risks and Uncertainties – Risks Relating to the Structure of the Company – As a holding company, the Company’s ability to pay cash dividends depends on the results of operations and financial condition of its subsidiaries and could be restricted by legal, contractual or other limitations”.

Under Luxembourg law, claims for dividends will lapse in favor of the Company five years after the date such dividends are declared. However, the Company may elect to pay a declared dividend after such period. Declared and unpaid dividends held by the Company for the account of its shareholders do not bear interest.

Pursuant to Luxembourg law, at least 5% of the Company’s net profits per year must be allocated to the creation of a legal reserve until such reserve has reached an amount equal to 10% of our share capital. If the legal reserve later falls below the 10% threshold, at least 5% (or such lower amount required to reach the 10% threshold) of net profits again must be allocated toward the reserve. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s legal reserve represented 10% of its share capital. The legal reserve is not available for distribution.

The following table shows the dividends approved by the Company’s shareholders in the last five years:

Approved dividend

Dividend payment date

Shareholders’ meeting date

Amount (USD million)

Per share (USD)

Per ADS (USD)

Interim Dividend

Dividend Balance

May 7, 2014

508

0.43

0.86

November 2013

May 2014

May 6, 2015

531

0.45

0.90

November 2014

May 2015

May 4, 2016

531

0.45

0.90

November 2015

May 2016

May 3, 2017

484

0.41

0.82

November 2016

May 2017

May 2, 2018

484

0.41

0.82

November 2017

May 2018

On February 20, 2019 the Company’s board of directors proposed, for the approval of the annual general shareholders’ meeting to be held on May 6, 2019, the payment of an annual dividend of $0.41 per share ($0.82 per ADS), or approximately $484 million, which includes the interim dividend of $0.13 per share ($0.26 per ADS) or approximately $153 million, paid on November 21, 2018. If the annual dividend is approved by the shareholders, a dividend of $0.28 per share ($0.56 per ADS), or approximately $331 million will be paid on May 22, 2019, with an ex-dividend date of May 20, 2019.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Employees

The following table shows the number of persons employed by Tenaris as of December 31:

	2018		2017		2016

Mexico		5,728		5,139		4,968
Argentina		5,569		5,221		4,755
USA		2,410		1,953		1,636
Italy		2,173		2,088		1,979
Romania		1,877		1,870		1,631
Brazil		1,374		1,382		1,166
Colombia		1,106		1,003		750
Canada		1,034		919		473
Indonesia		554		506		509
Japan		399		410		458
Other Countries		1,248		1,114		1,074
		23,472		21,605		19,399
Employees in discontinued operations		-		-		(323	)
Total employees in continuing operations		23,472		21,605		19,076

The number of our employees increased 9% during 2018 as we continued to adjust our operations to face the increase in drilling activity and demand of pipes. Our labor costs worldwide related to continuing operations also increased 9%.

The acquisition of SSP in January 2019 resulted in the incorporation of approximately 850 new employees.

Approximately 63% of our employees are unionized. In all the countries we have presence, we operate in the fully respect of the institutional rules and local norms, generating recognized agreements among all the parties involved. Nevertheless, as forging the relationship with the unions imply negotiations, the complexity of the conversations is high. Concerning the punctual situation in Mexico that developed during 2017 and that goes beyond our company, the leader was confirmed in the position and although the Union is facing internal differences, our activities in the plant remain normal.

Diversity

Tenaris embraces diversity in all its forms, on the understanding that diverse points of view and perspectives contribute to the rational solution of problems and the effective accomplishment of goals. Diversity based on ethnicity, gender, creed, race and nationality is part of Tenaris’s DNA and constitutes an important differentiation aspect of our uniqueness as a global enterprise. Tenaris, as a global organization that draws its workforce from diverse cultures and backgrounds, values cultural and geographic adaptability among its employees.

The Company’s Code of Conduct prohibits unlawful discrimination in employment relationship and grants all persons the right to apply for a position in Tenaris or to be considered for a new position in accordance with opening requirements and merit criteria, without any arbitrary discrimination. All employees, at every level, must cooperate to maintain a respectful environment should there be personal differences.

Similarly, the Company’s Human Resources Policy promotes equal opportunity and provides that hiring, promotion, transfer and other employment decisions will be adopted without regard to race, color, religion, gender, age, disability, national origin or sexual orientation. Compensation in Tenaris is strictly based on each employee’s duties and personal performance, competencies and behavior. In addition, Tenaris conducts periodic employees’ opinion surveys to have updated information on how our employees perceive the equal opportunities culture and management’s commitment with diversity and respect for the value of human, cultural and lifestyle differences. Finally, Tenaris has organized local diversity committees in all regions working on specific regional objectives on diversity.

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Non-financial Information

Tenaris is committed to building a culture of transparency and integrity, based on ethical behavior and compliance with the law. We believe this is essential for the sustainability of our activities.

As of 2016 we formalized an integrated risk-based methodology to better identify, evaluate and prioritize the sustainability challenges that can impact our ability to achieve our goals and our relationship with our stakeholders.

The non-financial information required by article 1730-1 of the Luxembourg Company Law and articles 68 and 68bis of the Luxembourg law of December 19, 2002 on the commercial and companies register and on the accounting records and annual accounts and undertakings, as amended, has been published under the name of “Sustainability Report” as of the date of this annual report and is available on www.tenaris.com (http://ir.tenaris.com/reports.cfm).

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Tenaris S.A. Annual Report 2018

Management Certification

We confirm, to the best of our knowledge, that:

the consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board and in accordance with IFRS as adopted by the European Union, included in this annual report, give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss of Tenaris S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries, taken as a whole;

the annual accounts prepared in accordance with Luxembourg legal and regulatory requirements, included in this annual report, give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss of Tenaris S.A.; and

the consolidated management report on the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, which has been combined with the management report on the annual accounts included in this annual report, gives a fair review of the development and performance of the business and the position of Tenaris S.A., or Tenaris S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries, taken as a whole, as applicable, together with a description of the principal risks and uncertainties they face.

Chief Executive Officer

Paolo Rocca

April 1, 2019

/s/ Edgardo Carlos_____

Chief Financial Officer

Edgardo Carlos

April 1, 2019

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Financial Information

Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

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Tenaris S.A. Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT

(all amounts in thousands of US dollars, unless otherwise stated)			Year ended December 31,
	Notes		2018			2017			2016
Continuing operations
Net sales		1		7,658,588			5,288,504			4,293,592
Cost of sales		2		(5,279,300	)		(3,685,057	)		(3,165,684	)
Gross profit				2,379,288			1,603,447			1,127,908
Selling, general and administrative expenses		3		(1,509,976	)		(1,270,016	)		(1,196,929	)
Other operating income		5		15,059			10,516			21,127
Other operating expenses		5		(12,558	)		(9,359	)		(11,163	)
Operating income (loss)				871,813			334,588			(59,057	)
Finance income		6		39,856			47,605			66,204
Finance cost		6		(36,942	)		(27,072	)		(22,329	)
Other financial results		6		34,386			(43,550	)		(21,921	)
Income (loss) before equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies and income tax				909,113			311,571			(37,103	)
Equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies		11		193,994			116,140			71,533
Income before income tax				1,103,107			427,711			34,430
Income tax		7		(229,207	)		17,136			(17,102	)
Income for continuing operations				873,900			444,847			17,328

Discontinued operations
Result for discontinued operations		27		-			91,542			41,411
Income for the year				873,900			536,389			58,739

Attributable to:
Owners of the parent				876,063			544,737			55,298
Non-controlling interests				(2,163	)		(8,348	)		3,441
				873,900			536,389			58,739
Earnings per share attributable to the owners of the parent during the year:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares (thousands)				1,180,537			1,180,537			1,180,537
Continuing operations
Basic and diluted earnings per share (U.S. dollars per share)				0.74			0.38			0.01
Basic and diluted earnings per ADS (U.S. dollars per ADS) (*)				1.48			0.77			0.02
Continuing and discontinued operations
Basic and diluted earnings per share (U.S. dollars per share)				0.74			0.46			0.05
Basic and diluted earnings per ADS (U.S. dollars per ADS) (*)				1.48			0.92			0.09

(*) Each ADS equals two shares.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(all amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)	Year ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Income for the year		873,900			536,389			58,739
Items that may be subsequently reclassified to profit or loss:
Currency translation adjustment		(96,916	)		151,762			37,187
Change in value of cash flow hedges and instruments at fair value		(6,701	)		4,502			(7,525	)
Income tax relating to components of other comprehensive income		34			23			(23	)
From participation in non consolidated companies:
- Currency translation adjustment (*)		1,848			(9,548	)		3,473
- Changes in the fair value of derivatives held as cash flow hedges and others		(132	)		512			421
		(101,867	)		147,251			33,533
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss:
Remeasurements of post employment benefit obligations		7,963			(8,635	)		(230	)
Income tax on items that will not be reclassified		(1,932	)		1,338			(1,760	)
Remeasurements of post employment benefit obligations of non-consolidated companies		(3,855	)		(376	)		(5,475	)
		2,176			(7,673	)		(7,465	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the year, net of tax		(99,691	)		139,578			26,068
Total comprehensive income for the year		774,209			675,967			84,807
Attributable to:
Owners of the parent		776,713			683,531			81,702
Non-controlling interests		(2,504	)		(7,564	)		3,105
		774,209			675,967			84,807
Total comprehensive income for the year
attributable to Owners of the parent arises from
Continuing operations		776,713			591,989			40,291
Discontinued operations		-			91,542			41,411
		776,713			683,531			81,702

(*) Tenaris recognized its share over the effects on the adoption of IAS 29, “Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies” by Ternium ($49.3 million) in other comprehensive income as a currency translation adjustment.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Tenaris S.A. Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Consolidated STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

(all amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)		At December 31, 2018			At December 31, 2017
	Notes
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment, net	9		6,063,908			6,229,143
Intangible assets, net	10		1,465,965			1,660,859
Investments in non-consolidated companies	11		805,568			640,294
Other equity investments	30		-			21,572
Other investments	17		118,155			128,335
Deferred tax assets	19		181,606			153,532
Receivables, net	12		151,905	8,787,107		183,329	9,017,064
Current assets
Inventories, net	13		2,524,341			2,368,304
Receivables and prepayments, net	14		155,885			135,699
Current tax assets	15		121,332			132,334
Trade receivables, net	16		1,737,366			1,214,060
Derivative financial instruments	23		9,173			8,230
Other investments	17		487,734			1,192,306
Cash and cash equivalents	17		428,361	5,464,192		330,221	5,381,154
Total assets				14,251,299			14,398,218
EQUITY
Capital and reserves attributable to owners of the parent				11,782,882			11,482,185
Non-controlling interests				92,610			98,785
Total equity				11,875,492			11,580,970
LIABILITIES
Non-current liabilities
Borrowings	18		29,187			34,645
Deferred tax liabilities	19		379,039			457,970
Other liabilities	20 (i)		213,129			217,296
Provisions	21 (ii)		36,089	657,444		36,438	746,349
Current liabilities
Borrowings	18		509,820			931,214
Derivative financial instruments	23		11,978			39,799
Current tax liabilities	15		250,233			102,405
Other liabilities	20 (ii)		165,693			157,705
Provisions	22 (ii)		24,283			32,330
Customer advances			62,683			56,707
Trade payables			693,673	1,718,363		750,739	2,070,899
Total liabilities				2,375,807			2,817,248
Total equity and liabilities				14,251,299			14,398,218

Contingencies, commitments and restrictions on the distribution of profits are disclosed in Note 24.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Tenaris S.A. Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

(all amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)


	Attributable to owners of the parent
	Share Capital (1)		Legal Reserves		Share Premium		Currency Translation Adjustment			Other Reserves (2)			Retained Earnings (3)			Total			Non- controlling interests			Total
Balance at December 31, 2017		1,180,537		118,054		609,733		(824,423	)		(320,569	)		10,718,853			11,482,185			98,785			11,580,970
Changes in accounting policies (Section II AP)		-		-		-		-			2,786			5,220			8,006			12			8,018
Balance at December 31, 2017 restated		1,180,537		118,054		609,733		(824,423	)		(317,783	)		10,724,073			11,490,191			98,797			11,588,988

Income (loss) for the year		-		-		-		-			-			876,063			876,063			(2,163	)		873,900
Currency translation adjustment		-		-		-		(96,673	)		-			-			(96,673	)		(243	)		(96,916	)
Remeasurements of post employment benefit obligations, net of taxes		-		-		-		-			6,135			-			6,135			(104	)		6,031
Change in value of instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income and cash flow hedges, net of taxes		-		-		-		-			(6,673	)		-			(6,673	)		6			(6,667	)
From other comprehensive income of non-consolidated companies		-		-		-		1,848			(3,987	)		-			(2,139	)		-			(2,139	)
Other comprehensive loss for the year		-		-		-		(94,825	)		(4,525	)		-			(99,350	)		(341	)		(99,691	)
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year		-		-		-		(94,825	)		(4,525	)		876,063			776,713			(2,504	)		774,209
Acquisition and other changes in non-controlling interests		-		-		-		-			(2	)		-			(2	)		(22	)		(24	)
Dividends paid in cash		-		-		-		-			-			(484,020	)		(484,020	)		(3,661	)		(487,681	)
Balance at December 31, 2018		1,180,537		118,054		609,733		(919,248	)		(322,310	)		11,116,116			11,782,882			92,610			11,875,492

(1) The Company has an authorized share capital of a single class of 2.5 billion shares having a nominal value of $1.00 per share. As of December 31, 2018 there were 1,180,536,830 shares issued. All issued shares are fully paid.

(2) Other reserves include mainly the result of transactions with non-controlling interest that do not result in a loss of control, the remeasurement of post-employment benefit obligations, the changes in value of cash flow hedges and in financial instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.

(3) The Distributable Reserve and Retained Earnings calculated according to Luxembourg Law are disclosed in Note 24.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Tenaris S.A. Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Cont.)


(all amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)	Attributable to owners of the parent
	Share Capital (1)		Legal Reserves		Share Premium		Currency Translation Adjustment			Other Reserves (2)			Retained Earnings			Total			Non- controlling interests			Total
Balance at December 31, 2016		1,180,537		118,054		609,733		(965,955	)		(313,088	)		10,658,136			11,287,417			125,655			11,413,072

Income (loss) for the year		-		-		-		-			-			544,737			544,737			(8,348	)		536,389
Currency translation adjustment		-		-		-		151,080			-			-			151,080			682			151,762
Remeasurements of post employment benefit obligations, net of taxes		-		-		-		-			(7,423	)		-			(7,423	)		126			(7,297	)
Change in value of available for sale financial instruments and cash flow hedges net of tax		-		-		-		-			4,549			-			4,549			(24	)		4,525
From other comprehensive income of non-consolidated companies		-		-		-		(9,548	)		136			-			(9,412	)		-			(9,412	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year		-		-		-		141,532			(2,738	)		-			138,794			784			139,578
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year		-		-		-		141,532			(2,738	)		544,737			683,531			(7,564	)		675,967
Acquisition and other changes in non-controlling interests		-		-		-		-			(4,743	)		-			(4,743	)		4,694			(49	)
Dividends paid in cash		-		-		-		-			-			(484,020	)		(484,020	)		(24,000	)		(508,020	)
Balance at December 31, 2017		1,180,537		118,054		609,733		(824,423	)		(320,569	)		10,718,853			11,482,185			98,785			11,580,970


	Attributable to owners of the parent
	Share Capital (1)		Legal Reserves		Share Premium		Currency Translation Adjustment			Other Reserves (2)			Retained Earnings			Total			Non- controlling interests			Total
Balance at December 31, 2015		1,180,537		118,054		609,733		(1,006,767	)		(298,682	)		11,110,469			11,713,344			152,712			11,866,056

Income for the year		-		-		-		-			-			55,298			55,298			3,441			58,739
Currency translation adjustment		-		-		-		37,339			-			-			37,339			(152	)		37,187
Remeasurements of post employment benefit obligations, net of taxes		-		-		-		-			(1,781	)		-			(1,781	)		(209	)		(1,990	)
Change in value of available for sale financial instruments and cash flow hedges net of tax		-		-		-		-			(7,573	)		-			(7,573	)		25			(7,548	)
From other comprehensive income of non-consolidated companies		-		-		-		3,473			(5,054	)		-			(1,581	)		-			(1,581	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year		-		-		-		40,812			(14,408	)		-			26,404			(336	)		26,068
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year		-		-		-		40,812			(14,408	)		55,298			81,702			3,105			84,807
Acquisition and other changes in non-controlling interests		-		-		-		-			2			-			2			(1,073	)		(1,071	)
Dividends paid in cash		-		-		-		-			-			(507,631	)		(507,631	)		(29,089	)		(536,720	)
Balance at December 31, 2016		1,180,537		118,054		609,733		(965,955	)		(313,088	)		10,658,136			11,287,417			125,655			11,413,072

(1) The Company has an authorized share capital of a single class of 2.5 billion shares having a nominal value of $1.00 per share. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 there were 1,180,536,830 shares issued. All issued shares are fully paid.

(2) Other reserves include mainly the result of transactions with non-controlling interest that do not result in a loss of control, the remeasurement of post-employment benefit obligations and the changes in value of cash flow hedges and in available for sale financial instruments.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Tenaris S.A. Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

(all amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)		Year ended December 31,
	Notes	2018			2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities
Income for the year			873,900			536,389			58,739
Adjustments for:
Depreciation and amortization	9 & 10		664,357			608,640			662,412
Income tax accruals less payments	26(ii)		58,494			(193,989	)		(128,079	)
Equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies	11		(193,994	)		(116,140	)		(71,533	)
Interest accruals less payments, net	26(iii)		6,151			11,550			(2,567	)
Changes in provisions			(8,396	)		(17,245	)		15,597
Income from the sale of Conduit business	27		-			(89,694	)		-
Changes in working capital	26(i)		(737,952	)		(853,184	)		330,964
Derivatives, currency translation adjustment and others			(51,758	)		91,648			(1,968	)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities			610,802			(22,025	)		863,565

Cash flows from investing activities
Capital expenditures	9 & 10		(349,473	)		(558,236	)		(786,873	)
Changes in advance to suppliers of property, plant and equipment			4,851			7,077			50,989
Proceeds from disposal of Conduit business	27		-			327,631			-
Investment in non-consolidated companies	11		-			-			(17,108	)
Acquisition of subsidiaries	25		-			(10,418	)		-
Investment in companies under cost method			-			(3,681	)		-
Loan to non-consolidated companies	11 c		(14,740	)		(10,956	)		(116,616	)
Repayment of loan by non-consolidated companies	11 c		9,370			3,900			74,222
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets			6,010			5,443			23,609
Dividends received from non-consolidated companies	11		25,722			22,971			20,674
Changes in investments in securities			717,368			565,387			652,755
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities			399,108			349,118			(98,348	)

Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends paid	8		(484,020	)		(484,020	)		(507,631	)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest in subsidiaries			(3,498	)		(24,000	)		(29,089	)
Changes in non-controlling interests			(24	)