Form 10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 


FORM 10-K

 


ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006

Commission File Number 1-1136

 


BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 


 

Delaware   22-0790350

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

 

(IRS Employer

Identification No.)

345 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10154

(Address of principal executive offices)

Telephone: (212) 546-4000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Title of each class   Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.10 Par Value   New York Stock Exchange
$2 Convertible Preferred Stock, $1 Par Value   New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 


Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes   x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.     Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.    x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer    x    Accelerated filer  ¨     Non-accelerated filer  ¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes¨    No  x

The aggregate market value of the 2,019,190,294 shares of voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2006) was approximately $52,216,261,003. Bristol-Myers Squibb has no non-voting common equity. At February 13, 2007, there were 2,019,481,440 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: Portions of the Proxy Statement for the registrant’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 1, 2007 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 



PART I

 

Item 1. BUSINESS.

General

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (which may be referred to as Bristol-Myers Squibb, BMS or the Company) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in August 1933 under the name Bristol-Myers Company, as successor to a New York business started in 1887. In 1989, Bristol-Myers Company changed its name to Bristol-Myers Squibb Company as a result of a merger. The Company, through its divisions and subsidiaries, is engaged in the discovery, development, licensing, manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of pharmaceuticals and other health care related products.

Acquisitions and Divestitures

In January 2006, the Company completed the sale of its inventory, trademark, patent and intellectual property rights related to DOVONEX*, a treatment for psoriasis in the United States (U.S.), to Warner Chilcott Company, Inc. for $200 million in cash. In addition, the Company will receive a royalty based on 5% of net sales of DOVONEX* through the end of 2007. As a result of this transaction, the Company recognized a pre-tax gain of approximately $200 million ($130 million net of tax) in the first quarter of 2006.

Bristol-Myers Squibb Website

The Company’s internet website address is www.bms.com. The Company makes available free of charge on its website its annual, quarterly and current reports, including amendments to such reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes such material to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Information relating to corporate governance at Bristol-Myers Squibb, including the Company’s Standards of Business Conduct and Ethics, Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors, (collectively, the “Codes”), Corporate Governance Guidelines, and information concerning the Company’s Executive Committee, Board of Directors, including Board Committees and Committee charters, and transactions in Bristol-Myers Squibb securities by Directors and executive officers, is available on the Company’s website at www.bms.com under the “Investors—Corporate Governance” caption and in print to any stockholder upon request. Any waivers to the Codes by directors or executive officers and any material amendment to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors and Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers will be posted promptly on the Company’s website. Information relating to stockholder services, including the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan and direct deposit of dividends, is available on the Company’s website at www.bms.com under the “Investors—Stockholder Services” caption.

The Company incorporates by reference certain information from parts of its proxy statement for the 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The SEC allows the Company to disclose important information by referring to it in that manner. Please refer to such information. The Company’s proxy statement for the 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and 2006 Annual Report will be available on the Company’s website (www.bms.com) under the “Investors—SEC Filings” caption on or after March 19, 2007.

Business Segments

The Company has three reportable segments—Pharmaceuticals, Nutritionals and Other Health Care. The Pharmaceuticals segment is made up of the global pharmaceutical and international consumer medicines business. The Nutritionals segment consists of Mead Johnson Nutritionals (Mead Johnson), primarily an infant formula and children’s nutritionals business. The Other Health Care segment consists of ConvaTec and Medical Imaging. For additional information about these segments, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 18. Segment Information.”

Pharmaceuticals Segment

The Pharmaceuticals segment competes with other worldwide research-based drug companies, smaller research companies and generic drug manufacturers. These products are sold worldwide, primarily to wholesalers, retail pharmacies, hospitals, government entities and the medical profession. The Company manufactures these products in the U.S. and Puerto Rico and in fourteen foreign countries. Pharmaceuticals net sales accounted for 77% of the Company’s net sales in 2006, 79% in 2005 and 80% in 2004. U.S Pharmaceuticals net sales accounted for 54%, 54% and 55% of total Pharmaceuticals net sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively, while Pharmaceuticals net sales in Europe, Middle East and Africa accounted for 28%, 29% and 31% of total Pharmaceuticals net sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. Pharmaceuticals net sales in Japan accounted for 4%, 4% and 3% of total Pharmaceuticals net sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.

 

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The Company’s pharmaceutical portfolio has continued to transition away from products which have lost exclusivity towards growth drivers, recently launched and other products, which have resulted from the Company’s focus on areas with significant unmet medical need. Products that the Company considers to be growth drivers include PLAVIX* (clopidogrel bisulfate), AVAPRO/AVALIDE* (irbesartan/irbesartan–hydrochlorothiazide), REYATAZ (atazanavir sulfate), ABILIFY* (aripiprazole) and ERBITUX* (cetuximab). Recently launched and other products include the SUSTIVA Franchise (efavirenz), SPRYCEL (dasatinib), BARACLUDE (entecavir) and ORENCIA (abatacept).

The Company has experienced substantial revenue losses in the last several years due to the expiration of market exclusivity for certain of its products. For 2007, the Company expects no major new exclusivity losses and, accordingly, expects reductions of net sales to moderate to a range of $0.9 billion to $1 billion from 2006 levels for products that have lost exclusivity in previous years, primarily PRAVACHOL (pravastatin sodium) in the U.S. and Europe and TAXOL® (paclitaxel) in Europe and Japan, compared to a net sales reduction of $1.4 billion in 2006 from 2005 levels. The timing and amounts of sales reductions from exclusivity losses, their realization in particular periods and the eventual levels of remaining sales revenues are uncertain and dependent on the levels of sales at the time exclusivity ends, the timing and degree of development of generic competition (speed of approvals, market entry and impact) and other factors.

The composition of matter patent for PLAVIX*, which expires in 2011, is currently the subject of patent litigation in the U.S. with Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (Apotex) and other generic companies as well as in other less significant jurisdictions. On August 8, 2006, Apotex launched a generic clopidogrel bisulfate product that competes with PLAVIX*. On August 31, 2006, the court in the patent litigation with Apotex granted a motion by the Company and its product partner, Sanofi-Aventis (Sanofi), to enjoin further sales of Apotex’s generic clopidogrel bisulfate product, but did not order Apotex to recall product from its customers. The court’s grant of a preliminary injunction has been affirmed on appeal. The trial in the underlying patent litigation ended on February 15, 2007 and the Court is expected to rule following post-trial briefing. The generic launch had a significant adverse impact on PLAVIX* sales and results of operations in 2006. The full impact of the generic launch by Apotex in August 2006 cannot be estimated with certainty at this time, and will depend on a number of factors, including the amount of generic product that Apotex sold into the distribution channels prior to the grant of a preliminary injunction halting such sales. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the outcome of the patent litigation with Apotex and/or the timing of any renewed generic competition from Apotex or additional generic competition from other generic pharmaceutical companies. However, if Apotex were to prevail in the patent litigation, the Company would expect renewed generic competition promptly thereafter.

While the Company expects generic clopidogrel bisulfate inventory in the market to have a continued residual impact on 2007 PLAVIX* net sales, the Company does expect PLAVIX* net sales and earnings growth in 2007, assuming the absence of renewed or additional generic competition. The Company expects increased prescription demand for PLAVIX* as well as for other growth drivers and recently launched products. Compared to 2006, the Company’s gross margin is expected to improve due to growth of higher margin products, lower margin erosion related to exclusivity losses, and improved manufacturing efficiencies. Marketing, selling and administrative expense is expected to remain relatively unchanged as efficiency savings should largely offset inflationary cost increases, and as the Company continues to focus on high value primary care and specialist physicians and implements various productivity initiatives. The Company expects to continue to increase investments to develop additional new compounds and support the introduction of new products.

The Company and its subsidiaries are the subject of a number of significant pending lawsuits, claims, proceedings and investigations including the pending PLAVIX* litigation. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the final outcome of these investigations or litigations. Management continues to believe, as previously disclosed, that the aggregate impact, beyond current reserves, of the pending PLAVIX* patent litigation, these other litigations and investigations and other legal matters affecting the Company is reasonably likely to be material to the Company’s results of operations and cash flows, and may be material to its financial condition and liquidity. The Company’s expectations for 2007, described above, do not reflect the potential impact of either the pending PLAVIX* patent litigation or other litigations or investigation or the impact of any other legal matters on the Company’s results of operations for 2007, beyond current reserves for ongoing matters.

For more information about these and other matters, see “—Products,” “—Competition” and “—Research and Development” below, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—PLAVIX*,” “—Outlook,” and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

Products

Most of the Company’s pharmaceutical revenues come from products in the following therapeutic classes: cardiovascular; virology, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); oncology; affective and other (psychiatric) disorders; and immunoscience.

In the pharmaceutical industry, the majority of an innovative product’s commercial value is usually realized during the period in which the product has market exclusivity. Market exclusivity is based upon patent rights and/or certain regulatory forms of

 

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exclusivity. In the U.S. and some other countries, when these patent rights and other forms of exclusivity expire and generic versions of a medicine are approved and marketed, there are often very substantial and rapid declines in the sales of the original innovative product. The Company’s business is focused on innovative pharmaceutical products, and the Company relies on patent rights and other forms of protection to maintain the market exclusivity of its products. For further discussion of patents rights and regulatory forms of exclusivity, see “—Intellectual Property and Product Exclusivity” below. For further discussion of the impact of generic competition on the Company’s business, see “—Generic Competition” below.

The chart below shows the net sales of key products in the Pharmaceuticals segment, together with the year in which the basic exclusivity loss (patent rights or data exclusivity) occurred or is currently estimated to occur in the U.S., the European Union (EU) and Japan. The Company also sells its pharmaceutical products in other countries; however, data is not provided on a country-by-country basis because individual country sales are not significant outside the U.S., the EU and Japan. In many instances, the basic exclusivity loss date listed below is the expiration date of the patent that claims the active ingredient of the drug or the method of using the drug for the approved indication. In some instances, the basic exclusivity loss date listed in the chart is the expiration date of the data exclusivity period. In situations where there is only data exclusivity without patent protection, a competitor could seek regulatory approval by submitting its own clinical trial data to obtain marketing approval prior to the expiration of data exclusivity.

The Company estimates the market exclusivity period for each of its products on a case-by-case basis for the purposes of business planning only. The length of market exclusivity for any of the Company’s products is impossible to predict with certainty because of the complex interaction between patent and regulatory forms of exclusivity and the inherent uncertainties regarding patent litigation. Although the Company provides these estimates for business planning purposes, these are not intended as an indication of how the Company’s patents might fare in any particular patent litigation brought against potential infringers. There can be no assurance that a particular product will enjoy market exclusivity for the full period of time that appears in the estimate or that the exclusivity will be limited to the estimate.

 

Pharmaceutical Products

   2006    2005    2004   

Past or Currently
Estimated

Year of

U.S. Basic
Exclusivity Loss

 

Past or Currently
Estimated

Year of

EU Basic

Exclusivity Loss (a)

 

Past or Currently
Estimated

Year of

Japanese Basic
Exclusivity Loss

Dollars in Millions                            

Cardiovascular

               

PLAVIX*

   $ 3,257    $ 3,823    $ 3,327    2011   2008-2013   ++

PRAVACHOL

     1,197      2,256      2,635    2006   2002-2008   ++

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

     1,097      982      930    2012   2007-2013   ++

COUMADIN

     220      212      255    1997   (b)   ++

MONOPRIL

     159      208      274    2003   2001-2008   ++

Virology

               

REYATAZ

     931      696      414    2017   2014-2017   2017

SUSTIVA Franchise (total revenue)

     791      680      621    2013(c)   2013(c)   ++

ZERIT

     155      216      272    2008   2007-2011   2008

BARACLUDE

     83      12      —      2010   2011   2011

Other Infectious Diseases

               

CEFZIL

     87      259      270    2005   2004-2009   ++

Oncology

               

ERBITUX*

     652      413      261    2017(e)   ++   ++

TAXOL® (paclitaxel)

     563      747      991    2000   2003   2006

SPRYCEL

     25      —        —      2020   2020(d)   ++

Affective (Psychiatric) Disorders

               

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

     1,282      912      593    2014   2014(f)   ++

EMSAM*

     18      —        —      2009   ++   ++

Immunoscience

               

ORENCIA

     89      —        —      2016(e)   ++   ++

Other Pharmaceuticals

               

EFFERALGAN

     266      283      274    ++   N/A   ++

Note: The currently estimated year of basic exclusivity loss includes any statutory extensions of exclusivity that have been earned, but not those that are speculative. In some instances, there may be later-expiring patents that cover particular forms or compositions of the drug, as well as methods of manufacture or methods of using the drug. Such patents may sometimes result in a favorable market position for the Company’s product, but product exclusivity cannot be predicted or assured. Note also that for products filed under a Biologics License Application (BLA) in the U.S. the year of exclusivity is listed as the year of patent expiration even though there is currently not a regulatory pathway for the approval of follow-on biologic products, as described in more detail in “—Intellectual Property” and “—Product Exclusivity” below.

 

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* Indicates brand names of products which are registered trademarks not owned by the Company or its subsidiaries. Specific trademark ownership information can be found on page 150.
++ The Company does not currently market the product in the jurisdiction indicated.
(a) References to the EU throughout this Form 10-K include the following current 27 member states: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (UK). Basic patent applications have not been filed in all 27 current member states for all of the listed products. In some instances the date of basic exclusivity loss will be different in various EU member states. In such instances, the earliest and latest dates of basic exclusivity loss are listed. For those EU countries where the basic patent was not obtained, there may be data protection available.
(b) EU basic exclusivity expired before BMS acquired the product.
(c) Exclusivity period relates to SUSTIVA brand only.
(d) Pending application. EU patent application not filed in Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Slovakia and Slovenia.
(e) Biologic product approved under a BLA. In the U.S., there is currently no regulatory approval path for generic biologics.
(f) The Company’s rights to commercialize aripiprazole in the U.S. terminate in 2012.

Below is a summary of the indication, intellectual property position, licensing arrangements, if any, and third-party manufacturing arrangements, if any, for each of the above products in the U.S. and where applicable, the EU and Japan.

 

Cardiovascular     
PLAVIX*    Clopidogrel bisulfate is a platelet aggregation inhibitor, which is approved for protection against fatal or non-fatal heart attack or stroke in patients with a history of heart attack, stroke, peripheral arterial disease or acute coronary syndrome.
   Clopidogrel bisulfate was codeveloped and is jointly marketed with Sanofi. The worldwide alliance operates under the framework of two geographic territories: one in the Americas and Australia (the Company’s primary territory) and the other in Europe and Asia (Sanofi’s primary territory).
   The composition of matter patent in the U.S. expires in 2011 (which includes a statutory patent term extension), and is currently the subject of patent litigation in the U.S. with Apotex and other generic companies, as well as in other less significant jurisdictions. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the outcome of the litigation with Apotex and/or the timing of any renewed generic competition from Apotex or potential additional generic competition from other generic pharmaceutical companies. However, if Apotex were to prevail in the patent litigation, the Company would expect renewed generic competition promptly thereafter. For more information about these litigation matters, as well as the generic launch by Apotex, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Executive Summary—PLAVIX*,” “—OUTLOOK” and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies”.
   In the EU, regulatory data exclusivity extends to 2008 in all the EU member countries and the key composition of matter patent expires in 2013 in the majority of the EU member countries.
   The Company obtains its bulk requirements for clopidogrel bisulfate from Sanofi and a third party. Both the Company and Sanofi finish the product in their own facilities. For more information about the Company’s arrangements with Sanofi, see “—Strategic Alliances” below and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”
PRAVACHOL    Pravastatin sodium is an HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise for patients with primary hypercholesterolemia, for lowering the risk of a first heart attack in people without clinically evident coronary heart disease who have elevated cholesterol, and for reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke in patients with clinically evident coronary heart disease.
   The Company has licensed a patent covering pravastatin, marketed by the Company in the U.S. as PRAVACHOL, from Sankyo Company, Ltd. (Sankyo) of Japan, with key provisions of the agreement

 

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   expiring as exclusivity expires on a market-by-market basis. Exclusivity in the U.S. under the patent (including pediatric extension) expired in April 2006. The Company entered into a distribution agreement with Watson Pharmaceutical (Watson) in November 2005 authorizing Watson to distribute generic pravastatin sodium tablets in the U.S.
  

In the EU, the composition of matter patent has expired in all countries except in Italy, where expiration will occur in January 2008.

 

The Company obtains its bulk requirements for pravastatin from Sankyo and finishes the product in its own facilities.

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*    Irbesartan/irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy.
   Irbesartan was codeveloped and is jointly marketed with Sanofi. The worldwide alliance operates under the framework of two geographic territories: one in the Americas and Australia (the Company’s primary territory) and the other in Europe and Asia (Sanofi’s primary territory). In September 2006, the Company elected to terminate its copromotion of this product with Sanofi in Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark.
   The basic composition of matter patent in the U.S. expires in 2012 (including pediatric extension) and in the EU in 2013. Data exclusivity in the EU expires in August 2007 for AVAPRO* and in October 2008 for AVALIDE*.
  

Irbesartan is manufactured by both the Company and Sanofi. The Company manufactures its bulk requirements for irbesartan and finishes AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* in its own facilities. For AVALIDE*, the Company purchases bulk requirements for hydrochlorothiazide from a third party.

 

For more information about the Company’s arrangements with Sanofi, see “—Strategic Alliances” below and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”

COUMADIN    Warfarin sodium is an oral anti-coagulant used predominantly in patients with atrial fibrillation or deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism.
   Market exclusivity expired in the U.S. in 1997. Basic patent protection and regulatory data protection had expired before the Company acquired COUMADIN in 2001.
   The Company obtains its bulk requirements for warfarin from a third party and produces the majority of finished goods in its own facilities.
MONOPRIL    Fosinopril sodium is a second-generation angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor with once-a-day dosing indicated for the treatment of hypertension. MONOPRIL was discovered and developed internally.
  

The basic composition of matter patent in the U.S. expired in June 2003. The basic composition of matter patent expired in Denmark, Greece and Portugal in 2001 and in Spain in October 2002. A composition of matter patent was not obtained in Finland. For the rest of the EU, the composition of matter patent expires on a country-by-country basis through 2008.

 

The Company manufactures its bulk requirements for fosinopril and finishes the product in its own facilities.

Virology   
REYATAZ    Atazanavir sulfate is a protease inhibitor for the treatment of HIV. REYATAZ was launched in the U.S. in July 2003.
   The Company developed atazanavir under a worldwide license from Novartis AG (Novartis) for which it pays a royalty based on a percentage of net sales. The Company is entitled to promote REYATAZ for use in combination with Ritonavir (atazanavir) under a Non-Exclusive License Agreement between Abbott Laboratories and the Company dated July 30, 2003, as amended, for which it pays a royalty based on a percentage of net sales.
  

Market exclusivity for REYATAZ is expected to expire in 2017 in the U.S., in the major EU member countries and Japan.

 

The Company manufactures its bulk requirements for atazanavir and finishes the product in its own facilities.

 

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SUSTIVA Franchise    Efavirenz, the active ingredient in SUSTIVA, is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) for the treatment of HIV. The SUSTIVA Franchise includes SUSTIVA, an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV, and as well as bulk efavirenz included in the combination therapy, ATRIPLA*, which is sold through a joint venture with Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Gilead). The Company and Gilead share responsibility for commercializing ATRIPLA* in the U.S. Gilead records 100% of ATRIPLA* revenues and consolidates the results of the joint venture in its operating results. The Company records revenue for the bulk efavirenz component of ATRIPLA* upon sales of that product by the Gilead joint venture to third party customers. The Company’s revenue for the efavirenz component is determined by applying a percentage to ATRIPLA* revenue, which approximates revenue for the SUSTIVA brand. For more information about the Company’s arrangement with Gilead, see “—Strategic Alliances” below and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”
  

Rights to market efavirenz in the U.S., Canada, the UK, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Spain are licensed from Merck & Co., Inc. for a royalty based on a percentage of net sales.

 

Market exclusivity for SUSTIVA is expected to expire in 2013 in the U.S. and in countries in the EU; the Company does not, but another company does, market efavirenz in Japan.

   The Company obtains its bulk requirements for efavirenz from third parties and produces finished goods in its own facilities.
ZERIT    Stavudine is used in the treatment of HIV.
   The Company holds an exclusive patent license for ZERIT from Yale University (Yale) pursuant to which it pays a royalty based on product sales. In Japan, the Company has an exclusive license for ZERIT from Yamasa Corporation pursuant to which it pays a royalty based on net sales in Japan.
  

The use patent expires in the U.S. in December 2008. The use patent series expires in the EU from 2007 through 2011 (patent applications are pending in Denmark and Finland), and in Japan in December 2008.

 

The Company manufactures its bulk requirements for stavudine and finishes the product in its own facilities.

BARACLUDE    Entecavir is a potent and selective inhibitor of hepatitis B virus that was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2005 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. BARACLUDE was discovered and developed internally. It has also been approved and marketed in over 50 countries outside of the U.S. including China, Japan and the EU. The Company has learned that in China two companies have received clinical trial permission for entecavir and two other companies are seeking marketing approval of other formulations of entecavir. Due to uncertainty about China’s exclusivity laws, it is possible that one or more of these companies could receive marketing authorization from China’s health authority by the end of 2007.
   The Company has a composition of matter patent that expires in the U.S. in 2010. An application for a patent term extension has been filed in the U.S. which, if approved, would extend the patent expiration to 2015. The composition of matter patent expires in 2011 in both the EU and Japan.
   The Company manufactures its bulk requirements for entecavir and finishes the product in its own facilities.
Other Infectious Diseases   
CEFZIL    Cefprozil is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for the treatment of mild to moderately severe bacterial infections of the throat, ear, sinuses, respiratory tract and skin. Cefprozil was discovered and developed internally.
  

The basic composition of matter patent protecting cefprozil in the U.S. (including patent term extension) expired in December 2005. In Spain, the patent expired in February 2005, and for certain other European countries and Japan, the patent expired in 2004. In several European countries including Austria, Finland, Italy, Switzerland and the UK, the composition of matter patent expires in 2008-2009 (including term extension).

 

The Company manufactures its bulk requirements for cefprozil and finishes the product in its own facilities.

Oncology   

 

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ERBITUX*    ERBITUX* (cetuximab) is an IgG1 monoclonal antibody designed to exclusively target and block the
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), which is expressed on the surface of certain cancer cells in
multiple tumor types as well as some normal cells. ERBITUX*, a biological product, is approved for the
treatment in combination with irinotecan of patients with EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer who
had failed an irinotecan-based regimen and as monotherapy for patients who are intolerant of irinotecan. In
March 2006, the FDA approved ERBITUX* for use in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head
and neck.
   ERBITUX* is marketed in North America by the Company under a distribution and copromotion agreement with ImClone Systems Incorporated (ImClone). The Company and ImClone will share distribution rights to ERBITUX* with Merck KGaA in Japan. ERBITUX* is not yet marketed in Japan, although an application has been submitted with the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) for the use of ERBITUX* in treating patients with advanced colorectal cancer. For a description of the Company’s alliance with ImClone, see “—Strategic Alliances” below and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”
   There is no composition of matter patent that specifically claims ERBITUX*. ERBITUX* has been approved by the FDA and other health authorities for monotherapy, for which there is no use patent. The use of ERBITUX* in combination with an anti-neoplastic agent is approved by the FDA. Such combination use is claimed in a granted U.S. patent that expires in 2017. The inventorship of this use patent has been challenged by three researchers from Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd. (Yeda) who claim they should have been named as co-inventors. In September 2006, the court granted Yeda the complete ownership of that patent. ImClone has appealed the court’s decision. ImClone also filed a declaratory judgment action alleging that if the Yeda researchers remain sole inventors of the patent, the patent is invalid. There can be no assurance that there will not be any financial consequences to the Company as a result of the court’s decision. For more information about this litigation, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.” The European equivalent of this use patent has been opposed. For more information about biologics patents, see “—Intellectual Property and Product Exclusivity” below.
   The Company obtains its finished goods requirements for cetuximab from ImClone. ImClone manufactures bulk requirements for cetuximab in its own facilities and finishing is performed by a third party for ImClone. For a description of the Company’s supply agreement with ImClone, see “—Manufacturing and Quality Assurance” below.
TAXOL® (paclitaxel)    Paclitaxel is used in the treatment of refractory ovarian cancer, first-line treatment of ovarian cancer in combination with cisplatin, second-line treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related Kaposi’s Sarcoma, treatment of metastatic breast cancer after failure of combination chemotherapy, adjuvant treatment of node positive breast cancer and in the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma with cisplatin.
   The active ingredient in TAXOL® (paclitaxel) did not have patent protection in the U.S., the EU or Japan, but did have regulatory protection in the form of data exclusivity. Data exclusivity in the U.S. expired in 1997. An initial approval for a U.S. generic version of paclitaxel was granted in 2000, revoked by the FDA in 2001 and then reinstated in 2002. Data exclusivity in the EU expired in 2003. Data exclusivity for TAXOL® (paclitaxel) in Japan expired in 2003. A patent claiming the approved dosing and administration schedule expires in Japan in 2013. A nullity action filed in 2004 in the Japanese Patent Office invalidated this patent and the Company is appealing that decision. Meanwhile, a generic paclitaxel was launched in Japan in 2006.
   Paclitaxel was developed under a collaborative research and development agreement with the U.S. Government. Under the agreement, the Company obtained rights to the U.S. Government’s TAXOL® (paclitaxel) data.
   The Company manufactures its bulk requirements for paclitaxel and finishes the product in its own facilities.
SPRYCEL    Dasatinib is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that was approved by the FDA in June 2006, for treatment of adults with chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy including imatinib, and for the treatment of adults with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy. Dasatinib was approved in the EU in November 2006. SPRYCEL was discovered and developed internally.

 

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The basic composition of matter patent protecting dasatinib in the U.S. is due to expire in April 2020, and a patent term extension has been requested which, upon grant, would extend the patent term until June 2020. In several EU countries, the patent is pending and upon grant, would expire in April 2020 (excluding term extensions). An EU patent application was not filed in Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Slovakia or Slovenia. In the U.S., New Chemical Entity Protection expires in 2011, and Orphan Drug Exclusivity expires in 2013, which protects the product from generic applications for the currently approved orphan indications only.

 

The Company manufactures its bulk requirements for dasatinib and finishes the product in its own facilities.

Affective (Psychiatric)

Disorders

  
ABILIFY*    Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic agent for patients with schizophrenia, acute bipolar mania and Bipolar I Disorder. ABILIFY* was introduced in the U.S. in November 2002 and has been approved for marketing in the EU and Switzerland. Applications are pending in other countries.
   Aripiprazole is copromoted in the U.S. by the Company and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Otsuka). The Company’s rights to commercialize aripiprazole in the U.S. terminate in 2012. Thereafter, Otsuka has the sole right to commercialize aripiprazole in the U.S. The Company also has the right to distribute and/or copromote ABILIFY* in several European countries (the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Spain) and to act as exclusive distributor for the product in the rest of the EU. The Company is the exclusive licensee for the product in the rest of the world, excluding Japan and certain other countries. In the U.S., Spain and Germany, the Company records alliance revenue for its contractual share of the net sales and records all expenses related to the product. Alliance revenue is recorded by the Company as net sales based upon 65% of Otsuka’s net sales in the copromotion countries. The Company recognizes this alliance revenue when ABILIFY* is shipped and all risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to Otsuka’s customers. In the UK, France and Italy, the Company currently records 100% of the net sales and related cost of products sold. In countries where the Company has an exclusive right to sell ABILIFY*, the Company also records 100% of the net sales and related cost of products sold. For more information about the Company’s arrangement with Otsuka, see “—Strategic Alliances” below and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”
   The basic U.S. composition of matter patent for ABILIFY* expires in 2014 (including the granted patent term extension). In 2004, Otsuka filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) a Request for Reexamination of a U.S. composition of matter patent, U.S. Patent No. 5,006,528 (the ‘528 Patent), covering ABILIFY* (aripiprazole). The USPTO granted the request for reexamination. Otsuka determined that the original ‘528 Patent application mistakenly identified a prior art reference by the wrong patent number. In addition, Otsuka took the opportunity to bring other citations to the attention of the USPTO. The Reexamination allowed the USPTO to consider the patentability of the patent claims in light of the correctly identified patent reference and newly cited documents. In June 2006, the USPTO issued an Ex Parte Reexamination Certificate for the ‘528 Patent confirming the patentability of the original claims and approving additional new claims.
   Otsuka has received formal notices from each of Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sandoz Inc., Synthon Laboratories, Inc., Sun Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Apotex stating that each has filed an Abbreviated New Drug Application (aNDA) with the FDA for various dosage forms of aripiprazole, which the Company and Otsuka comarket in the U.S. as ABILIFY*. Each of the notices further states that its aNDA contains a p(IV) certification directed to ‘528 Patent, which covers aripiprazole and expires in October 2014. In addition, each of the notices purports to provide Otsuka with the respective p(IV) certification. These certifications contain various allegations regarding the enforceability of the ‘528 Patent and/or the validity and/or infringement of some or all of the claims therein Otsuka has sole rights to enforce the ‘528 Patent.
  

A composition of matter patent is in force in Germany, the UK, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain and Denmark. The original expiration date of 2009 has been extended to 2014 by grant of a supplemental protection certificate in all of the above countries except Romania and Denmark. Data exclusivity in the EU expires in 2014. There is no composition of matter patent in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Latvia, Hungary, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Malta, Lithuania, Bulgaria and Estonia.

 

The Company obtains its bulk requirements for aripiprazole from Otsuka. Both Otsuka and the Company finish the product in their own facilities.

 

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EMSAM*   

EMSAM* is a transdermal patch for the delivery of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults, which was approved by the FDA in February 2006 and made commercially available in the U.S. in April 2006. EMSAM* was developed by Somerset Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Somerset), a joint venture between Mylan Laboratories, Inc. (Mylan) and Watson. The Company has obtained exclusive distribution rights to commercialize EMSAM* in the U.S. and Canada and markets EMSAM* in the U.S. As a new drug formulation, EMSAM* received three years of Hatch-Waxman data exclusivity, which expires in 2009 in the U.S. Two U.S. patents cover different aspects of the selegiline transdermal patch technology, issued to Mylan Technologies, Inc., an affiliate of Mylan, which expire in 2018. Data exclusivity covering the new dosage form expires in the U.S. in 2009.

 

In the third quarter of 2006, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $27 million, representing the unamortized balance of the regulatory approval milestone paid in the first quarter of 2006, resulting from the lower than expected sales of EMSAM*.

 

EMSAM* is manufactured on behalf of Somerset by Mylan Technologies, Inc. in the U.S. through a third party. Somerset obtains finished goods from Mylan Technologies, Inc. The finished product is supplied to the Company by Somerset.

Immunoscience   
ORENCIA   

Abatacept, a biological product, is a fusion protein with novel immunosuppressive activity targeted initially at adult patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis, who have had an inadequate response to certain currently available treatments. Abatacept was approved by the FDA in December 2005 and made commercially available in the U.S. in February 2006.

 

ORENCIA was discovered and developed internally.

  

The Company has a series of patents covering abatacept and its method of use. The latest of the composition of matter patents expires in the U.S. in 2016. The Company has submitted its request for extending the composition of matter patent for time lost during the regulatory review period per the Hatch-Waxman Act. In January 2006, Repligen and the Regents of the University of Michigan filed a complaint against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Marshall Division alleging that the Company’s then-anticipated sales of ORENCIA will infringe U.S. Patent No. 6,685,941. In August 2006, Zymogenetics Inc. filed a complaint against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware. The complaint alleges that the Company’s manufacture and sales of ORENCIA infringe U.S. Patents No. 5,843,725 and 6,018,026. For more information about these litigations, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

 

The Company obtains bulk abatacept from a third party and from its own manufacturing facilities. The Company finishes the product in its own facilities.

EFFERALGAN    Efferalgan is a formulation of acetaminophen first introduced in 1972 and distributed as an effervescent tablet. It is indicated for the treatment of fever of mild to moderate pain for adults and children, and marketed exclusively in Europe. There is no composition of matter patent in Europe for Efferalgan.

In addition to the products discussed above, the Company’s Pharmaceuticals segment also includes the Company’s wholly owned UPSA Consumer Medicines business in Europe, which includes EFFERLAGAN, described above, as well as ASPIRINE UPSA, DAFALGAN and FERVEX in Europe and other overseas markets.

Strategic Alliances and Arrangements

The Company enters into strategic alliances and arrangements with third parties, which give the Company rights to develop, manufacture, market and/or sell pharmaceutical products, the rights to which are owned by such third parties. The Company also enters into strategic alliances and arrangements with third parties, which give such third parties the rights to develop, manufacture, market and/or sell pharmaceutical products, the rights to which are owned by the Company. These alliances and arrangements can take many forms, including licensing arrangements, codevelopment and comarketing agreements, copromotion arrangements and joint ventures. Such alliances and arrangements reduce the risk of incurring all research and development expenses that do not lead to revenue-generating products; however, the gross margins on alliance products are generally lower, sometimes substantially so, than the gross margins on the Company’s own products that are not partnered because profits from alliance products are shared with the Company’s alliance partners. While there can be no assurance that new alliances will be formed, the Company actively pursues such arrangements and views alliances as an important complement to its own discovery and development activities.

 

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The Company’s most significant current alliances and arrangements for the Company’s products are those with Sanofi for PLAVIX* and AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*, Otsuka for ABILIFY*, ImClone for ERBITUX*, Gilead for ATRIPLA*, Somerset for EMSAM*, and Sankyo for PRAVACHOL. The Company’s most significant alliances and arrangements for investigational compounds under development are with Pierre Fabre Medicament S.A. (Pierre Fabre) for vinflunine, a novel investigational anti-cancer agent, the rights to which are owned by Pierre Fabre, with Medarex, Inc. (Medarex) for ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody being investigated as an anticancer treatment, the rights to which are owned by Medarex and with AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca) for saxagliptin, an oral compound for the potential treatment of diabetes, and dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. Each of these significant alliances and arrangements are discussed in more detail below. Additionally, the Company has licensing arrangements with Yale for ZERIT, with Novartis for REYATAZ, and with Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research) for ixabepilone, a novel microtubule-stabilizing agent for multiple tumor types. In general, the Company’s strategic alliances and arrangements are for periods co-extensive with the periods of market exclusivity protection on a country-by-country basis. Based on the Company’s current expectations with respect to the expiration of market exclusivity in the Company’s significant markets, the licensing arrangements with Yale for ZERIT are expected to expire in 2008 in the U.S., between 2007-2011 in the EU and in 2008 in Japan; and with Novartis for REYATAZ are expected to expire in 2017 in the U.S., the EU and Japan. For further discussion of market exclusivity protection, including a chart showing net sales of key products together with the year in which basic exclusivity loss occurred or is expected to occur in the U.S., the EU and Japan, see “—Products” above and “—Intellectual Property and Product Exclusivity” below.

Each of the Company’s strategic alliances and arrangements with third parties who own the rights to manufacture, market and/or sell pharmaceutical products contain customary early termination provisions typically found in agreements of this kind and are generally based on the other party’s material breach or bankruptcy (voluntary or involuntary) and product safety concerns. The amount of notice required for early termination generally ranges from immediately upon notice to 90 days after receipt of notice. Termination immediately upon notice is generally available where the other party files a voluntary bankruptcy petition or if a material safety issue arises with a product such that the medical risk/benefit is incompatible with the welfare of patients to continue to develop or commercialize this product. Termination upon 30 to 90 days notice is generally available where an involuntary bankruptcy petition has been filed (and has not been dismissed) or a material breach by the other party has occurred (and not been cured). Early termination due to product safety concerns typically arises when a product is determined to create significant risk of harm to patients due to concerns regarding the product’s efficacy or level of toxicity. The Company’s strategic alliances and arrangements typically do not otherwise contain provisions that provide the other party the right to terminate the alliance on short notice. In general, where the other party to the Company’s strategic alliance and arrangement will continue to have exclusivity protection upon the expiration or termination of the alliance, the Company does not retain any rights to the product or to the other party’s intellectual property. The loss of rights to one or more products that are marketed and sold by the Company pursuant to strategic alliance arrangements with third parties in one or more countries or territories could be material to the Company’s results of operations and cash flows and, in the case of PLAVIX*, could be material to its financial condition and liquidity. As is customary in the pharmaceutical industry, the terms of the Company’s strategic alliances and arrangements generally are co-extensive with the exclusivity period, which as discussed above, may vary on a country-by-country basis.

As discussed below, the Company’s strategic alliance with Otsuka expires in November 2012 in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, which may be prior to expiration of market exclusivity protection for ABILIFY* which is expected to expire in 2014 in the U.S. (including a granted patent term extension).

Current Marketed Products

Sanofi The Company has agreements for the codevelopment and cocommercialization of AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy, which is copromoted in certain countries outside the U.S. under the tradename APROVEL*/COAPROVEL* and comarketed in certain countries outside the U.S. by the Company under the tradename KARVEA*/KARVEZIDE*; and PLAVIX*, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, which is copromoted in certain countries outside the U.S. under the tradename PLAVIX* and comarketed in certain countries outside the U.S. by the Company under the tradename ISCOVER*.

The worldwide alliance operates under the framework of two geographic regions, one covering certain European and Asian countries, defined as Territory A, and one covering the U.S., Puerto Rico, Canada, Australia and certain Latin American countries, defined as Territory B. The region covering the U.S., Puerto Rico, Canada, Australia, and certain Latin American countries is managed by two separate territory agreements, one for U.S. and Puerto Rico AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* only, and a second agreement for U.S. and Puerto Rico PLAVIX* only, plus Canada, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Argentina for both products. Within each of Territory A and B, a Territory Partnership exists to supply product to the countries within each territory and to manage certain central expenses such as marketing, research and development and royalties. Countries within Territory A and B are structured so that the Company’s local affiliate and Sanofi either comarket, whereby each affiliate operates independently and sells a competing brand, or copromote a single brand.

 

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Within Territory A, the comarketing countries include Germany, Spain, Italy (irbesartan only), Greece and China. The Company sells ISCOVER* and KARVEA*/KARVEZIDE* and Sanofi sells PLAVIX* and APROVEL*/COAPROVEL* in these countries, except China, where the Company retains the right to, but does not currently comarket ISCOVER*. The Company and Sanofi copromote PLAVIX* and APROVEL*/COAPROVEL* in France, the UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland and Portugal. In addition, the Company and Sanofi copromote PLAVIX* in Austria, Italy, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Turkey, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong, and APROVEL*/COAPROVEL* in certain French export countries. Sanofi acts as the operating partner for Territory A and owns a 50.1% majority financial controlling interest in this territory. The Company’s ownership interest in this territory is 49.9%. The Company accounts for the investment in partnership entities in this territory under the equity method and records its share of the results in equity in net income of affiliates in the consolidated statement of earnings. The Company’s share of net income from these partnership entities before taxes was $439 million in 2006, $345 million in 2005 and $269 million in 2004.

Within Territory B, the Company and Sanofi copromote PLAVIX* in the U.S., Canada and Puerto Rico and AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* in Canada. The other Territory B countries Australia, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia (clopidogrel bisulfate only) and Argentina are comarketing countries. In 2001, the Company and Sanofi modified their previous exclusive license to the Company for AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* in the U.S. and Puerto Rico to form a copromotion joint venture, as part of which the Company contributed the AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* intellectual property and Sanofi agreed to pay the Company $200 million in 2001 and $150 million in 2002. The Company accounts for these payments as a sale of an interest in a license and defers and amortizes the total amount of $350 million into other income over the expected useful life of the license, which is approximately 11 years from the date of the formation of the copromotion joint venture. The Company acts as the operating partner for Territory B and the U.S./Puerto Rico AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* Territory and owns a 50.1% majority controlling interest in these territories. As such, the Company consolidates all partnership results in these territories and records Sanofi’s share of the results as a minority interest expense, net of taxes, which was $428 million in 2006, $578 million in 2005 and $502 million in 2004. The Company recorded sales in Territory B, the U.S./Puerto Rico AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* Territory and in comarketing countries (Germany, Italy, Spain and Greece) of $4,355 million in 2006, $4,805 million in 2005 and $4,257 million in 2004.

In September 2006, the Company opted-out of its copromotion rights with Sanofi for APROVEL*/COAPROVEL* in Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway. The Company has also opted out of its comarketing or copromotion arrangements in a number of other countries prior to 2006. The Company receives a royalty payment from Sanofi based on a percentage of Sanofi’s net sales in the opt-out countries.

The territory partnerships are governed by a series of committees with enumerated functions, powers and responsibilities. Each territory has two senior committees (Senior Committees) which have final decision making authority with respect to that territory as to the enumerated functions, powers and responsibilities within its jurisdiction.

The agreements with Sanofi expire on the later of (i) with respect to PLAVIX*, 2013 and, with respect to AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*, 2012 in the Americas and Australia and 2013 in Europe and Asia, and (ii) the expiration of all patents and other exclusivity rights in the applicable territory.

The alliance arrangements may be terminated by the Company or Sanofi, either in whole or in any affected country or Territory, depending on the circumstances, in the event of (i) voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy or insolvency, which in the case of involuntary bankruptcy continues for 60 days or an order or decree approving same continues unstayed and in effect for 30 days; (ii) a material breach of an obligation under a major alliance agreement that remains uncured for 30 days following notice of the breach except where commencement and diligent prosecution of cure has occurred within 30 days after notice; (iii) deadlocks of one of the Senior Committees which render the continued commercialization of the product impossible in a given country or Territory or, in the case of AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* in the U.S., with respect to advertising and promotion spending levels or the amount of sales force commitment; (iv) an increase in the combined cost of goods and royalty which exceeds a specified percentage of the net selling price of the product; or (v) a good faith determination by the terminating party that commercialization of a product should be terminated for reasons of patient safety.

In the case of each of these termination rights, the agreements include provisions for the termination of the relevant alliance with respect to the applicable product in the applicable country or territory or, in the case of a termination due to bankruptcy or insolvency or material breach, both products in the applicable territory. Each of these termination procedures is slightly different; however, in all events, the Company could lose all rights to either or both products, as applicable, in the relevant country or territory even in the case of a bankruptcy or insolvency or material breach where the Company is not the defaulting party.

For further discussion of the Company’s strategic alliance with Sanofi, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”

 

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Otsuka In 1999, the Company entered into a worldwide commercialization agreement with Otsuka, to codevelop and copromote ABILIFY* for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders, except in Japan, China, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan and Egypt. The Company began copromoting the product with Otsuka in the U.S. and Puerto Rico in November 2002. In June 2004, the Company received marketing approval from the European Commission. The product is currently copromoted with Otsuka in the UK, Germany, France and Spain. In the U.S., Germany and Spain, where the product is sold by an Otsuka affiliate as distributor, the Company records alliance revenue for its 65% contractual share of Otsuka’s net sales. The Company recognizes this alliance revenue when ABILIFY* is shipped and all risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to Otsuka’s customers. In the UK, France and Italy where the Company is presently the exclusive distributor for the product, the Company records 100% of the net sales and related cost of products sold.

The Company also has an exclusive right to sell ABILIFY* in a number of other countries in Europe, the Americas and Asia. In these countries the Company records 100% of the net sales and related cost of products sold. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company purchases the product from Otsuka and performs finish manufacturing for sale by the Company. The agreement expires in November 2012 in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. For the EU, the agreement expires in June 2014, or on the later of the tenth anniversary of the first commercial sale in such country or expiration of the applicable patent in such country. Early termination is available based on the other party’s voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy, failure to make minimum payments, failure to commence the first commercial sale within three months after receipt of all necessary approvals and material breach. The amount of notice required for early termination of the strategic alliance is immediately upon notice (i) in the case of voluntary bankruptcy, (ii) where minimum payments are not made to Otsuka, or (iii) if first commercial sale has not occurred within three months after receipt of all necessary approvals, 30 days where a material breach has occurred (and not been cured or commencement of cure has not occurred within 90 days after notice of such material breach) and 90 days in the case where an involuntary bankruptcy petition has been filed (and not been dismissed). In addition, termination is available to Otsuka upon 30 days notice in the event that the Company were to challenge Otsuka’s patent rights or, on a market-by-market basis, the Company were to market a product in direct competition with ABILIFY*. Upon termination or expiration of the alliance, the Company does not retain any rights to ABILIFY*.

The Company recorded total revenue for ABILIFY* of $1,282 million in 2006, $912 million in 2005 and $593 million in 2004. Total milestone payments made to Otsuka from 1999 through 2006 were $217 million, of which $157 million was expensed as acquired in-process research and development in 1999. The remaining $60 million was capitalized in other intangible assets and is amortized into cost of products sold over the remaining life of the agreement in the U.S., ranging from 8 to 11 years. The Company amortized in cost of products sold $6 million in each of 2006 and 2005, and $5 million in 2004. The unamortized capitalized payment balance was $35 million and $41 million as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

For further discussion of the Company’s strategic alliance with Otsuka, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”

ImClone In 2001, the Company purchased 14.4 million shares of ImClone for $70 per share, or $1,007 million, which represented approximately 19.9% of the ImClone shares outstanding just prior to the Company’s commencement of a public tender offer for those ImClone shares. ImClone is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing targeted cancer treatments, which include growth factor blockers, cancer vaccines and anti-angiogenesis therapeutics. The equity investment in ImClone is part of a strategic agreement between the Company and ImClone that also included an arrangement expiring in September 2018 to codevelop and copromote the cancer drug, ERBITUX*, for a series of payments originally totaling $1 billion. The Company paid ImClone a milestone payment of $200 million in 2001, of which $160 million was expensed as acquired in-process research and development, and $40 million was recorded as an additional equity investment to eliminate the income statement effect of the portion of the milestone payment for which the Company has an economic claim through its ownership interest in ImClone. In 2002, the agreement with ImClone was revised to reduce the total payments to $900 million from $1 billion. In accordance with the agreement, the Company paid ImClone $140 million in 2002, $60 million in 2003, and $250 million in 2004 and $250 million in the first quarter of 2006. The 2004 payment was made upon the approval by the FDA of the BLA for ERBITUX* for use in combination with irinotecan in the treatment of patients with EGFR - expressing, metastatic colorectal cancer who are refractory to irinotecan - based chemotherapy and for use as a single agent in the treatment of patients with EGFR - expressing, metastatic colorectal cancer who are intolerant to irinotecan - based chemotherapy. In 2004, the FDA also approved ImClone’s Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls supplemental Biologics License Application (sBLA) for licensure of its BB36 manufacturing facility. The 2006 milestone payment was made upon FDA approval of ERBITUX* for use in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The Company also has codevelopment and copromotion rights in Canada and Japan to the extent the product is commercialized in such countries. In Japan, the Company and ImClone will share distribution rights to ERBITUX* with Merck KGaA. In February 2007, the Company and ImClone submitted an application with the Japanese PMDA for the use of ERBITUX* in treating patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Under the agreement, ImClone receives a distribution fee based on a flat rate of 39% of product revenues in North America. The Company purchases all of its commercial requirements for bulk ERBITUX* from ImClone at a price equal to ImClone’s manufacturing cost plus 10%.

 

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The Company accounts for the $500 million total approval milestones paid in 2004 and 2006 as license acquisitions and amortizes the payments into cost of products sold over the term or remaining term of the agreement that ends in 2018. The Company amortized into cost of products sold $34 million, $17 million and $14 million for 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The unamortized capitalized payment balance is recorded in intangible assets, net in the consolidated balance sheet and was $435 million and $219 million as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

The Company determines its equity share in ImClone’s net income or loss by eliminating from ImClone’s results the milestone revenue ImClone recognized for the pre - approval milestone payments that were recorded by the Company as additional equity investment. The Company recorded net income of $43 million in 2006, net loss of $5 million in 2005 and net income of $9 million in 2004 for its share of ImClone’s net income/losses. The Company records its share of the results in equity in net income of affiliates in the consolidated statement of earnings. The Company recorded net sales for ERBITUX* of $652 million in 2006, $413 million in 2005 and $261 million in 2004.

The Company’s recorded investment and the market value of its holdings in ImClone common stock was $109 million and approximately $385 million as of December 31, 2006, respectively, and $66 million and approximately $493 million as of December 31, 2005, respectively. The Company holds 14.4 million shares of ImClone stock, representing approximately 17% of ImClone’s shares outstanding at December 31, 2006 and 2005. On a per share basis, the carrying value of the ImClone investment and the closing market price of the ImClone shares as of December 31, 2006 were $7.59 and $26.76, respectively, compared to $4.55 and $34.24, respectively, as of December 31, 2005.

Early termination is available based on material breach and is effective 60 days after notice of the material breach (and such material breach has not been cured or commencement of cure has not occurred), or upon six months notice from the Company if there exists a significant concern regarding a regulatory or patient safety issue that would seriously impact the long-term viability of the product. Upon termination or expiration of the alliance, the Company does not retain any rights to ERBITUX*.

During 2004 and through May 2005, McKesson Corporation (McKesson), one of the Company’s wholesalers, provided warehousing, packing and shipping services for ERBITUX*. McKesson held ERBITUX* inventory on consignment and, under the Company’s revenue recognition policy, the Company recognized revenue when such inventory was shipped by McKesson to the end-users. McKesson also held inventories of ERBITUX* for its own account. Upon the divestiture of Oncology Therapeutics Network (OTN) in May 2005, the Company discontinued the consignment arrangement with McKesson and McKesson no longer held inventories for its own account. Thereafter, the Company sold ERBITUX* to intermediaries (such as wholesalers and specialty oncology distributors) and shipped ERBITUX* directly to the end-users of the product who are the customers of those intermediaries. Beginning in the third quarter of 2006, the Company expanded its distribution model to include one of the Company’s wholesalers who then held ERBITUX* inventory. The Company recognizes revenue upon such shipment consistent with its revenue recognition policy.

For further discussion of the Company’s strategic alliance with ImClone, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”

Sankyo The Company has licensed a patent covering pravastatin, marketed by the Company in the U.S. as PRAVACHOL, from Sankyo, with key provisions of the agreement expiring as exclusivity expires on a market-by-market basis. Exclusivity has expired in every market except for Italy where exclusivity will expire in January 2008. Early termination is available based on the other party’s voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy and material breach. The amount of notice required for early termination of the strategic alliance is immediately upon notice in the case of either voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy and 90 days after notice in the case where a material breach has occurred (and not been cured or commencement of cure has not occurred). Upon termination or expiration of the alliance, the Company does not retain any patent or other exclusivity rights in relation to pravastatin.

Gilead In 2004, the Company and Gilead entered into a joint venture to develop and commercialize a fixed-dose combination of the Company’s SUSTIVA and Gilead’s TRUVADA* (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) in the U.S. In July 2006, the FDA approved this treatment, ATRIPLA*, which is the first complete Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy treatment product for HIV available in the U.S. in a fixed-dose combination taken once daily. Fixed-dose combinations contain multiple medicines formulated together and may help simplify HIV therapy or patients and providers. Guidelines issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services list the combination of emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and efavirenz as one of the preferred non-NNRTI-based treatments for use in appropriate patients that have never taken anti-HIV medicines before.

The Company and Gilead share responsibility for commercializing ATRIPLA* in the U.S., and both provide funding and field-based sales representatives in support of promotional efforts for ATRIPLA*. Gilead records 100% of ATRIPLA* revenues and consolidates the results of the joint venture in its operating results. The Company records revenue for the bulk efavirenz component of ATRIPLA* upon sales of that product by the Gilead joint venture to third party customers. The Company’s revenue for the efavirenz component is determined by applying a percentage to ATRIPLA* revenue, which approximates revenue for the SUSTIVA brand.

 

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In September 2006, the companies amended their agreements to commercialize ATRIPLA* in Canada, subject to the approval of the product by Health Canada. As in the U.S., the companies will share responsibility for commercializing ATRIPLA* in Canada, with Gilead recording 100% of ATRIPLA* revenues and the Company recording revenue for the bulk efavirenz component of ATRIPLA*.

The joint venture between the Company and Gilead will continue until terminated by mutual agreement of the parties or otherwise as described below. In the event of a material breach by one party, the non-breaching party may terminate the joint venture only if both parties agree that it is both desirable and practicable to withdraw the combination product from the markets where it is commercialized. At such time as one or more generic versions of SUSTIVA appear on the market in the U.S., Gilead will have the right to terminate the joint venture and thereby acquire all the rights to the combination product, both in the U.S. and Canada; however, the Company will continue for three years to receive a percentage of the net sales based on the contribution of bulk efavirenz to ATRIPLA*, and otherwise retains all rights to SUSTIVA.

For further discussion of the Company’s strategic alliance with Gilead, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”

Somerset In 2004, the Company and Somerset, a joint venture between Mylan and Watson, entered into an agreement for the commercialization, supply and distribution of Somerset’s EMSAM* (selegiline transdermal system), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor administered as a transdermal patch for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. Somerset received approval from the FDA for EMSAM* in February 2006 for use without dietary restriction at the recommended dose of 6mg/24 hours. EMSAM* is the first transdermal treatment for major depressive disorder.

Under the terms of the agreement, the Company received exclusive distribution rights to commercialize EMSAM*, when approved, in the U.S. and Canada. The Company made and expensed a $5 million upfront payment in December 2004 and made a further $30 million payment following regulatory approval in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2006, which was capitalized and was being amortized into cost of products sold over the remaining term of the agreement. In the third quarter of 2006, the Company recorded an impairment charge for the unamortized balance of $27 million, resulting from the lower than expected sales of EMSAM*. The charge was recorded in cost of products sold in the Company’s consolidated statement of earnings. In addition to these payments, Somerset may receive milestone payments based on achievement of certain sales levels, as well as reimbursement of certain development costs incurred over the term of the agreement. Somerset will supply products to the Company and receive royalties on the Company’s sales of EMSAM*.

Unless earlier terminated or extended in accordance with its terms, the agreement will terminate on the fifth anniversary of the date of the first commercial sale of EMSAM*. The agreement may be earlier terminated by either party in the event of a material breach of the agreement by or the bankruptcy of the other party. In addition to the general rights of termination, the Company has the right to terminate the agreement any time following the launch of a generic product, the occurrence of a material safety issue relating to EMSAM*, or after the date which is 30 months after the date of first commercial sale of EMSAM* upon 180 days prior notice. Somerset has the right to terminate the agreement any time following the occurrence of a material safety issue relating to EMSAM* or the failure of the Company to meet specified detailing requirements. Upon termination, Somerset retains all product rights to EMSAM*.

Investigational Compounds Under Development

Medarex In 2004, the Company entered into a worldwide collaboration and share purchase agreement with Medarex to codevelop and copromote ipilimumab, a fully human antibody currently in Phase III development for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The agreement became effective in January 2005, after the companies received certain governmental clearances and approvals, and the receipt of consent from the U.S. Public Health Service of the sublicense to the Company of Medarex’s rights to MDX–1379 (gp100), a vaccine that is being developed in combination with ipilimumab. The FDA has granted Fast Track status to ipilimumab in combination with MDX-1379 for treatment of patients with late stage unresectable metastatic melanoma who have failed or are intolerant to first line therapy.

In January 2005, under the terms of the agreement, the Company made a cash payment of $25 million to Medarex which was expensed as research and development, and an additional $25 million equity investment in Medarex. Further milestone payments are expected to be made upon the successful achievement of various regulatory and sales related stages. The Company and Medarex will also share in future development and commercialization costs. Medarex could receive up to $205 million if all regulatory milestones are met, and up to $275 million in sales-related milestones. Medarex will have an option to copromote and receive up to 45% of the profits with the Company in the U.S. The Company will receive an exclusive license outside of the U.S. and pay royalties to Medarex.

The agreement with Medarex does not expire unless and until one of the following events occurs: (1) the Company voluntarily terminates the agreement in its entirety or on a country-by-country basis by providing Medarex with six months prior written notice;

 

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(2) the Company voluntarily terminates the agreement on a product-by-product basis (but only if a second product is then in GLP toxicology studies or later) or a country-by-country basis by providing Medarex with six months prior written notice depending on the circumstances; (3) the Company terminates Medarex’s co-promotion option and rights in the U.S. on sixty days written notice after the end of the second calendar year in the event Medarex provides less than sixty percent of certain performance obligations in any two out of three consecutive calendar years (such termination right to be exercised only with respect to those indications as to which Medarex failed to meet such performance obligation). Upon any such termination by the Company via any of the scenarios in (1) – (3) above, Medarex will no longer have a right to share in the profits and losses of the product for the terminated indication(s) and, instead the Company will pay Medarex royalties on net sales of the product; or (4) Medarex terminates the agreement with respect to all products on sixty days written notice if the Company provides less than sixty percent of certain performance obligations in any two out of three consecutive calendar years. Generally, upon termination in (4), the Company will assign all rights to the product to Medarex and receive a royalty thereafter on intellectual property licensed by the Company to Medarex. Medarex may also elect not to copromote a product for one or more indications in the U.S., in which event it will receive a royalty on sales of the product for such indication. If there is a material breach as to manufacturing by a party, then the other party shall be limited to termination of such party’s manufacturing rights only.

Pierre Fabre In 2004, the Company and Pierre Fabre entered into three related agreements (a patent and know-how license agreement, a trademark license agreement and a supply agreement) to develop and commercialize vinflunine, a novel investigational anti-cancer agent. Vinflunine is in Phase III clinical trials for metastatic bladder cancer and is in Phase III trials for lung and breast cancer. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company receives an exclusive license to vinflunine in the U.S., Canada, Japan, Korea and select Southeast Asian markets. Pierre Fabre will be responsible for the development and marketing of vinflunine in all other countries, including those of Europe, and will supply the Company’s requirements for the product. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company made and expensed upfront and milestone payments of $10 million in 2006, $10 million in 2005, and $35 million in 2004, with the potential for an additional $155 million in milestone payments over time.

The patent and know-how license agreement, under which the Company licensed the right to market vinflunine, expires on a country-by-country and product form-by-product form basis, on the date that is the latter of: (i) the expiration of applicable patent or data exclusivity for a given product form in a country, or (ii) the tenth anniversary of commercial sale of such product form in such country, at which time the Company may exercise a royalty-free, nonexclusive right to market the product. The Agreement may be terminated sooner, as follows: (1) a party may terminate the agreement for voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party that is not dismissed within a certain period of time; (2) a party may terminate for material breach by the other that is not cured with a specified period. Such termination shall relate only to the countries and product forms relating to the material breach, unless the product form is the IV form (in which case all forms can be terminated) and unless the breach pertains to the U.S. (in which case all countries can be terminated); (3) by Pierre Fabre, if Pierre Fabre terminates the supply agreement for material breach by the Company; (4) by either party, upon 60 days notice, if justifiable and demonstrable safety, efficacy, technical or regulatory reasons preclude development of the IV form for any indication, as determined by the Joint Steering Committee; (5) by Pierre Fabre, if (a) the Company fails to file or process a registrational filing required to be filed under the Agreement without justifiable and demonstrable safety, efficacy, technical or regulatory reasons; (b) if the Company does not launch the IV product form in a country within a time period required by the agreement (generally, ninety days) following receipt of regulatory (and if applicable, pricing) approval; (c) if the Company should challenge or contest Pierre Fabre Patent Rights; (d) if the Company makes an improper contract assignment; or (e) if the Company fails to meet certain minimum sales levels under the agreement; or (6) by the Company, without cause, on a country-by-country basis, by giving Pierre Fabre at least (i) ninety days’ prior written notice, if such notice is given prior to the regulatory approval of the first approved indication in the U.S., or (ii) one hundred eighty days’ prior written notice after regulatory approval of a first approved indication in the U.S. Generally, for any termination made by Pierre Fabre or for termination by the Company without cause, the Company shall retain no rights to the product and all rights shall revert to Pierre Fabre.

AstraZeneca In January 2007, the Company entered into two worldwide (except for Japan) codevelopment and cocommercialization agreements with AstraZeneca, one for the codevelopment and cocommercialization of saxagliptin, a DPP-IV inhibitor in Phase III clinical trials (Saxagliptin Agreement), and one for the codevelopment and cocommercialization of dapagliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor in Phase IIB clinical trials (SGLT2 Agreement). Both compounds are being studied for the treatment of diabetes and were discovered by the Company. Under the terms of the agreements, the Company received upfront payments of $100 million in January 2007, which will be capitalized and amortized over the life of the agreement into other income. Milestone payments are expected to be received by the Company upon the successful achievement of various regulatory and sales related stages. Under each agreement, the Company and AstraZeneca will also share in future development and commercialization costs. Under the Saxagliptin Agreement, the Company could receive up to $300 million if all regulatory milestones are met and up to an additional $300 million if all sales-based milestones are met. Under the SGLT2 Agreement, the company could receive up to $350 million if all regulatory milestones are met and up to an additional $300 million if all sales-based milestones are met. The majority of development costs under the initial development plans through 2009 will be paid by AstraZeneca and any additional development costs will generally be shared equally. Under each agreement, the two companies will share commercialization expenses and profits/losses equally on a global basis, excluding Japan, and the Company will manufacture both products and, with certain limited exceptions, record net sales.

 

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Under each agreement additional compounds in each of the DPP-IV and SGLT2 classes that may be developed by either party must be proposed for inclusion in the collaboration at pre-designated trigger points (end of Phase I, II and III) or if the lead compound fails and either party is then actively conducting clinical development of any other compound in the class. If accepted by the other party for inclusion into the collaboration, an upfront payment and regulatory and sales-based milestones may be paid by the non-developing party on such additional compound, the amount and timing of which will depend on the nature of the triggering event and whether the additional compound is replacing or being developed in addition to the lead compound. In such event, if AstraZeneca is the party that developed the compound and controls its intellectual property rights, AstraZeneca will assume the rights and obligations of the Company under the collaboration with respect to such compound, and the Company will have the rights of AstraZeneca with respect to such compound, with certain limited exceptions. If the Company is the party that developed the compound and controls its intellectual property, it will have the same rights as it has with respect to the initial two compounds.

Each agreement expires on a product-by-product and country-country basis upon the latest of (1) the expiration of the last-to-expire patent controlled by the parties covering a product in a country, (2) the expiration of any other statutory exclusivity for a product in a country, and (3) permanent cessation of the sale of a product in a country. The agreement may be sooner terminated, in its entirety or on a product-by-product and region-by-region or country-by-country basis, as the case may be, by mutual written agreement or by a party in accordance with the terms of the agreement as follows: (i) by AstraZeneca without cause, on a region-by-region and product-by-product basis, on six months notice given not sooner than the finalization of the clinical database (database lock) of the last to be completed pivotal Phase III clinical trial and not later than the date that the Company may elect to opt out of all or some of its sale force efforts obligations in the U.S.; (ii) by AstraZeneca without cause, on a region-by-region and product-by-product basis, on twelve months notice, which termination may not be effective earlier than two years after launch of the product in such region; (iii) by either party, with respect to the agreement in its entirety, upon written notice given following permanent cessation of development of a product so long as there are no other products then being developed or commercialized; (iv) by a party, upon 180 days notice, if the other party materially breaches the agreement or engages in gross negligence, willful misconduct or a willful misrepresentation that fundamentally frustrates the transactions contemplated by the agreement; (v) by a party in the event of insolvency or bankruptcy of the other party; (vi) by a party for a given product or country if the other party fails to provide at least 60% of its required sales force effort in any two out of three consecutive years; (vii) by a party if the other party becomes incapable for 12 consecutive months of performing any of its material obligations because of Force Majeure; (viii) by either party, on a product-by-product basis, in the event of material safety issues; or (ix) by either party if development and commercialization of a given compound is enjoined. Under the SGLT2 Agreement, AstraZeneca may also exercise a termination right if the lead compound does not meet specified end of phase II success criteria.

In the event of termination by AstraZeneca (or by the Company in the event the development and commercialization of the collaboration compounds are enjoined), each party must offer into the collaboration any compounds for which it is then actively conducting clinical development. If accepted by the other party for inclusion into the collaboration, an upfront payment and regulatory and sales-based milestones may be paid by the non-developing party on such additional compound. In such event, if AstraZeneca is the party that developed the compound and controls its intellectual property rights, AstraZeneca will assume the rights and obligations of the Company under the collaboration with respect to such compound, and the Company will have the rights of AstraZeneca with respect to such compound, with certain limited exceptions. If there are no additional compounds to be offered or an additional compound that is offered is not accepted into the collaboration, the agreement will terminate. In the event of a change in control of either party, whether as a result of a merger, consolidation, sale of substantially all its assets or similar transaction, the agreements would be assigned to or assumed by the successor company. If the agreement is terminated by AstraZeneca as described in clause (iv), (v) or (vi) of the preceding paragraph prior to a change of control of the Company, then the Company will retain all rights to the product and will pay AstraZeneca a royalty on net sales thereafter. If the agreement is terminated by AstraZeneca as described in clause (iv), (v) or (vi) of the preceding paragraph following a change of control of the Company, then AstraZeneca may elect to receive a royalty on net sales thereafter or elect to have the product rights assigned to it and pay the Company a royalty on net sales thereafter. If the agreement is terminated by the Company as described in clause (iv), (v) or (vi) of the preceding paragraph, then the Company will retain all rights to the product and will pay AstraZeneca a royalty on net sales thereafter.

For further information on alliances relating to products under development and drug discovery, see “—Research and Development” below.

HEALTH CARE GROUP

The Health Care Group consists of two segments – Nutritionals and Other Health Care. The Other Health Care segments currently consists of ConvaTec and Medical Imaging and, prior to 2006, also included Consumer Medicines. Health Care Group sales accounted for 23% of the Company’s sales in 2006, 21% of the Company’s sales in 2005, and 20% of the Company’s sales in 2004. U.S. Health Care Group sales accounted for 49%, 52% and 54% of total Health Care Group sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively, while international Health Care Group sales accounted for 51%, 48% and 46% of total Health Care Group sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.

 

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Nutritionals Segment

The Nutritionals segment, through Mead Johnson, manufactures, markets, distributes and sells infant formulas and other nutritional products, including the entire line of ENFAMIL products and the ENFAMIL LIPIL product is the first infant formula in the U.S. to contain the nutrients docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). Also naturally found in breast milk, DHA and ARA are believed to support infant brain and eye development. The Company obtains these nutrients from a sole provider pursuant to a non-exclusive worldwide license and supply agreement. The supply agreement, in force until at least 2011, provides no firm guaranty of supply and pricing is subject to change pursuant to a pricing formula. The license expires beginning in 2024 on a country-by-country basis 25 years after the Company commenced sales in a country.

The Company’s Nutritionals products are generally sold by wholesalers and retailers and are promoted primarily to health care professionals. The Company also promotes Nutritionals products directly to consumers worldwide through advertising. The Company manufactures these products in the U.S. and in five foreign countries. Nutritionals sales accounted for 13% of the Company’s sales in 2006, 12% of the Company’s sales in 2005 and 10% of the Company’s sales in 2004. U.S. Nutritionals sales accounted for 46%, 49% and 50% of total Nutritionals sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively, while international Nutritionals sales accounted for 54%, 51% and 50% of total Nutritionals sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. Approximately one-half of U.S. gross sales of infant formula are subject to rebates issued under the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program. Sales subject to WIC rebates have much lower margins than those of non-WIC program sales.

Net sales of selected products and product categories in the Nutritionals segment were as follows:

 

Dollars in Millions

   2006    2005    2004

Infant Formulas

   $ 1,637    $ 1,576    $ 1,405

ENFAMIL

     1,007      992      859

Toddler/Children’s Nutritionals

     606      529      468

ENFAGROW

     262      206      179

In February 2004, the Company completed the divestiture of its Adult Nutritional business to Novartis for $386 million, including a $20 million payment contingent on the achievement of contractual requirements, which were satisfied, and a $22 million upfront payment for a ten-year supply agreement.

Other Health Care Segment

The Other Health Care segment currently consists of ConvaTec and Medical Imaging and, prior to 2006, also included Consumer Medicines. Other Health Care sales accounted for 10%, 9% and 10% of the Company’s sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. U.S. Other Health Care sales accounted for 53%, 56% and 58% of total Other Health Care sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively, while international Other Health Care sales accounted for 47%, 44% and 42% of total Other Health Care sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.

ConvaTec

ConvaTec manufactures, distributes and sells ostomy and modern wound and skin care products. Principal brands of ConvaTec include NATURA, SUR-FIT, ESTEEM, AQUACEL, DUODERM and FLEXI-SEAL. These products are marketed worldwide, primarily to hospitals, the medical profession and medical suppliers. The Company mainly relies on an internal sales force, and sales are made through various distributors around the world. The Company manufactures these products in the U.S., the UK and the Dominican Republic.

ConvaTec sales accounted for approximately 6% of the Company’s sales in 2006, and 5% of the Company’s sales in 2005 and 2004. U.S. ConvaTec sales accounted for 33%, 31% and 32% of total ConvaTec sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively, while international ConvaTec sales accounted for 67%, 69% and 68% of total ConvaTec sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.

Medical Imaging

Medical Imaging manufactures, distributes and sells medical imaging products. Principal brands include CARDIOLITE (Kit for the Preparation of Technetium Tc99m Sestamibi for Injection), a cardiac perfusion imaging agent and DEFINITY (Vial for Perflutren Lipid Microsphere Injectable Suspension), an ultrasound contrast agent. These products are manufactured by the Company in Puerto Rico and by a third party in the U.S., and are marketed through an internal sales force in the U.S. CARDIOLITE and other radiopharmaceutical products are primarily sold to and distributed via third-party radiopharmacies to end-customers (e.g., healthcare providers) in the U.S. DEFINITY is distributed directly to end-user customers. DEFINITY (called LUMINITY in the EU) has been approved in the EU. In the U.S., the Company is currently one of two suppliers of technetium Tc99m generators, a widely used

 

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radioisotope required to compound unit-dose CARDIOLITE injections. The Company relies on a single source for its supply of a key ingredient, molybdenum-99. In connection with the Company’s international business, Medical Imaging owns certain radiopharmacies outside the U.S. CARDIOLITE is covered by a series of patents that claim its components. The patent coverage differs somewhat on a country-by-country basis. In the U.S., CARDIOLITE patent exclusivity expires in January 2008. CARDIOLITE will be entitled to a six-month extension of exclusivity (until July 2008) if the Company submits to the FDA by January 2008 certain pediatric clinical data in accordance with a Written Request issued by the FDA. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to fulfill all of the requirements of the Written Request. In the EU, the patent expiry timeline spans December 2006 into 2008. In Japan, the patent expiry timeline spans August 2006 into 2008.

Medical Imaging sales accounted for approximately 4% of the Company’s sales in 2006 and approximately 3% of the Company’s sales in 2005 and 2004. U.S. Medical Imaging sales accounted for 85% of total Medical Imaging sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, while international Medical Imaging sales accounted for 15% of total Medical Imaging sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004. The Company maintains license and supply agreements with radiopharmacies, including Cardinal Health Nuclear Pharmacy Services and other independent radiopharmacies, which provide the right to sell CARDIOLITE in the U.S.

Sources and Availability of Raw Materials

In general, the Company purchases its raw materials, medical devices and supplies required for the production of the Company’s products in the open market. For some products, the Company purchases its raw materials, medical devices and supplies from a single source, which in certain circumstances is specified in the Company’s product registrations thereby requiring the Company to obtain such raw materials and supplies from that particular source. The Company attempts, if possible, to mitigate raw material supply risks to the Company, through inventory management and alternative sourcing strategies. For further discussion of sourcing, see “—Manufacturing and Quality Assurance” below and discussions of particular products.

Manufacturing and Quality Assurance

The Company seeks to design and operate its manufacturing facilities, manage its third-party manufacturers, and maintain inventory in a way that will allow it to meet all expected product demand while maintaining flexibility to reallocate manufacturing capacity, to improve efficiency and respond to changes in supply and demand. Pharmaceutical production processes are complex, highly regulated and vary widely from product to product. Shifting or adding manufacturing capacity can be a very lengthy process requiring significant capital expenditures and regulatory approvals. For further discussion of the regulatory impact on the Company’s manufacturing, see “—Government Regulation and Price Constraints” below.

Pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities require significant ongoing capital investment for both maintenance and compliance with increasing regulatory requirements. In addition, as the Company adds to its product line and realigns its focus over the next several years, the Company expects to modify its existing manufacturing networks and devote substantial resources in excess of historical levels to meet heightened processing standards that may be required for sterile or newly introduced products, including biologics. Biologics manufacturing involves more complex processes than those of traditional pharmaceutical operations. Although the Company does have the capacity to manufacture biologics for clinical trials and commercial launch, its capacity to manufacture larger commercial volumes is limited. As biologics become more important to the Company’s product portfolio, the Company may continue to make arrangements with third-party manufacturers, and in addition expects to make substantial investments to increase its internal capacity to produce biologics on a commercial scale. During 2006, the Board of Directors approved capital expenditures of approximately $750 million for a bulk biologics manufacturing facility in the U.S. In February 2007, the Company completed the land purchase of an 89 acre site to locate its large scale multi-product bulk biologics manufacturing facility in Devens, Massachusetts. Construction of this facility is expected to begin in early 2007, and the facility is projected to be operationally complete by 2009. The Company expects to submit the site for regulatory approval in 2010. Commercial production of biologic compounds is anticipated to begin by 2011.

The Company relies on third parties to manufacture, or to supply it with active ingredients necessary for it to manufacture certain products, including PLAVIX*, ABILIFY*, ERBITUX*, the SUSTIVA Franchise, ORENCIA*, PRAVACHOL, COUMADIN and TAXOL® (paclitaxel). To maintain a stable supply of these products, the Company takes a variety of actions designed to provide that there is a reasonable level of these ingredients held by the third-party supplier, the Company or both, so that the Company’s manufacturing operations are not interrupted. As an additional protection, in some cases, the Company takes steps to maintain an approved back-up source where available.

The Company received approval from the FDA to manufacture ORENCIA at the Company’s Syracuse, NY manufacturing facility. Given the Company’s current limited capacity for commercial volumes of biologics products, the Company also received approval from the FDA to manufacture ORENCIA at the Lonza Biologic PLC’s (Lonza) manufacturing facility and also expects to rely on Celltrion, Inc.’s (Celltrion) existing facility and on Celltrion’s new large-scale facility to provide additional capacity for ORENCIA for commercial scale production pending submission and approval of an sBLA to the FDA. The Company will rely initially on third-party manufacturers to manufacture belatacept and ipilimumab on a commercial scale if these products are commercialized. Belatacept and ipilimumab are investigational biologics compounds in late stage development. The Company has not made any filings with the FDA seeking approval for: (i) Celltrion to manufacture ORENCIA or (ii) Lonza or Celltrion to manufacture belatacept or ipilimumab. The Company has not sought approval from the FDA to market and sell belatacept or ipilimumab, and there

 

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can be no assurance that regulatory approval of either of these products will be obtained, or that regulatory approval of manufacturing facilities will be obtained. The Company has entered into agreements with Lonza and Celltrion that, among other things: (i) reserve portions of their respective biologics manufacturing capacity for the Company’s future requirements of ORENCIA; and (ii) contain certain other rights to negotiate with Lonza and Celltrion for additional biologics manufacturing capacity for other biologics products. The Company has commenced certain discussions with third-party manufacturers relating to biologics manufacturing capacity for belatacept and ipilimumab if regulatory approval is obtained. For information about ORENCIA, see “—Products” above. For additional information about belatacept and ipilimumab, see “—Research and Development” below.

If the Company or any third-party manufacturer that the Company relies on for existing or future products is unable to maintain a stable supply of products, operate at sufficient capacity to meet its order requirements, comply with government regulations for manufacturing pharmaceuticals or meet the heightened processing requirements for biologics, the Company’s business performance and prospects could be negatively impacted. Additionally, if the Company or any of its third-party suppliers were to experience extended plant shutdowns or substantial unplanned increases in demand or suspension of manufacturing for regulatory reasons, the Company could experience an interruption in supply of certain products or product shortages until production could be resumed or expanded.

In connection with divestitures, licensing arrangements or distribution agreements of certain of the Company’s products, or in certain other circumstances, the Company has entered into agreements under which the Company has agreed to supply such products to third parties. In addition to liabilities that could arise from the Company’s failure to supply such products under the agreements, these arrangements could require the Company to invest in facilities for the production of non-strategic products, result in additional regulatory filings and obligations or cause an interruption in the manufacturing of its own products.

The Company’s success depends in great measure upon customer confidence in the quality of its products and in the integrity of the data that support their safety and effectiveness. Product quality arises from a total commitment to quality in all parts of the Company’s operations, including research and development, purchasing, facilities planning, manufacturing, and distribution. The Company maintains quality-assurance procedures relating to the quality and integrity of scientific information and production processes.

Control of production processes involves rigid specifications for ingredients, equipment and facilities, manufacturing methods, processes, packaging materials, and labeling. The Company performs tests at various stages of production processes and on the final product to assure that the product meets all regulatory requirements and the Company’s standards. These tests may involve chemical and physical chemical analyses, microbiological testing, or a combination of these along with other analyses. Quality control is provided by business unit/site quality assurance groups that monitor existing manufacturing procedures and systems used by the Company, its subsidiaries and third-party suppliers.

Intellectual Property and Product Exclusivity

The Company owns or licenses a number of patents in the U.S. and foreign countries primarily covering its pharmaceutical products. The Company has also developed many brand names and trademarks for products in all areas. The Company considers the overall protection of its patent, trademark, license and other intellectual property rights to be of material value and acts to protect these rights from infringement.

In the pharmaceutical industry, the majority of an innovative product’s commercial value is usually realized during the period in which the product has market exclusivity. In the U.S. and some other countries, when market exclusivity expires and generic versions of a product are approved and marketed, there can often be very substantial and rapid declines in the product’s sales. The rate of this decline varies by country and by therapeutic category. For a discussion of how generic versions of a product can impact that product’s sales, see “—Generic Competition” below.

A product’s market exclusivity is generally determined by two forms of intellectual property: patent rights held by the innovator company and any regulatory forms of exclusivity to which the innovative drug is entitled.

Patents are a key determinant of market exclusivity for most branded pharmaceuticals. Patents provide the innovator with the right to exclude others from practicing an invention related to the medicine. Patents may cover, among other things, the active ingredient(s), various uses of a drug product, pharmaceutical formulations, drug delivery mechanisms and processes for (or intermediates useful in) the manufacture of products. Protection for individual products extends for varying periods in accordance with the expiration dates of patents in the various countries. The protection afforded, which may also vary from country to country, depends upon the type of patent, its scope of coverage and the availability of meaningful legal remedies in the country.

Market exclusivity is also sometimes influenced by regulatory intellectual property rights. Many developed countries provide certain non-patent incentives for the development of medicines. For example, the U.S., the EU and Japan each provide for a minimum period of time after the approval of a new drug during which the regulatory agency may not rely upon the innovator’s data to approve a competitor’s generic copy. Regulatory intellectual property rights are also available in certain markets as incentives for research on new indications, on orphan drugs and on medicines useful in treating pediatric patients.

 

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Regulatory intellectual property rights are independent of any patent rights that the Company may possess and can be particularly important when a drug lacks broad patent protection. However, most regulatory forms of exclusivity do not prevent a competitor from gaining regulatory approval prior to the expiration of regulatory data exclusivity on the basis of the competitor’s own safety and efficacy data on its drug, even when that drug is identical to that marketed by the innovator.

The Company estimates the likely market exclusivity period for each of its products on a case-by-case basis. It is not possible to predict the length of market exclusivity for any of the Company’s products with certainty because of the complex interaction between patent and regulatory forms of exclusivity, and inherent uncertainties concerning patent litigation. There can be no assurance that a particular product will enjoy market exclusivity for the full period of time that the Company currently estimates or that the exclusivity will be limited to the estimate. For a discussion on market exclusivity, see “—Pharmaceuticals Segment” above.

In addition to patents and regulatory forms of exclusivity, the Company also holds intellectual property in the form of trademarks on products such as ENFAMIL. Trademarks have no effect on market exclusivity for a product, but are considered to have marketing value. Worldwide, all of the Company’s important products are sold under trademarks that are considered in the aggregate to be of material importance. Trademark protection continues in some countries as long as used; in other countries, as long as registered. Registration is for fixed terms and can be renewed indefinitely.

Specific aspects of the law governing market exclusivity for pharmaceuticals vary from country to country. The following summarizes key exclusivity rules in markets representing significant Company sales:

United States

A company seeking to market an innovative pharmaceutical in the U.S. must file a complete set of safety and efficacy data to the FDA. The type of application filed depends on whether the drug is a chemical (a small molecule) or a biological product (a large molecule). If the innovative pharmaceutical is a chemical, the company files a New Drug Application (NDA). If the medicine is a biological product, a BLA is filed. The type of application filed affects regulatory exclusivity rights.

A competitor seeking to launch a generic substitute of a chemical innovative drug in the U.S. must file an aNDA with the FDA. In the aNDA, the generic manufacturer needs to demonstrate only “bioequivalence” between the generic substitute and the approved NDA drug. The aNDA relies upon the safety and efficacy data previously filed by the innovator in its NDA.

Medicines approved under a NDA can receive several types of regulatory data protection. An innovative chemical pharmaceutical (also known as a new chemical entity) is entitled to five years of regulatory data protection in the U.S., during which an aNDA cannot be filed with the FDA. If an innovator’s patent is challenged, as described below, the generic manufacturer may file its aNDA after the fourth year of the five-year data protection period. A pharmaceutical drug product that contains an active ingredient that has been previously approved in a NDA, but is approved in a new formulation or for a new indication on the basis of new clinical trials, receives three years of data protection. Finally, a NDA that is designated as an Orphan Drug, which is a drug that gains an indication for treatment of a condition that occurs only rarely in the U.S., can receive seven years of exclusivity for the orphan indication. During this time period, neither NDAs nor aNDAs for the same drug product can be approved for the same orphan use.

Because a significant portion of patent life can be lost during the time it takes to obtain regulatory approval, the innovator can extend one patent to compensate the innovator for the lost patent term, at least in part. More specifically, the innovator may identify one patent, which claims the product or its approved method of use, and, depending on a number of factors, may extend the expiration date of that patent. There are two limits to these extensions. First, the maximum term a patent can be extended is 5 years, and second, the extension cannot cause the patent to be in effect for more than 14 years from the date of NDA approval.

A company may also earn six months of additional exclusivity for a drug where specific clinical trials are conducted at the written request of the FDA to study the use of the medicine to treat pediatric patients, and submission to the FDA is made prior to the loss of basic exclusivity. This six-month period extends most forms of exclusivity (patent and regulatory) that are listed with the FDA at the time the studies are completed and submitted to the FDA, but not against products already finally approved.

Currently, generic versions of biological products cannot be approved under U.S. law. However, the law could change in the future. Even in the absence of new legislation, the FDA is taking steps toward allowing generic versions of certain biologics. Competitors seeking approval of biological products must file their own safety and efficacy data, and address the challenges of biologics manufacturing, which involves more complex processes and are more costly than those of traditional pharmaceutical operations.

 

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Many (but not all) innovative drugs are also covered by patents held by the NDA sponsor beyond the minimum period of regulatory exclusivity provided by U.S. law.

The innovator company is required to list certain of its patents covering the medicine with the FDA in what is commonly known as the Orange Book. Absent a successful patent challenge, the FDA cannot approve an aNDA until after the innovator’s listed patents expire. However, after the innovator has marketed its product for four years, a generic manufacturer may file an aNDA and allege that one or more of the patents listed in the Orange Book under an innovator’s NDA is either invalid or not infringed. This allegation is commonly known as a “Paragraph IV certification.” The innovator then must decide whether to file a patent infringement suit against the generic manufacturer. If one or more of the NDA-listed patents are successfully challenged, or if the innovator chooses not to sue, the first filer of a Paragraph IV certification (or first filers if more than one generic qualifies) may be entitled to a 180-day period of market exclusivity as against all other generic manufacturers. From time to time aNDAs, including Paragraph IV certifications, are filed with respect to certain of the Company’s products. The Company evaluates these aNDAs on a case-by-case basis and, where warranted, files suit against the generic manufacturer to protect its patent rights.

In the U.S., the increased likelihood of generic challenges to innovators’ intellectual property has increased the risk of loss of innovators’ market exclusivity. First, generic companies have increasingly sought to challenge innovators’ basic patents covering major pharmaceutical products. For a discussion of one such litigation related to patent challenges by generic companies, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies—PLAVIX* Litigation,” and “—Other Intellectual Property Litigation.” Second, statutory and regulatory provisions in the U.S. limit the ability of an innovator company to prevent generic drugs from being approved and launched while patent litigation is ongoing. Third, the FDA is actively considering ways to expand the use of a regulatory mechanism that allows for regulatory approval of drugs that are similar to (but not generic copies of) innovative drugs on the basis of less extensive data than is required for a full NDA. As a result of all of these developments, it is not possible to predict the length of market exclusivity for a particular Company product with certainty based solely on the expiration of the relevant patent(s) or the current forms of regulatory exclusivity. For more information about new legislation, see “—Government Regulation and Price Constraints” below.

European Union

In the EU, most innovative pharmaceuticals are entitled to ten years of regulatory data protection if marketing approval is obtained via the “centralized procedure.” A product that receives approval under the centralized procedure automatically receives approval in every member state of the EU. However, a company then must obtain pricing and reimbursement for the pharmaceutical product, which is typically subject to member state law. The pricing and reimbursement procedure can take months, and sometimes years, to obtain. Consequently, regardless of whether or not the innovative medicine is covered by patents, generic copies relying on the innovator’s data usually cannot be approved for a minimum of ten years after approval. An additional one year of protection is available in certain circumstances in which the innovator drug receives a substantial new indication after approval. For innovative pharmaceuticals that gain marketing approval using the non-centralized mutual recognition procedure, this period is six or ten years depending on the individual EU member state. However, regardless of regulatory exclusivity, competitors may obtain approval of an identical product on the basis of their own safety and efficacy data at any time.

Recent pharmaceutical legislation in the EU has an impact on the procedures for authorization of pharmaceutical products in the EU under both the centralized and mutual recognition procedures. In particular, the legislation contains new data protection provisions. All products (regardless of whether they have been approved under the centralized or the mutual recognition procedures) will be subject to an “8+2+1” regime. Eight years after the innovator has received its first community authorization for a medicinal product, a generic company may file a marketing authorization application for that product with the health authorities. However, the generic company may not commercialize the product until after either ten or eleven years have elapsed from the initial marketing authorization granted to the innovator. The possible one year extension is available if the innovator, during the first eight years of the marketing authorization, obtains an additional indication that is of significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing treatments. There is a transitional provision for these new data protection requirements, and these provisions will apply as new marketing authorization applications are submitted under the new legislation.

Patents on pharmaceutical products are generally enforceable in the EU. However, in contrast to the U.S., patents are not listed with regulatory authorities. Generic copies can be approved after data protection expires, regardless of whether the innovator holds patents covering its drug. Thus, it is possible that an innovator may be seeking to enforce its patents against a generic competitor that is already marketing its product. Also, the European patent system has an opposition procedure in which generic manufacturers may challenge the validity of patents covering innovator products within nine months of grant. As in the U.S., patents in the EU may be extended to compensate for the patent term lost during the regulatory review process. Such extensions are granted on a country-by-country basis.

In general, EU law treats chemically synthesized drugs and biologically derived drugs the same with respect to intellectual property and market exclusivity. The European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) has issued a Guideline that outlines what additional information has to be provided for biosimilar products, also known as generic biologics, in order for the EMEA to review an application for marketing approval.

 

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Japan

In Japan, medicines of new chemical entities (NCEs) are generally afforded six years of data exclusivity for approved indications and dosage. Japan’s Ministry of Health is expected to extend the pharmaceutical data exclusivity period for NCEs to eight years in 2007. Patents on pharmaceutical products are enforceable. Generic copies can receive regulatory approval after data exclusivity and patent expirations. As in the U.S., patents in Japan may be extended to compensate for the patent term lost during the regulatory review process.

In general, Japanese law treats chemically synthesized and biologically derived drugs the same with respect to intellectual property and market exclusivity.

Rest of World

In countries outside of the U.S., the EU and Japan, there is a wide variety of legal systems with respect to intellectual property and market exclusivity of pharmaceuticals. Most other developed countries utilize systems similar to either the U.S. (e.g., Canada) or the EU (e.g., Switzerland). Among developing countries, some have adopted patent laws and/or regulatory exclusivity laws, while others have not. Some developing countries have formally adopted laws in order to comply with World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments, but have not taken steps to implement these laws in a meaningful way. Enforcement of WTO obligations is a long process, and there is no assurance of the outcome. Thus, in assessing the likely future market exclusivity of the Company’s innovative drugs in developing countries, the Company takes into account not only formal legal rights but political and other factors as well.

Marketing, Distribution and Customers

The Company promotes its products in medical journals and directly to health care providers such as doctors, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, pharmacists, technologists, hospitals, Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs), Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) and government agencies. The Company also markets directly to consumers in the U.S. through direct-to-consumer print, radio and television advertising. In addition, the Company sponsors general advertising to educate the public about its innovative medical research. For a discussion of the regulation of promotion and marketing of pharmaceuticals, see “—Government Regulation and Price Constraints” below.

Through the Company’s sales and marketing organizations, the Company explains the approved uses and advantages of its products to medical professionals. The Company works to gain access to health authority, PBM and MCO formularies (lists of recommended or approved medicines and other products), including Medicare Part D plans and reimbursement lists by demonstrating the qualities and treatment benefits of its products. Marketing of prescription pharmaceuticals is limited to the approved uses of the particular product, but the Company continues to develop information about its products and provides such information in response to unsolicited inquiries from doctors and other medical professionals. All drugs must complete clinical trials required by regulatory authorities to show they are safe and effective for treating one or more medical problems. A manufacturer may choose, however, to undertake additional studies, including comparative clinical trials with competitive products, to demonstrate additional advantages of a compound. Those studies can be costly and take years to complete, and the results are uncertain. Balancing these considerations makes it difficult to decide whether and when to undertake such additional studies. But, when they are successful, such studies can have a major impact on approved marketing claims and strategies.

The Company’s operations include several pharmaceutical marketing and sales organizations. Each organization markets a distinct group of products supported by a sales force and is typically based on particular therapeutic areas or physician groups. These sales forces often focus on selling new products when they are introduced, and promotion to physicians is increasingly targeted at specialists and high value primary care physicians.

The Company’s prescription pharmaceutical products are sold principally to wholesalers, but the Company also sells directly to retailers, hospitals, clinics, government agencies and pharmacies. In 2006, sales to three pharmaceutical wholesalers in the U.S., McKesson, Cardinal Health, Inc. (Cardinal) and AmerisourceBergen Corporation (AmerisourceBergen) accounted for approximately 18%, 17% and 10%, respectively, of the Company’s total net sales. In 2005, sales to McKesson, Cardinal and AmerisourceBergen accounted for approximately 20%, 19% and 11%, respectively, of the Company’s total net sales. In 2004, sales to McKesson, Cardinal and AmerisourceBergen accounted for approximately 19%, 17% and 10%, respectively, of the Company’s total net sales. Sales to these U.S. wholesalers were concentrated in the Pharmaceuticals segment.

The Company’s U.S. Pharmaceuticals business, through the Inventory Management Agreements (IMAs), has arrangements with substantially all of its direct wholesaler customers that allow the Company to monitor U.S. wholesaler inventory levels and require those wholesalers to maintain inventory levels that are no more than one month of their demand. The agreements have a two-year term, through December 31, 2007, subject to certain termination provisions.

 

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During 2004 and through May 2005, McKesson, one of the Company’s wholesalers, provided warehousing, packing and shipping services for ERBITUX*. McKesson held ERBITUX* inventory on consignment and, under the Company’s revenue recognition policy, the Company recognized revenue when such inventory was shipped by McKesson to the end-users. McKesson also held inventories of ERBITUX* for its own account. Upon the divestiture of OTN in May 2005, the Company discontinued the consignment arrangement with McKesson and McKesson no longer held inventories for its own account. Thereafter, the Company sold ERBITUX* to intermediaries (such as wholesalers and specialty oncology distributors) and shipped ERBITUX* directly to the end-users of the product who are the customers of those intermediaries. Beginning in the third quarter of 2006, the Company expanded its distribution model to include one of the Company’s wholesalers who then held ERBITUX* inventory. The Company recognizes revenue upon such shipment consistent with its revenue recognition policy.

For information on sales and marketing of nutritionals and other health care products, see “—Nutritionals Segment” and “—Other Health Care Segment” above.

Competition

The markets in which the Company competes are generally broad-based and highly competitive. The principal means of competition vary among product categories and business groups.

The Company’s Pharmaceuticals segment competes with other worldwide research-based drug companies, many smaller research companies with more limited therapeutic focus and generic drug manufacturers. Important competitive factors include product efficacy, safety and ease of use, price and demonstrated cost-effectiveness, marketing effectiveness, product labeling, service and research and development of new products and processes. Sales of the Company’s products can be impacted by new studies that indicate a competitor’s product has greater efficacy for treating a disease or particular form of disease than one of the Company’s products. The Company’s sales also can be impacted by additional labeling requirements relating to safety or convenience that may be imposed on its products by the FDA or by similar regulatory agencies in different countries. If competitors introduce new products and processes with therapeutic or cost advantages, the Company’s products can be subject to progressive price reductions or decreased volume of sales, or both.

To successfully compete for business with managed care and pharmacy benefits management organizations, the Company must often demonstrate that its products offer not only medical benefits but also cost advantages as compared with other forms of care. Most new products that the Company introduces must compete with other products already on the market or products that are later developed by competitors. Manufacturers of generic pharmaceuticals typically invest far less in research and development than research-based pharmaceutical companies and therefore can price their products significantly lower than branded products. Accordingly, when a branded product loses its market exclusivity, it normally faces intense price competition from generic forms of the product. In certain countries outside the U.S., patent protection is weak or nonexistent and the Company must compete with generic versions shortly after it launches its innovative product. In addition, generic pharmaceutical companies may introduce a generic product before exclusivity has expired, and before the resolution of any related patent litigation. For a discussion of the generic launch of a clopidogrel bisulfate product that competes with PLAVIX*, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies—PLAVIX* Litigation.”

Many other companies, large and small, manufacture and sell one or more products that are similar to those marketed by the Company’s Nutritionals and Other Health Care segments. Sources of competitive advantage include product quality and efficacy, brand identity, advertising and promotion, product innovation, broad distribution capabilities, customer satisfaction and price. Significant expenditures for advertising, promotion and marketing are generally required to achieve both consumer and trade acceptance of these products.

The Company believes its long-term competitive position depends upon its success in discovering and developing innovative, cost-effective products that serve unmet medical need, together with its ability to manufacture the products efficiently and to market them effectively in a highly competitive environment. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development efforts will result in commercially successful products or that its products or processes will not become outmoded from time to time as a result of products or processes developed by its competitors.

Managed Care Organizations

The growth of MCOs in the U.S. has been a major factor in the competitive make-up of the health care marketplace. Over half the U.S. population now participates in some version of managed care. Because of the size of the patient population covered by MCOs, marketing of prescription drugs to them and the PBMs that serve many of those organizations has become important to the Company’s business. MCOs can include medical insurance companies, medical plan administrators, health-maintenance

 

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organizations, Medicare Part D formularies, alliances of hospitals and physicians and other physician organizations. Those organizations have been consolidating into fewer, even larger entities, enhancing their purchasing strength and importance to the Company.

A major objective of MCOs is to contain and, where possible, reduce health care expenditures. They typically use formularies, volume purchases and long-term contracts to negotiate discounts from pharmaceutical providers. MCOs and PBMs typically develop formularies to reduce their cost for medications. Formularies can be based on the prices and therapeutic benefits of the available products. Due to their generally lower cost, generic medicines are often favored. The breadth of the products covered by formularies can vary considerably from one MCO to another, and many formularies include alternative and competitive products for treatment of particular medical problems. MCOs use a variety of means to encourage patients’ use of products listed on their formularies.

Exclusion of a product from a formulary can lead to its sharply reduced usage in the MCO patient population. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies compete aggressively to have their products included. Where possible, companies compete for inclusion based upon unique features of their products, such as greater efficacy, better patient ease of use or fewer side effects. A lower overall cost of therapy is also an important factor. Products that demonstrate fewer therapeutic advantages must compete for inclusion based primarily on price. The Company has been generally, although not universally, successful in having its major products included on MCO formularies.

Generic Competition

One of the biggest competitive challenges that the Company faces in the U.S. and, to a lesser extent, internationally is from generic pharmaceutical manufacturers. Upon the expiration or loss of market exclusivity on a product, the Company can lose the major portion of sales of that product in a very short period of time. In the U.S., the FDA approval process exempts generics from costly and time-consuming clinical trials to demonstrate their safety and efficacy, and allows generic manufacturers to rely on the safety and efficacy of the innovator product. Therefore, generic competitors operate without the Company’s large research and development expenses and its costs of conveying medical information about the product to the medical community. For more information about market exclusivity, see “—Intellectual Property and Product Exclusivity” above.

The rate of sales decline of a product after the expiration of exclusivity varies by country. In general, the decline in the U.S. market is more rapid than in most other developed countries. Also, the declines in developed countries tend to be more rapid than in developing countries.

The rate of sales decline after the expiration of exclusivity has also historically been influenced by product characteristics. For example, drugs that are used in a large patient population (e.g., those prescribed by primary care physicians) tend to experience more rapid declines than drugs in specialized areas of medicine (e.g., oncology). Drugs that are more complex to manufacture (e.g., sterile injectable products) usually experience a slower decline than those that are simpler to manufacture.

As noted above, MCOs that focus primarily on the immediate cost of drugs often favor generics over brand-name drugs. Many governments also encourage the use of generics as alternatives to brand-name drugs in their health care programs. Laws in the U.S. generally allow, and in many cases require, pharmacists to substitute generic drugs that have been rated under government procedures to be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name drug. The substitution must be made unless the prescribing physician expressly forbids it. These laws and policies provide an added incentive for generic manufacturers to seek marketing approval as the automatic substitution removes the need for generic manufacturers to incur many of the sales and marketing costs, which innovators must incur.

Research and Development

The Company invests heavily in research and development because it believes it is critical to its long-term competitiveness. Pharmaceutical research and development is carried out by the Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, which has major facilities in Princeton, Hopewell and New Brunswick, NJ and Wallingford, CT. Pharmaceutical research and development is also carried out at various other facilities in the U.S. and in Belgium, Canada, and the UK. Management continues to emphasize leadership, innovation, productivity and quality as strategies for success in the Pharmaceutical Research Institute.

The Company spent $3,067 million in 2006, $2,746 million in 2005 and $2,500 million in 2004 on Company sponsored research and development activities. The Company sponsored pharmaceutical research and development spending includes certain payments under third-party collaborations and contracts. At the end of 2006, the Company employed approximately 8,100 people in research and development throughout the Company, including over 6,400 in the Pharmaceutical Research Institute, including a substantial number of physicians, scientists holding graduate or postgraduate degrees and higher skilled technical personnel.

The Company concentrates its pharmaceutical research and development efforts in the following disease areas with significant unmet medical need: Affective (psychiatric) disorders, Alzheimer’s/dementia, atherosclerosis/thrombosis, diabetes, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, obesity, oncology, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases and solid organ transplant. However, the Company continues

 

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to analyze and may selectively pursue promising leads in other areas. In addition to discovering and developing new molecular entities, the Company looks for ways to expand the value of existing products through new uses and formulations that can provide additional benefits to patients.

To supplement the Company’s internal efforts, the Company collaborates with independent research organizations, including educational institutions and research-based pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and contracts with others for the performance of research in their facilities. The Company’s drug discovery program includes many alliances and collaborative agreements. These agreements bring new products into the pipeline or help the Company remain on the cutting edge of technology in the search for novel medicines. In drug development, the Company engages the services of physicians, hospitals, medical schools and other research organizations worldwide to conduct clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of new products.

Drug development is time-consuming, expensive and risky. In the development of human health products, industry practice and government regulations in the U.S. and most foreign countries provide for the determination of effectiveness and safety of new molecular entities through preclinical tests and controlled clinical evaluation. Before a new drug may be marketed in the U.S., recorded data on preclinical and clinical experience are included in the NDA or the BLA to the FDA for the required approval. The development of certain other products is also subject to government regulations covering safety and efficacy in the U.S. and many foreign countries. There can be no assurance that a compound developed as a result of any program will obtain the regulatory approvals necessary for it to be marketed for any particular disease indication.

On average, only about one in ten thousand chemical compounds discovered by pharmaceutical industry researchers proves to be both medically effective and safe enough to become an approved medicine. The process from discovery to regulatory approval typically takes ten years or longer. Drug candidates can fail at any stage of the process, and even late-stage product candidates sometimes fail to receive regulatory approval. The Company believes its investments in research, both internally and in collaboration with others, have been rewarded by the number of new pharmaceutical compounds and indications it has in all stages of development.

Listed below are several investigational compounds that the Company has in the later stages of development. All of these compounds are in Phase III clinical trials. Whether or not any of these investigational compounds ultimately becomes one of the Company’s marketed products depends on the results of pre-clinical and clinical studies, the competitive landscape of the potential product’s market and the manufacturing processes necessary to produce the potential product on a commercial scale, among other factors. However, as noted above, there can be no assurance that the Company will seek regulatory approval of any of these compounds or that, if such approval is sought, it will be obtained. At this stage of development, the Company cannot determine all intellectual property issues or all the patent protection that may, or may not, be available for these investigational compounds. The patent coverage highlighted below does not include potential patent term extensions.

 

Apixaban    Apixaban, an oral Factor Xa inhibitor, which is being developed internally, has recently entered Phase III clinical trials for the prevention of thromboembolic disorders. The Company owns an issued U.S. patent covering composition of matter and method of use of apixaban that expires in September 2022 (extended to February 2023 via patent term adjustment).
Saxagliptin    Saxagliptin is an oral compound for the potential treatment of diabetes, which was discovered internally and is currently in Phase III clinical trials. In January 2007, the Company entered into a worldwide (except for Japan) agreement with AstraZeneca for the codevelopment and cocommercialization of saxagliptin. A patent application covering the composition of matter has been issued and will expire in 2021 in the U.S.
Ixabepilone    Ixabepilone, an epothilone B analog, is a novel microtubule-stabilizing agent for multiple tumor types. It is in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer. The Company has a composition of matter patent in the U.S. that expires in 2018. The Company acquired rights to develop ixabepilone and other compounds in the class of epothilones and their analogs from Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research.
Ipilimumab    Ipilimumab, which is being codeveloped with Medarex and is currently in Phase III clinical trials, is a monoclonal antibody being investigated as an anticancer treatment. It is in a novel class of agents intended to potentiate elements of the immunologic response. The Company owns a composition of matter patent that expires in the U.S. in 2016 and has rights to method of use patents owned by Medarex that expire in the U.S. in 2015. The Company also has rights to a Medarex composition of matter patent that expires in 2020 (extended to 2022 via patent term adjustment) and pending Medarex patent applications covering composition of matter and method of use of ipilimumab.

 

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Belatacept    Belatacept, a biological product, which is being developed internally and is in Phase III clinical trials, is a fusion protein with novel immunosuppressive activity targeted at prevention of solid organ transplant rejection. The Company has a composition of matter patent that expires in the U.S. in 2021.
Vinflunine    Vinflunine, which is being codeveloped with Pierre Fabre and is currently in Phase III clinical trials for metastatic bladder cancer, is a novel investigational anti-cancer agent. Pierre Fabre has a composition of matter patent that expires in the U.S. in 2014.

The Company sometimes enters into agreements with respect to its own investigational compounds in order to share the costs and risks of development, and in some cases, facilitate their commercialization. These agreements can take many forms, including codevelopment, comarketing, copromotion and/or joint venture arrangements.

The Company’s competitors also devote substantial funds and resources to research and development. In addition, the consolidation that has occurred in the pharmaceutical industry has created companies with substantial research and development resources. The extent to which the Company’s competitors are successful in their research could result in erosion of the sales of its products and unanticipated product obsolescence.

Government Regulation and Price Constraints

The pharmaceutical industry is subject to extensive global regulation by regional, country, state and local agencies. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDC Act), other Federal statutes and regulations, various state statutes and regulations, and laws and regulations of foreign governments govern to varying degrees the testing, approval, production, labeling, distribution, post-market surveillance, advertising, dissemination of information, and promotion of the Company’s products. The lengthy process of laboratory and clinical testing, data analysis, manufacturing, development, and regulatory review necessary for required governmental approvals is extremely costly and can significantly delay product introductions in a given market. Promotion, marketing, manufacturing and distribution of pharmaceutical products are extensively regulated in all major world markets. In addition, the Company’s operations are subject to complex Federal, state, local, and foreign environmental and occupational safety laws and regulations. The Company anticipates that the laws and regulations affecting the manufacture and sale of current products and the introduction of new products will continue to require substantial scientific and technical effort, time, expense and significant capital investment.

Of particular importance is the FDA in the U.S. It has jurisdiction over virtually all of the Company’s businesses and imposes requirements covering the testing, safety, effectiveness, manufacturing, labeling, marketing, advertising and post-marketing surveillance of the Company’s pharmaceutical products. The FDA also regulates most of the Company’s Nutritionals and Other Health Care products. In many cases, the FDA’s requirements have increased the amount of time and money necessary to develop new products and bring them to market in the U.S.

The Company’s pharmaceutical products, as well as the medical device products it sells through its ConvaTec business, are subject to pre-market approval requirements in the U.S. New drugs are approved under, and are subject to, the FDC Act and related regulations. Biological drugs are subject to both the FDC Act and the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act), and related regulations. Biological drugs are licensed under the PHS Act. Medical devices are subject to the FDC Act including Medical Device Amendments. The Nutritional products are regulated by the FDA primarily under the Infant Formula Act of 1980 and its amendments.

The FDA mandates that drugs be manufactured, packaged and labeled in conformity with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) established by the FDA. In complying with cGMP regulations, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in production, record keeping and quality control to ensure that the product meets applicable specifications and other requirements to ensure product safety and efficacy. The FDA periodically inspects drug manufacturing facilities to ensure compliance with applicable cGMP requirements. Failure to comply with the statutory and regulatory requirements subjects the manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, such as suspension of manufacturing, seizure of product or voluntary recall of a product. Adverse experiences with the use of products must be reported to the FDA and could result in the imposition of market restrictions through labeling changes or in product removal. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems concerning safety or efficacy of the product occur following approval.

The Federal government has extensive enforcement powers over the activities of pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers, including authority to withdraw product approvals, commence actions to seize and prohibit the sale of unapproved or non-complying products, to halt manufacturing operations that are not in compliance with cGMPs, and to impose or seek injunctions, voluntary recalls, and civil monetary and criminal penalties. Such a restriction or prohibition on sales or withdrawal of approval of products marketed by the Company could materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations and cash flows. The Federal government has similar powers with respect to the manufacturing operations of the Nutritionals business.

 

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Marketing authorization for the Company’s products is subject to revocation by the applicable governmental agencies. In addition, modifications or enhancements of approved products or changes in manufacturing locations are in many circumstances subject to additional FDA approvals, which may or may not be received and which may be subject to a lengthy application process.

The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA) as part of the FDC Act, which regulates such activities at both the Federal and state level. Under the PDMA and its implementing regulations, states are permitted to require registration of manufacturers and distributors who provide pharmaceuticals even if such manufacturers or distributors have no place of business within the state. States are also permitted to adopt regulations limiting the distribution of product samples to licensed practitioners. The PDMA also imposes extensive licensing, personnel record keeping, packaging, quantity, labeling, product handling and facility storage and security requirements intended to prevent the sale of pharmaceutical product samples or other diversions. For discussion of recent settlement of certain investigations of drug pricing and sales and marketing activities, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

The marketing practices of all U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturers are subject to Federal and state health care laws that are used to protect the integrity of government health care programs. The Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (OIG) oversees compliance with applicable Federal laws, in connection with the payment for products by government funded programs (primarily Medicaid and Medicare). These laws include the Federal anti-kickback statute which criminalizes the offering of something of value to induce the recommendation, order or purchase of products or services reimbursed under a government health care program. The OIG has issued a series of Guidances to segments of the health care industry, including the 2003 Compliance Program Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers (the OIG Guidance), which includes a recommendation that pharmaceutical manufacturers, at a minimum, adhere to the PhRMA Code, a voluntary industry code of marketing practices. The Company subscribes to the PhRMA Code, and has implemented a compliance program to address the requirements set forth in the OIG Guidance and the Company’s compliance with the health care laws. Failure to comply with these health care laws could subject the Company to administrative and legal proceedings, including actions by the state and Federal government agencies. Such actions could result in the imposition of civil and criminal sanctions, which may include fines, penalties and injunctive remedies, the impact of which could materially adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations and cash flows.

The Company is also subject to the jurisdiction of various other Federal and state regulatory and enforcement departments and agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice and the Department of Health and Human Services in the U.S. The Company is also licensed by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency to procure and produce controlled substances. The Company is, therefore, subject to possible administrative and legal proceedings and actions by those organizations. Such actions may result in the imposition of civil and criminal sanctions, which may include fines, penalties and injunctive or administrative remedies.

Various Federal and state agencies have regulatory authority regarding the manufacture, storage, transportation and disposal of many Medical Imaging products because of their radioactive nature.

The Company’s activities outside the U.S. are also subject to regulatory requirements governing the testing, approval, safety, effectiveness, manufacturing, labeling and marketing of the Company’s products. These regulatory requirements vary from country to country. In the EU, there are two ways that a company can obtain marketing authorization for a pharmaceutical product. The first route is the “centralized procedure.” This procedure is compulsory for certain pharmaceutical products, in particular those using biotechnological processes, but also is available for certain new chemical compounds and products. The second route to obtain marketing authorization in the EU is the “mutual recognition procedure.” Applications are made to a single member state, and if the member state approves the pharmaceutical product under a national procedure, then the applicant may submit that approval to the mutual recognition procedure of some or all other member states. As set forth above, pricing and reimbursement of the product continues to be the subject of member state law.

Whether or not FDA approval or approval of the EMEA has been obtained for a product, approval of the product by comparable regulatory authorities of countries outside of the U.S. or the EU, as the case may be, must be obtained prior to marketing the product in those countries. The approval process may be more or less rigorous from country to country and the time required for approval may be longer or shorter than that required in the U.S. Approval in one country does not assure that such product will be approved in another country.

In many markets outside the U.S., the Company operates in an environment of government-mandated, cost-containment programs. Several governments have placed restrictions on physician prescription levels and patient reimbursements, emphasized greater use of generic drugs and/or enacted across-the-board price cuts as methods of cost control. Most European countries do not provide market pricing for new medicines, except the UK and Germany. Pricing freedom is limited in the UK by the operation of a profit control plan and in Germany by the operation of a reference price system. Companies also face significant delays, mainly in France, Spain, Italy and Belgium, in market access for new products, and more than two years can elapse before new medicines become available on some national markets. Additionally, member states of the EU have regularly imposed new or additional cost containment measures for pharmaceuticals. In recent years, Italy, for example, has imposed mandatory price decreases. The existence of price differentials within Europe due to the different national pricing and reimbursement laws leads to significant parallel trade flows.

 

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In recent years, Congress and some state legislatures have considered a number of proposals and have enacted laws that could effect major changes in the health care system, either nationally or at the state level. Driven in part by budget concerns, Medicaid access and reimbursement restrictions have been implemented in some states and proposed in many others. Similar cost containment issues exist in many foreign countries where the Company does business.

Federal and state governments also have pursued direct methods to reduce the cost of drugs for which they pay. The Company participates in state government-managed Medicaid programs as well as certain other qualifying Federal and state government programs whereby discounts and rebates are provided to participating state and local government entities. Rebates under Medicaid and related state programs reduced revenues by $174 million in 2006, $595 million in 2005 and $673 million in 2004. The decrease in 2006 as compared to 2005 was primarily due to the exclusivity loss of PRAVACHOL and lower PLAVIX* sales. The shift in patient enrollment from Medicaid to Medicare under Medicare Part D also resulted in a decrease in Medicaid rebates, which was partially offset by a corresponding increase in the Company’s managed health care rebates. The Company also participates in prime vendor programs with government entities, the most significant of which are the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. These entities receive minimum discounts based off a defined “non-federal average manufacturer price” for purchases. Other prime vendor programs in which the Company participates provide discounts for outpatient medicines purchased by certain Public Health Service entities and other hospitals meeting certain criteria. The Company recorded discounts related to the prime vendor programs of $703 million in 2006, $1,090 million in 2005 and $1,319 million in 2004.

In the U.S., governmental cost containment efforts have extended to the federally funded Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for WIC. All states participate in the WIC program and have sought and obtained rebates from manufacturers of infant formula whose products are used in the program. All states have conducted competitive bidding for infant formula contracts, which require the use of specific infant formula products by the state WIC program, unless a physician requests a non-contract formula for a WIC customer. States participating in the WIC program are required to engage in competitive bidding or to use other cost containment measures that yield savings equal to or greater than the savings generated by a competitive bidding system. Mead Johnson participates in this program and approximately half of its gross U.S. sales are subject to rebates under the WIC program. Rebates under the WIC program reduced revenues by $872 million in 2006, $843 million in 2005 and $846 million in 2004.

For further discussion of these rebates and programs, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations.”

Environmental Regulation

The Company’s facilities and operations are subject to extensive U.S. and foreign laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety, including those governing discharges of pollutants into the air and water, the use, management and disposal of hazardous, radioactive and biological materials and wastes, and the cleanup of contamination. Pollution controls and permits are required for many of the Company’s operations, and these permits are subject to modification, renewal or revocation by the issuing authorities.

An environment, health and safety group within the Company monitors operations around the world, providing the Company with an overview of regulatory requirements and overseeing the implementation of Company standards for compliance. The Company also incurs operating and capital costs for such matters on an ongoing basis. The Company expended approximately $27 million, $38 million and $50 million on capital environmental projects undertaken specifically to meet environmental requirements in 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively, and expects to spend approximately $57 million in 2007. Although the Company believes that it is in substantial compliance with applicable environmental, health and safety requirements and the permits required for its operations, the Company nevertheless could incur additional costs, including civil or criminal fines or penalties, clean-up costs, or third-party claims for property damage or personal injury, for violations or liabilities under these laws.

Many of the Company’s current and former facilities have been in operation for many years, and, over time, the Company and other operators of those facilities have generated, used, stored or disposed of substances or wastes that are considered hazardous under Federal, state and foreign environmental laws, including the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). As a result, the soil and groundwater at or under certain of these facilities is or may be contaminated, and the Company may be required to make significant expenditures to investigate, control and remediate such contamination, and in some cases to provide compensation and/or restoration for damages to natural resources. Currently, the Company is involved in investigation and remediation at approximately 12 current or former Company facilities. The Company has also been identified as a “potentially responsible party” (PRP) under applicable laws for environmental conditions at approximately 30 former waste disposal or reprocessing facilities operated by third parties at which investigation and/or remediation activities are ongoing.

 

29


The Company may face liability under CERCLA and other Federal, state and foreign laws for the entire cost of investigation or remediation of contaminated sites, or for natural resource damages, regardless of fault or ownership at the time of the disposal or release. In addition, at certain sites the Company bears remediation responsibility pursuant to contract obligations. Generally, at third-party operator sites involving multiple PRPs, liability has been or is expected to be apportioned based on the nature and amount of hazardous substances disposed of by each party at the site and the number of financially viable PRPs. For additional information about these matters, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

Employees

The Company employed approximately 43,000 people at December 31, 2006.

Foreign Operations

The Company has significant operations outside the U.S. They are conducted both through the Company’s subsidiaries and through distributors, and involve all three of the same business segments as the Company’s U.S. operations —Pharmaceuticals, Nutritionals and Other Health Care.

Revenues from operations outside the U.S. of $8.2 billion accounted for 46% of the Company’s total revenues in 2006. In 2006, revenues exceeded $500 million in each of France, Japan, Canada, Spain, Italy and Mexico. In 2005, revenues exceeded $500 million in each of France, Japan, Spain, Canada, Italy and Germany. In 2004, revenues exceeded $500 million in each of France, Japan, Germany, Spain, Italy, Canada and the UK. No single country outside the U.S. contributed more than 10% of the Company’s total revenues in 2006, 2005 or 2004. For a geographic breakdown of net sales, see the table captioned Geographic in “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 18. Segment Information” and for further discussion of the Company’s sales by geographic area see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Geographic Areas.”

International operations are subject to certain risks, which are inherent in conducting business abroad, including, but not limited to, currency fluctuations, possible nationalization or expropriation, price and exchange controls, counterfeit, limitations on foreign participation in local enterprises and other restrictive governmental actions. The Company’s international businesses are also subject to government-imposed constraints, including laws on pricing or reimbursement for use of products.

Depending on the direction of change relative to the U.S. dollar, foreign currency values can increase or reduce the reported dollar value of the Company’s net assets and results of operations. In 2006, the change in foreign exchange rates had a net favorable impact on the growth rate of revenues. While the Company cannot predict with certainty future changes in foreign exchange rates or the effect they will have on it, the Company attempts to mitigate their impact through operational means and by using various financial instruments. See the discussions under “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 17. Financial Instruments.”

 

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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Any of the factors described below could significantly and negatively affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, or our credit ratings, which could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company, or risks that the Company currently considers immaterial, may also impair the Company’s operations.

The patent infringement lawsuit with Apotex involving PLAVIX* is ongoing, and there is a risk of generic competition from Apotex and from other generic pharmaceutical companies.

The Company’s largest product ranked by net sales is PLAVIX* (clopidogrel bisulfate) with net sales in the United States (U.S.) of $2.7 billion in 2006, $3.2 billion for 2005 and $2.8 billion in 2004. The composition of matter patent for PLAVIX*, which expires in 2011, is currently the subject of patent litigation in the U.S. with Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (Apotex) and other generic companies as well as in other less significant jurisdictions.

On August 8, 2006, Apotex launched a generic clopidogrel bisulfate product that competes with PLAVIX*. On August 31, 2006, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (the Court) in the patent litigation with Apotex granted a motion by the Company and its product partner, Sanofi-Aventis (Sanofi), to enjoin further sales of Apotex’s generic clopidogrel bisulfate product, but did not order Apotex to recall product from its customers. The Court’s grant of a preliminary injunction has been affirmed on appeal. The trial in the underlying patent litigation ended on February 15, 2007 and the Court is expected to rule following post-trial briefing.

The at-risk launch of generic clopidogrel bisulfate had a significant adverse effect on net sales of PLAVIX* in 2006, which the Company estimates to be in the range of $1.2 billion to $1.4 billion. In particular, the launch had a significant adverse effect on net sales in the third quarter, which the Company estimates to be in the range of $525 million to $600 million, as well as in the fourth quarter of 2006, which the Company estimates to be in the range of $700 million to $750 million. In the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2006, U.S. net sales for PLAVIX* were $850 million, $988 million, $474 million and $343 million, respectively. Estimated total U.S. prescription demand for clopidogrel bisulfate (branded and generic) increased by 14% in 2006 compared to 2005, while estimated total U.S. prescription demand for branded PLAVIX* decreased by 18% in the same period. The Company expects generic clopidogrel bisulfate that was sold into distribution channels following the Apotex at-risk launch in August 2006 will have a residual impact on PLAVIX* net sales and the Company’s overall financial results into 2007. The full impact of Apotex’s launch of its generic clopidogrel bisulfate product on the Company cannot be reasonably estimated at this time and will depend on a number of factors, including, among others, the amount of generic product sold by Apotex; whether the Company and Sanofi (the Companies) prevail in the underlying patent litigation; even if the Companies prevail in the pending patent case, the extent to which the launch by Apotex will permanently adversely impact the pricing and prescription demand for PLAVIX*, the amount of damages that would be sought and/or recovered by the Companies, and Apotex’s ability to pay such damages. Loss of market exclusivity of PLAVIX* and/or sustained generic competition would be material to the Company’s sales of PLAVIX*, results of operations and cash flows, and could be material to the Company’s financial condition and liquidity.

The Company’s U.S. territory partnership under its alliance with Sanofi is also a plaintiff in three additional pending patent infringement lawsuits against Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Inc. and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, LTD (Dr. Reddy’s), Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (Teva) and Cobalt Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Cobalt), all related to the U.S. Patent No. 4,847,265. A trial date for the action against Dr. Reddy’s has not been set. The patent infringement actions against Teva and Cobalt have been stayed pending resolution of the Apotex litigation, and the parties to those actions have agreed to be bound by the outcome of the litigation against Apotex, although Teva and Cobalt can appeal the outcome of the litigation. Each of Dr. Reddy’s and Teva have filed an Abbreviated New Drug Application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and all exclusivity periods and statutory stay periods under the Hatch-Waxman Act have expired, with the exception of the 30-month stay that applies to Teva, which expires on February 27, 2007. Accordingly, final approval by the FDA would provide each company authorization to distribute a generic clopidogrel bisulfate product in the U.S., subject to various legal remedies for which the Companies may apply including injunctive relief and damages.

The Company continues to believe that the PLAVIX* patents are valid and infringed, and with Sanofi, is vigorously pursuing enforcement of their patent rights of PLAVIX*. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the ultimate outcome of the ongoing patent litigation with Apotex, or of the other PLAVIX* patent litigations, or the timing of any renewed generic competition for PLAVIX* from Apotex or additional generic competition for PLAVIX* from other third-party generic pharmaceutical companies. However, if Apotex were to prevail at trial, the Company would expect to face renewed generic competition for PLAVIX* from Apotex promptly thereafter.

As previously disclosed, prior to the generic launch by Apotex, the Companies had entered into a proposed settlement with Apotex of the pending PLAVIX* patent litigation, which failed to receive the required antitrust clearances. The Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice is conducting a criminal investigation regarding the proposed settlement of the PLAVIX* patent

 

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litigation with Apotex. The Company is cooperating fully with the investigation. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the outcome of the investigation or its impact on the Company. It also is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the impact, if any, of the investigation on the Company’s compliance with the Deferred Prosecution Agreement with the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of New Jersey.

The Company has recorded deferred tax assets related to U.S. foreign tax credit and research tax credit carryforwards, which expire in varying amounts beginning in 2012. Realization of the foreign tax credit and research tax credit carryforwards is dependent on generating sufficient domestic taxable income prior to their expiration. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will be realized. The amount of foreign tax credit and research tax credit carryforwards considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if PLAVIX* is subject to either renewed or additional generic competition. If such events occur, the Company may need to record significant valuation allowances against these U.S. Federal deferred tax assets.

Additional information about the pending PLAVIX* patent litigation and related legal matters is included in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis—Executive Summary—PLAVIX*,” “—OUTLOOK” and “—SEC Consent Order and Deferred Prosecution Agreement” and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

The Company faces competition from other pharmaceutical manufacturers, including from lower-priced generic products.

Competition from manufacturers of competing products, including lower-priced generic versions of the Company’s products is a major challenge, both within the U.S. and internationally. Such competition may include (i) new products developed by competitors that have lower prices or superior performance features or that are otherwise competitive with the Company’s current products; (ii) technological advances and patents attained by competitors; (iii) results of clinical studies related to the Company’s products or a competitor’s products; (iv) problems with licensors, suppliers and distributors; and (v) business combinations among the Company’s competitors and major customers. Manufacturers of generic products are also increasingly seeking to challenge patents before they expire, and may in some cases launch a generic product before the expiration of the applicable patent(s) and/or before the final resolution of related patent litigation.

The Company may experience difficulties and delays in the manufacturing and sale of its products.

The Company may experience difficulties and delays inherent in manufacturing and sale, such as (i) seizure or recalls of pharmaceutical products or forced closings of manufacturing plants; (ii) the failure to obtain, the imposition of limitations on the use of, or loss of patent and other intellectual property rights; (iii) failure of the Company or any of its vendors or suppliers to comply with Current Good Manufacturing Practices and other application regulations and quality assurance guidelines that could lead to temporary manufacturing shutdowns, product shortages and delays in product manufacturing; (iv) construction delays related to the construction of new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities, including those intended to support future demand for the Company’s biologics products; and (v) other manufacturing or distribution problems including changes in manufacturing production sites and limits to manufacturing capacity due to regulatory requirements, changes in types of products produced, such as biologics, or physical limitations that could impact continuous supply.

The Company may experience difficulties or delays in the development and commercialization of new products.

The Company may experience difficulties and delays in the development and commercialization of new products, including the inherent risks and uncertainties associated with product development, such as (i) compounds or products that may appear promising in development but fail to reach market within the expected or optimal timeframe, or fail ever to reach market, or to be approved for additional indications for any number of reasons, including efficacy or safety concerns, the delay or denial of necessary regulatory approvals and the difficulty or excessive cost to manufacture; (ii) failure to enter into or successfully implement optimal alliances where appropriate for the discovery and/or commercialization of products, or otherwise to maintain a consistent scope and variety of promising late-stage products; (iii) failure of one or more of the Company’s products to achieve or maintain commercial viability.

There are legal matters in which adverse outcomes could negatively affect the Company’s business.

The Company has continuing obligations under the Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA) and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Consent Order relating to wholesaler inventory and various accounting matters, pursuant to which the Company agreed to implement certain remedial measures, including all recommendations made by the Monitor under the DPA, undertake corporate reforms, and include additional disclosure in its periodic reports filed with the SEC and annual report to shareholders.

The Company is currently involved in various lawsuits, claims, proceedings and government investigations, any of which can preclude or delay commercialization of products or adversely affect operations, profitability, liquidity or financial condition, including (i) intellectual property disputes; (ii) sales and marketing practices in the U.S. and internationally; (iii) adverse decisions in litigation,

 

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including product liability and commercial cases; (iv) recalls or withdrawals of pharmaceutical products or forced closings of manufacturing plants; (v) the failure to fulfill obligations under supply contracts with the government and other customers which may result in liability; (vi) product pricing and promotion matters; (vii) lawsuits and claims asserting violations of securities, antitrust, Federal and state pricing and other laws; (viii) environmental, health and safety matters; (ix) the failure to comply with anti-bribery laws and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; and (x) tax liabilities. There can be no assurance that there will not be an increase in scope of these matters or there will not be additional lawsuits, claims, proceedings or investigations in the future; nor is there any assurance that these matters will not have a material adverse impact on the Company.

U.S and foreign regulations may negatively affect the Company’s sales and profit margins.

The Company could become subject to new government laws and regulations, such as (i) health care reform initiatives in the U.S. at the state and Federal level and in other countries; (ii) changes in the FDA and foreign regulatory approval processes that may cause delays in approving, or preventing the approval of, new products; (iii) tax changes such as the phasing out of tax benefits heretofore available in the U.S. and certain foreign countries; (iv) new laws, regulations and judicial decisions affecting pricing or marketing within or across jurisdictions; (v) changes in intellectual property law; and (vi) other matters such as compulsory licenses that could alter the protections afforded one or more of its products.

The Company faces increased pricing pressure in the U.S. and abroad from managed care organizations, institutional purchasers, and government agencies and programs that could negatively affect the Company’s sales and profit margins.

Pharmaceutical products are subject to increasing price pressures and other restrictions in the U.S. and worldwide, including (i) rules and practices of managed care groups and institutional and governmental purchasers, (ii) judicial decisions and governmental laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid and healthcare reform, including the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, (iii) the potential impact of importation restrictions, legislative and/or regulatory changes, pharmaceutical reimbursement, Medicare Part D Formularies and product pricing in general, and (iv) other developments in technology and/or industry practices that could directly or indirectly impact the reimbursement policies and practices of third-party payers.

The Company relies on third parties to meet their contractual, regulatory, and other obligations.

The Company relies on vendors, partners, including alliances with other pharmaceutical companies for the development and commercialization of products, and other third parties to meet their contractual, regulatory, and other obligations in relation to their arrangements with the Company. The failure of these parties to meet their obligations, and/or the development of significant disagreements or other factors that materially disrupt the ongoing commercial relationship and prevent optimal alignment between the partners and their activities, could have a material adverse impact on the Company.

The Company may be adversely impacted by economic factors beyond its control.

The Company has significant operations outside of the U.S. Revenue from operations outside of the U.S. accounted for 46% of the Company’s revenues in 2006. As such, the Company is exposed to changes in fluctuation of foreign currency exchange rates. For more information on the Company’s foreign currency exchange exposure, see “Item 7A. Quantitative And Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” The Company also has significant borrowings which are exposed to changes in interest rates. At December 31, 2006, the Company has short-term borrowings and long-term debt of $7.4 billion. For more information on the Company’s interest rate exposure, see “Item 7A. Quantitative And Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” The Company is also exposed to other economic factors over which the Company has no control.

Failure to execute the Company’s business strategy could adversely impact its growth and profitability.

The Company may not be able to fully execute the strategic transformation of its business to attain a new period of sustainable revenue and earnings growth. The Company continues to invest in its growth drivers and pipeline as part of a focus on addressing areas of significant unmet medical need. Failure to realize additional cost savings in 2007 and 2008, to achieve or maintain a competitive cost base, or to successfully transition the product portfolio, however, could materially and adversely affect the Company’s results of operations. In addition, the Company’s failure to hire and retain personnel with the right expertise and experience in operations that are critical to its business functions could adversely impact the execution of its business strategy. Changes in the Company’s structure, operations, revenues, costs, or efficiency resulting from acquisitions, divestitures, mergers, alliances, restructurings or other strategic initiatives, could result in greater than expected costs and other difficulties, including the need for regulatory approvals, as appropriate.

 

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The Company is increasingly dependent on its information technology.

The Company is increasingly dependent on information technology systems and any significant breakdown, invasion, destruction or interruption of these systems could negatively impact operations.

Although the Company believes that it has been prudent in its plans and assumptions, no assurance can be given that any goal or plan set forth in forward-looking statements can be achieved and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such statements, which speak only as of the date made. The Company undertakes no obligation to release publicly any revisions to forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

 

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

 

Item 2. PROPERTIES.

The Company’s world headquarters is located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, NY, where it leases approximately 375,000 square feet of floor space, approximately 215,000 square feet of which is sublet to others.

The Company manufactures products at 38 major worldwide locations with an aggregate floor space of approximately 11.7 million square feet. All facilities are owned by the Company. The following table illustrates the geographic location of the Company’s significant manufacturing facilities by business segment.

 

     Total
Company
   Pharmaceuticals    Nutritionals    Other
Health Care

United States

   11    7    2    2

Europe, Middle East and Africa

   14    11    1    2

Other Western Hemisphere

   6    5    1    —  

Pacific

   7    4    3    —  
                   

Total

   38    27    7    4
                   

Portions of these facilities and other facilities owned or leased by the Company in the U.S. and elsewhere are used for research, administration, storage and distribution. For further information about the Company’s facilities, see “Item 1. Business—Manufacturing and Quality Assurance.”

 

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

Information pertaining to legal proceedings can be found in “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies” and is incorporated by reference herein.

 

Item 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS.

No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2006.

 

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PART IA

Executive Officers of the Registrant

Listed below is information on executive officers of the Company as of February 26, 2007. Executive officers are elected by the Board of Directors for an initial term, which continues until the first Board meeting following the next annual meeting of stockholders and thereafter are elected for a one-year term or until their successors have been elected. All executive officers serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.

 

Name and Current Position

   Age   

Employment History for the Past 5 Years

Lamberto Andreotti

Executive Vice President and President,

Worldwide Pharmaceuticals

Member of the Management Council and

the Executive Committee

   56   

2000 to 2002 - President, Europe, Worldwide Medicines Group, a division of the Company.

2002 to 2005 – Senior Vice President and President International, Worldwide Medicines Group, a division of the Company.

2005 to present – Executive Vice President and President, Worldwide Pharmaceuticals, a division of the Company.

Stephen E. Bear

Senior Vice President, Human Resources,

Corporate Staff

Member of the Management Council and

the Executive Committee

   56    2001 to present – Senior Vice President, Human Resources, Corporate Staff of the Company.

Andrew R. J. Bonfield

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer,

Corporate Staff

Member of the Management Council and

the Executive Committee

   44   

2000 to 2002 – Executive Director, Finance, BG Group PLC.

2002 to present – Chief Financial Officer, Corporate Staff of the Company.

Joseph C. Caldarella

Vice President and Corporate Controller,

Corporate Staff

   51   

1998 to 2005 – Vice President, Finance, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, a division of the Company.

2005 to present – Vice President and Corporate Controller, Corporate Staff of the Company.

John E. Celentano

President, Health Care Group

Member of the Management Council and

the Executive Committee

   47   

2000 to 2002 – Vice President and General Manager, Northern Europe, International Medicines, a division of the Company.

2002 to 2002 – Senior Vice President, Operations Planning, Worldwide Medicines Group, a division of the Company.

2002 to 2002 – President, Canada, Mexico, and Puerto Rico, Worldwide Medicines Group, a division of the Company.

2002 to 2005 – President, Latin America and Canada, Worldwide Medicines Group, a division of the Company.

2005 to present – President, Health Care Group, a division of the Company.

James M. Cornelius

Interim Chief Executive Officer

Member of the Management Council and

the Executive Committee

   63   

2000 to 2005 – Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, Guidant Corporation.

2005 to 2006 – Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, Guidant Corporation.

2006 to present – Interim Chief Executive Officer and Director of the Company.

Sandra Leung

Senior Vice President, and General Counsel

Corporate Staff

Member of the Management Council and

the Executive Committee

   46   

1999 to 2002 – Corporate Secretary, Corporate Staff of the Company.

2002 to 2006 – Vice President and Corporate Secretary, Corporate Staff of the Company.

2006 to 2007 – Vice President, Corporate Secretary and Acting General Counsel, Corporate Staff of the Company.

2007 to present – Senior Vice President and General Counsel, Corporate Staff of the Company.

 

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Elliott Sigal, M.D., Ph.D.

Executive Vice President, Chief Scientific Officer

and President, Pharmaceutical Research Institute

Member of the Management Council and

the Executive Committee

   55   

2001 to 2002 – Senior Vice President, Drug Discovery & Exploratory Development, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, a division of the Company.

2002 to 2004 – Senior Vice President, Global Clinical and Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, a division of the Company.

2004 to present – Chief Scientific Officer and President, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, a division of the Company.

 

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PART II

 

Item 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON STOCK AND OTHER STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.

Market Prices

Bristol-Myers Squibb common and preferred stocks are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and were traded on the NYSE Arca, Inc, formerly the Pacific Exchange, Inc. (symbols: BMY; BMYPR). On December 1, 2006, the Company voluntarily withdrew its securities from listing on the NYSE Arca, Inc. A quarterly summary of the high and low market prices is presented below:

Common:

 

     2006    2005
     High    Low    High    Low

First Quarter

   $ 25.95    $ 21.21    $ 25.54    $ 23.44

Second Quarter

     25.97      23.21      26.48      24.90

Third Quarter

     26.14      20.08      25.27      23.97

Fourth Quarter

     26.41      23.93      23.95      21.03

Preferred:

 

     2006    2005
     High    Low    High    Low

First Quarter

   $ 360.00    $ 355.00      *      *

Second Quarter

     *      *      *      *

Third Quarter

     420.00      318.00      *      *

Fourth Quarter

     430.00      400.00    $ 364.00    $ 364.00

* During the second quarter of 2006 and the first, second and third quarters of 2005, there were no trades of the Company’s preferred stock. The preferred stock pays a quarterly dividend of $.50 per share.

Holders of Common Stock

The number of record holders of common stock at December 31, 2006 was 74,778.

The number of record holders is based upon the actual number of holders registered on the books of the Company at such date and does not include holders of shares in “street names” or persons, partnerships, associations, corporations or other entities identified in security position listings maintained by depository trust companies.

Voting Securities and Principal Holders

Reference is made to the 2007 Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 19, 2007 with respect to voting securities and principal holders, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by this Item 5.

Dividends

Dividends declared per share in 2006 and 2005 were:

 

     Common    Preferred
     2006    2005    2006    2005

First Quarter

   $ .28    $ .28    $ .50    $ .50

Second Quarter

     .28      .28      .50      .50

Third Quarter

     .28      .28      .50      .50

Fourth Quarter

     .28      .28      .50      .50
                           
   $ 1.12    $ 1.12    $ 2.00    $ 2.00
                           

In December 2006, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $.28 per share on the common stock of the Company, which was paid on February 1, 2007 to shareholders of record as of January 5, 2007.

 

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Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The following table summarizes the surrenders of the Company’s equity securities in connection with stock option and restricted stock programs during the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2006:

 

Period

  

Total Number
of

Shares
Purchased(a)

   Average Price
Paid per
Share(a)
   Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs(b)
   Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares that
May Yet Be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs(b)
Dollars in Millions Except Per Share Data                    

January 1 to 31, 2006

   11,947    $ 23.09    —      $ 2,220

February 1 to 28, 2006

   400,127    $ 23.04    —      $ 2,220

March 1 to 31, 2006

   60,004    $ 22.93    —      $ 2,220
             

Three months ended March 31, 2006

   472,078       —     
             

April 1 to 30, 2006

   19,912    $ 23.93    —      $ 2,220

May 1 to 31, 2006

   38,003    $ 24.55    —      $ 2,220

June 1 to 30, 2006

   6,228    $ 25.34    —      $ 2,220
             

Three months ended June 30, 2006

   64,143       —     
             

July 1 to 31, 2006

   32,834    $ 25.75    —      $ 2,220

August 1 to 31, 2006

   3,248    $ 24.58    —      $ 2,220

September 1 to 30, 2006

   46,300    $ 22.97    —      $ 2,220
             

Three months ended September 30, 2006

   82,382       —     
             

October 1 to 31, 2006

   19,825    $ 24.84    —      $ 2,220

November 1 to 30, 2006

   50,402    $ 24.53    —      $ 2,220

December 1 to 31, 2006

   5,006    $ 24.74    —      $ 2,220
             

Three months ended December 31, 2006

   75,233       —     
             

Twelve months ended December 31, 2006

   693,836       —     
             

(a) Reflects the following transactions during the twelve months ended December 31, 2006: (i) the surrender to the Company of 454,517 shares of Common Stock to pay the exercise price and to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the exercise of employee stock options, and (ii) the surrender to the Company of 239,319 shares of Common Stock to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees.
(b) In June 2001, the Company announced that the Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to $14 billion of Company common stock. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2006, no shares were repurchased pursuant to this program and no purchases of any shares under this program are expected in 2007.

Performance Graph

The following performance graph compares the performance of Bristol-Myers Squibb for the periods indicated with the performance of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index (S&P 500) and the average performance of a group consisting of our peer corporations on a line-of-business basis. The corporations making up our peer companies group are Abbott Laboratories, AstraZeneca PLC, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Johnson & Johnson, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis AG, Pfizer, Inc., Sanofi-Aventis (including the performance of Aventis prior to its merger with Sanofi), Schering-Plough Corporation and Wyeth.

Total return indices reflect reinvested dividends and are weighted using beginning-period market capitalization for each of the reported time periods. We measured our performance against this same group in the 2006 Proxy Statement.

 

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Comparison of 5-Year Cumulative Total Return

LOGO

 

     12/31/01    12/31/02    12/31/03    12/31/04    12/31/05    12/31/06

Bristol-Myers Squibb

   $ 100    $ 48    $ 62    $ 57    $ 54    $ 64

S&P 500 Index

   $ 100    $ 78    $ 100    $ 111    $ 117    $ 135

Peer Group

   $ 100    $ 82    $ 93    $ 91    $ 94    $ 106

Assumes $100 invested on 12/31/01 in Bristol-Myers Squibb Common Stock, S&P 500 Index and Peer Companies Group Index. Values are as of December 31 of specified year assuming dividends are reinvested.

 

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Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

Five-Year Financial Summary

 

Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Data    2006    2005    2004    2003    2002

Income Statement Data:(1)(2)

              

Net Sales

   $ 17,914    $ 19,207    $ 19,380    $ 18,653    $ 16,208

Earnings from Continuing Operations Before
Minority Interest and Income Taxes

     2,635      4,516      4,418      4,680      2,748

Earnings from Continuing Operations

     1,585      2,992      2,378      3,097      2,059

Earnings from Continuing Operations per Common Share:

              

Basic

   $ 0.81    $ 1.53    $ 1.23    $ 1.60    $ 1.07

Diluted(3)

   $ 0.81    $ 1.52    $ 1.21    $ 1.59    $ 1.06

Average common shares outstanding:

              

Basic

     1,960      1,952      1,942      1,937      1,936

Diluted(3)

     1,963      1,983      1,976      1,950      1,942

Dividends paid on common and preferred stock

   $ 2,199    $ 2,186    $ 2,174    $ 2,169    $ 2,168

Dividends declared per Common Share

   $ 1.12    $ 1.12    $ 1.12    $ 1.12    $ 1.12

Financial Position Data at December 31:

              

Total Assets(4)

   $ 25,575    $ 28,138    $ 30,435    $ 27,448    $ 25,106

Cash and cash equivalents

     2,018      3,050      3,680      2,549      2,451

Marketable securities

     1,995      2,749      3,794      3,013      1,622

Long-term debt

     7,248      8,364      8,463      8,522      6,261

Stockholders’ Equity(4)

     9,991      11,208      10,202      9,786      8,756

(1)

The Company recorded items that affected the comparability of results. For a discussion of these items for the years 2006, 2005 and 2004, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Expenses;” “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments;” “—Note 3. Restructuring;” “—Note 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures;” “—Note 5. Discontinued Operations;” “—Note 14. Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt;” and “—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

(2)

Excludes discontinued operations of Oncology Therapeutics Network for years 2002 through 2005; and Clairol and Zimmer in 2002.

(3)

In 2006, the 29 million weighted-average shares issuable, as well as $35 million of interest expense, net of tax, on the assumed conversion of convertible debt were not included in the diluted earnings per share calculation because they were not dilutive.

(4)

In 2006, includes the impact of the adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 158, Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans—an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106, and 132(R). For further discussion on SFAS No. 158, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 20. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits.”

 

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

About the Company

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS, the Company or Bristol-Myers Squibb) is a worldwide pharmaceutical and related health care products company whose mission is to extend and enhance human life by providing the highest quality pharmaceutical and related health care products. The Company is engaged in the discovery, development, licensing, manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of pharmaceuticals and related health care products.

The Company has three reportable segments—Pharmaceuticals, Nutritionals and Other Health Care. The Pharmaceuticals segment is comprised of the global pharmaceutical and international consumer medicines business and accounted for approximately 77% of the Company’s 2006 net sales. The Nutritionals segment consists of Mead Johnson Nutritionals (Mead Johnson), primarily an infant formula and children’s nutritionals business, which accounted for approximately 13% of the Company’s 2006 net sales. The Other Health Care segment consists of the ConvaTec and Medical Imaging businesses, which accounted for approximately 10% of the Company’s 2006 net sales.

2006 Financial Highlights

The Company has made progress with its long-range strategy, despite some significant challenges that occurred during the year, including the at-risk launch of generic clopidogrel bisulfate product, which adversely impacted PLAVIX* sales, the loss of exclusivity of PRAVACHOL in the United States (U.S.) and in certain European markets, and an increase in litigation reserves. The Company launched several important products in 2006, including ORENCIA, SPRYCEL and with Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Gilead), ATRIPLA*. ORENCIA and SPRYCEL continue to gain market share and, along with double digit sales growth in 2006 for ABILIFY*, REYATAZ, ERBITUX*, the SUSTIVA Franchise and BARACLUDE, are key components of a strong product line for long-term growth.

The Company continues to invest in its late stage compounds and the development of new products. With the growing importance of biologics, in February 2007, the Company completed the land purchase for its major new biologics facility in Devens, Massachusetts, along with expansion of existing facilities in Syracuse, New York, and Manati, Puerto Rico. Construction on the Devens facility is scheduled to begin in early 2007.

Worldwide net sales from continuing operations for 2006 decreased 7% to $17.9 billion compared to 2005. Worldwide net sales of the products that the Company views as growth drivers increased by 6% in 2006 as compared to the same period in 2005. Excluding PLAVIX*, worldwide net sales of the other growth drivers increased 32% in 2006 as compared to the same period in 2005. Products that the Company considers to be growth drivers are PLAVIX*, AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*, ABILIFY*, REYATAZ and ERBITUX*.

Net income was $1.6 billion in 2006 compared with $3.0 billion in 2005. The 2006 results include a $353 million increase in reserves for a pricing and sales litigation settlement and $220 million in early debt retirement costs. The 2005 results included $370 million gain on the sale of the Consumer Medicines business.

PLAVIX*

The Company’s largest product ranked by net sales is PLAVIX* (clopidogrel bisulfate) with U.S. sales of $2.7 billion in 2006, $3.2 billion in 2005 and $2.8 billion in 2004. The composition of matter patent for PLAVIX*, which expires in 2011, is currently the subject of patent litigation in the U.S. with Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (Apotex) and with other generic companies, as well as in other less significant jurisdictions. The Company has previously disclosed certain developments in the pending PLAVIX* litigation with Apotex, including the at-risk launch of a generic product by Apotex in August 2006.

As noted above, Apotex launched a generic clopidogrel bisulfate product that competes with PLAVIX* on August 8, 2006. On August 31, 2006, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (the Court) granted a motion by the Company and its product partner, Sanofi-Aventis (Sanofi), to enjoin further sales of Apotex’s generic clopidogrel bisulfate product, but did not order Apotex to recall product from its customers. The Court’s grant of a preliminary injunction has been affirmed on appeal. The trial in the underlying patent litigation ended on February 15, 2007 and the Court is expected to rule following post-trial briefing.

The at-risk launch of generic clopidogrel bisulfate had a significant adverse effect on net sales of PLAVIX* in 2006, which the Company estimates to be in a range of $1.2 billion to $1.4 billion. In particular, the launch had a significant adverse effect on sales in the third quarter, which the Company estimates to be in the range of $525 million to $600 million, as well as in the fourth quarter of 2006, which the Company estimates to be in the range of $700 million to $750 million. In the first, second, third and fourth quarters

 

41


of 2006, U.S. net sales for PLAVIX* were $850 million, $988 million, $474 million and $343 million, respectively. Estimated total U.S. prescription demand for clopidogrel bisulfate (branded and generic) increased by 14% in 2006 compared to 2005, while estimated total U.S. prescription demand for branded PLAVIX* decreased by 18% in the same period. The Company expects generic clopidogrel bisulfate that was sold into distribution channels following the Apotex at-risk launch in August 2006 will have a residual impact on PLAVIX* net sales and the Company’s overall financial results into 2007. The full impact of Apotex’s launch of its generic clopidogrel bisulfate product on the Company cannot be reasonably estimated at this time and will depend on a number of factors, including, among others, the amount of generic product sold by Apotex; whether the Company and Sanofi (the Companies) prevail in the underlying patent litigation; even if the Companies prevail in the pending patent case, the extent to which the launch by Apotex will permanently adversely impact the pricing and prescription demand for PLAVIX*, the amount of damages that would be sought and/or recovered by the Companies, and Apotex’s ability to pay such damages. Loss of market exclusivity of PLAVIX* and/or sustained generic competition would be material to the Company’s sales of PLAVIX*, results of operations and cash flows, and could be material to the Company’s financial condition and liquidity.

The Company’s U.S. territory partnership under its alliance with Sanofi is also a plaintiff in three additional pending patent infringement lawsuits against Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Inc. and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, LTD (Dr. Reddy’s), Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (Teva) and Cobalt Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Cobalt), all related to the U.S. Patent No. 4,847,265 (the ‘265 Patent). A trial date for the action against Dr. Reddy’s has not been set. The patent infringement actions against Teva and Cobalt have been stayed pending resolution of the Apotex litigation, and the parties to those actions have agreed to be bound by the outcome of the litigation against Apotex, although Teva and Cobalt can appeal the outcome of the litigation. Each of Dr. Reddy’s and Teva have filed an Abbreviated New Drug Application (aNDA) with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and all exclusivity periods and statutory stay periods under the Hatch-Waxman Act have expired, with the exception of the 30-month stay that applies to Teva, which expires on February 27, 2007. Accordingly, final approval by the FDA would provide each company authorization to distribute a generic clopidogrel bisulfate product in the U.S., subject to various legal remedies for which the Companies may apply including injunctive relief and damages.

The Company continues to believe that the PLAVIX* patents are valid and infringed, and with Sanofi, is vigorously pursuing enforcement of their patent rights in PLAVIX*. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the ultimate outcome of the ongoing patent litigation with Apotex, or of the other PLAVIX* patent litigations, or the timing of any renewed generic competition for PLAVIX* from Apotex or additional generic competition for PLAVIX* from other third-party generic pharmaceutical companies. However, if Apotex were to prevail at trial, the Company would expect to face renewed generic competition for PLAVIX* from Apotex promptly thereafter.

As previously disclosed, the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice is conducting a criminal investigation regarding the proposed settlement of the pending patent PLAVIX* litigation with Apotex. The Company is cooperating fully with the investigation. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the outcome of the investigation or its impact on the Company. It is also not possible at this time reasonably to assess the impact of the investigation, if any, on the Company’s compliance with the Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA) with the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of New Jersey (USAO). Also as previously disclosed, the USAO had initiated an investigation conducted by the Monitor under the DPA (Monitor) and the USAO, into corporate governance issues relating to the Company’s negotiations of the proposed settlement with Apotex, which included a review of whether there was any violation of Federal securities laws in connection with the proposed settlement with Apotex under the terms of the previously disclosed Consent Order the Company entered into with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in August 2004 (Consent or SEC Consent). The Monitor has completed his investigation and submitted his report on the investigation to the USAO. The Monitor’s report did not find any violation of the Consent or the Federal securities laws in connection with the proposed settlement. The Monitor concluded that the Company had violated certain paragraphs of the DPA related to governance matters. The violations cited by the Monitor in his report relate, among other things, to communication failures, including insufficient communications, by the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and former General Counsel with the Board of Directors (the Board) and with other members of senior management, as well as failure to comply with certain internal Company policies and procedures. The Monitor did not make any findings with respect to whether the Company knowingly and materially breached the DPA or make any recommendations. The USAO has advised the Company that he believes the matters cited in the Monitor’s report have been fully remediated and, accordingly, that he does not intend to take any action under the DPA with respect to the Monitor’s report.

For additional discussion of legal matters, including the PLAVIX* patent litigation, the Antitrust Division investigation related to the proposed settlement with Apotex and the terms of the DPA and SEC Consent, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies,” “—OUTLOOK” and “—SEC Consent Order and Deferred Prosecution Agreement” below.

Business Environment

The Company conducts its business primarily within the pharmaceutical industry, which is highly competitive and subject to numerous government regulations. Many competitive factors may significantly affect the Company’s sales of its products, including product efficacy, safety, price and cost-effectiveness, marketing effectiveness, product labeling, quality control and quality assurance of its manufacturing operations, and research and development of new products. To successfully compete for business in the health care industry, the Company must demonstrate that its products offer medical benefits, as well as cost advantages. Currently, most of the Company’s new product introductions compete with other products already on the market in the same therapeutic category, in addition to potential future competition of new products that competitors may introduce in the future. The Company manufactures branded products, which are priced higher than generic products. Generic competition is one of the Company’s leading challenges globally.

 

42


In the pharmaceutical industry, the majority of an innovative product’s commercial value is usually realized during the period that the product has market exclusivity. When a product loses exclusivity, it is no longer protected by a patent and is subject to new competing products in the form of generic brands. Upon exclusivity loss, the Company can lose a major portion of that product’s sales in a short period of time.

Both in the U.S. and internationally, the health care industry is subject to various government-imposed regulations that authorize prices or price controls that have and will continue to have an impact on the Company’s sales. In the U.S., Congress and some state legislatures have considered a number of proposals and have enacted laws that could effect major changes in the health care system, either nationally or at the state level. Driven in part by budget concerns, Medicaid access and reimbursement restrictions have been implemented in some states and proposed in many others. In addition, in January 2006, the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act became effective and provides outpatient prescription drug coverage to senior citizens in the U.S. The Company is assessing the impact this legislation could have on its business, including a potential negative impact on the U.S. Pharmaceuticals business due to further legislative and/or regulatory changes that could result in additional pricing pressures or controls. In many markets outside the U.S., the Company operates in environments of government-mandated, cost-containment programs, or under other regulatory bodies or groups that can exert downward pressure on pricing. Pricing freedom is limited in the United Kingdom (UK), for instance, by the operation of a profit control plan and in Germany by the operation of a reference price system. Companies also face significant delays in market access for new products and more than two years can elapse after drug approval before new medicines become available in some national markets.

The growth of Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) in the U.S. has played a large role in the competition that surrounds the health care industry. MCOs seek to reduce health care expenditures for participants by making volume purchases and entering into long-term contracts to negotiate discounts with various pharmaceutical providers. Because of the market potential created by the large pool of participants, marketing prescription drugs to MCOs has become an important part of the Company’s strategy. Companies compete for inclusion in a MCO formulary and the Company has generally been successful in having its major products included. The Company believes that developments in the managed care industry, including continued consolidation, have had and will continue to have a generally downward pressure on prices.

Pharmaceutical production processes are complex, highly regulated and vary widely from product to product. Shifting or adding manufacturing capacity can be a lengthy process requiring significant capital expenditures and regulatory approvals. Biologics manufacturing involves more complex processes than those of traditional pharmaceutical operations. As biologics become more important to the Company’s product portfolio, the Company will continue to make arrangements with third-party manufacturers, and will make substantial investments to increase its internal capacity to produce biologics on a commercial scale, including building a new state-of-the-art manufacturing facility for the production of biologics in Devens, Massachusetts, with construction to commence in early 2007.

The Company has maintained a competitive position in the market and strives to uphold this position, which is dependent on its success in discovering and developing innovative, cost-effective products that serve unmet medical need.

The Company and its subsidiaries are the subject of a number of significant pending lawsuits, claims, proceedings and investigations. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the final outcome of these investigations or litigations. Management continues to believe, as previously disclosed, that during the next few years, the aggregate impact, beyond current reserves, of these and other legal matters affecting the Company is reasonably likely to be material to the Company’s results of operations and cash flows, and may be material to its financial condition and liquidity. For additional discussion of legal matters, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

Strategy

The Company continues to execute its strategy for long-term growth and is currently on track with its strategic transition. This strategy consists of increasing investments behind growth brands and new specialty products, focusing the Company’s research and development programs on products in the pharmaceutical pipeline in disease areas that address significant unmet medical need, aligning sales and marketing emphasis on specialists and high value primary care prescribers, and implementing initiatives designed to achieve and maintain a more efficient cost base.

The Company’s pharmaceutical portfolio has continued to transition away from products which have lost exclusivity towards growth drivers, recently launched and other products, which include PLAVIX* (clopidogrel bisulfate), ABILIFY* (aripiprazole), AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* (irbesartan/irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide), REYATAZ (atazanavir sulfate), the SUSTIVA (efavirenz) Franchise, ERBITUX* (cetuximab), ORENCIA (abatacept), BARACLUDE (entecavir) and SPRYCEL (dasatinib). U.S. net sales of these products accounted for 83% of the Company’s U.S. pharmaceutical net sales in 2006, compared to 71% in 2005, while worldwide net sales of these products accounted for 59% of the Company’s worldwide pharmaceutical net sales in 2006 as compared to 49% in 2005. The Company experienced the last of a series of major anticipated exclusivity losses in 2006, with the market exclusivity expiration of PRAVACHOL in the U.S. and certain markets in Europe, and does not expect any significant new exclusivity losses for the next several years.

 

43


In order to support the production of the specialty products in the pharmaceutical portfolio including biologics, during 2006, the Board of Directors approved capital expenditures of approximately $750 million for a bulk biologics manufacturing facility in the U.S. In February 2007, the Company completed the land purchase of an 89 acre site to locate its new large-scale, expandable multi-product bulk biologics manufacturing facility in Devens, Massachusetts. Construction is expected to begin in early 2007, and the facility is projected to be operationally complete in 2009. The Company expects to submit the site for regulatory approval in 2010. Commercial production of biologic compounds is anticipated to begin by 2011. In addition, the Company will expand its Manati, Puerto Rico facility, targeted for start-up in 2009. The expansion will add new space and renovate existing space for the filling and finishing of the Company’s sterile products and biologic compounds, including ORENCIA, and several investigational compounds.

Given the Company’s current limited capacity for commercial volumes of biologics products, the Company also received approval from the FDA in May 2006 that permits a third party to manufacture ORENCIA at an additional facility. This facility, together with another third party facility, which is pending submission to and approval from the FDA, will support increased production capacity necessary to meet expected long-term demand for ORENCIA and initial requirements for other biologics products if they are commercialized.

In keeping with its strategy, the Company invested $3.1 billion in research and development, representing a 12% growth rate over 2005. Research and development dedicated to pharmaceutical products, including milestone payments for in-licensing and development programs, was $2.8 billion compared to $2.5 billion in 2005.

As part of its strategy, the Company is re-examining its operating costs to achieve and maintain a more efficient cost base. At the end of 2005, the Company launched an initiative to identify and realize productivity savings. Through this initiative the Company has re-examined its operating model to focus resources on high value priorities; simplify and streamline business processes, improve governance and decision making; and build the capabilities to sustain these cost reductions for the long term. The Company is on plan to achieve the goal of realizing a minimum of $500 million in productivity savings in 2007 and an incremental $100 million in 2008 as well as making the Company more productive, efficient and effective.

New Product and Pipeline Developments

In January 2007, the Company and AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca) announced a collaboration to develop and commercialize two investigational compounds, saxagliptin and dapagliflozin, being studied for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The Company discovered both compounds. The collaboration on these compounds is worldwide, except for Japan. Separately, the Company also announced a collaboration with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Otsuka) to develop saxagliptin in Japan.

In November 2006, the FDA granted Fast Track designation for ipilimumab used in combination with chemotherapy (dacarbazine) in previously untreated metastatic melanoma patients. The FDA also granted Fast Track designation for ipilimumab used as a monotherapy in previously treated metastatic melanoma patients.

In October 2006, the Company moved its investigational anti-thrombosis compound apixaban into Phase III development. Apixaban is an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor.

In October 2006, the Company received FDA approval of a new once-daily 300 mg single capsule formulation of REYATAZ for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection in adults as part of a combination therapy, which can replace two REYATAZ 150 mg capsules in appropriate patients. The Company now has one-pill, once-daily HIV medicine options available in three drug classes as part of a combination therapy.

The Company and Otsuka received approval from the FDA in September 2006 and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) in October 2006 for ABILIFY* Injection, the first ready-to-use single-dose vial of an atypical antipsychotic to control agitation in adults with schizophrenia and bipolar mania.

In August 2006, the Company and Sanofi received approval from both the FDA and the EMEA for an additional indication for PLAVIX* to reduce the rate of death from any cause and the rate of a combined endpoint of re-infarction, stroke or death in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

In July 2006, ATRIPLA*, the first-ever once-daily single tablet three-drug regimen for HIV intended as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with other antiretrovirals, received approval from the FDA. The product combines SUSTIVA (efavirenz), manufactured by the Company and TRUVADA* (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), manufactured by Gilead. The Company, Gilead and Merck & Co., Inc. submitted a Marketing Authorization Approval for ATRIPLA* to the EMEA in October 2006. In addition, the Company and Gilead submitted ATRIPLA* for regulatory approval in Canada in September 2006.

 

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In June 2006, the Company received approval for SPRYCEL (dasatinib) from the FDA for the treatment of adults with chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL) with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, including GLEEVEC* (imatinib mesylate). SPRYCEL was launched in the U.S. in July 2006. In November 2006, the Company also received approval of SPRYCEL from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the EMEA. The product was launched in Austria, Germany, France, Finland, Sweden and the UK. In February 2007, the Company received approval for SPRYCEL, without the Ph+ALL indication, in Switzerland.

In April 2006, the Company launched EMSAM* (selegiline transdermal system) in the U.S. EMSAM* is the first transdermal patch for the delivery of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. EMSAM* was developed by Somerset Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a joint venture between Mylan Laboratories, Inc. (Mylan) and Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Watson). The Company has obtained exclusive distribution rights to commercialize EMSAM* in the U.S. and Canada and markets EMSAM* through its existing neuroscience sales force.

In March 2006, the FDA approved ERBITUX*, which is co-promoted by the Company and ImClone Systems Incorporated (ImClone), for use in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. ERBITUX* had previously been indicated for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.

In February 2006, the Company launched BARACLUDE, its treatment for hepatitis B, in China. The Company also launched BARACLUDE in several new markets during the third quarter of 2006, including Germany, France, the UK and Japan. BARACLUDE is approved in more than 50 countries worldwide.

In February 2006, the Company launched ORENCIA, its treatment for signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, in the U.S. after receiving approval from the FDA in December 2005. In June 2006, the Company received approval of ORENCIA in Canada and launched the product in August 2006.

OUTLOOK

For 2007, the Company expects reductions of net sales for products that have lost exclusivity in previous years to range between $0.9 billion and $1.0 billion, as compared to $1.4 billion in 2006, and $1.3 billion in 2005. While the Company expects generic clopidogrel bisulfate inventory in the market to have a continued residual impact on 2007 PLAVIX* net sales, the Company does expect PLAVIX* net sales and earnings growth in 2007, assuming the absence of renewed or additional generic competition. The Company expects increased prescription demand for PLAVIX* as well as for other key brands and newly launched products. Compared to 2006, gross margin is expected to improve due to growth of higher margin products, lower margin erosion related to exclusivity losses, and improved manufacturing efficiencies. Marketing, selling and administrative expense is expected to remain relatively unchanged as efficiency savings should largely offset inflationary cost increases, and as the Company continues to focus on high value primary care and specialist physicians and implements various productivity initiatives. The Company expects to continue to increase investments to develop additional new compounds and support the introduction of new products.

The Company and its subsidiaries are the subject of a number of significant pending lawsuits, claims, proceedings and investigations including the pending PLAVIX* litigation, described below. There can be no assurance that there will not be an increase in the scope of these matters or that any future lawsuits, claims and proceedings will not be material to the Company. In addition, there is an increasing trend by foreign governments to scrutinize sales and marketing activities of pharmaceutical companies and there can be no assurance that any such investigations or any other investigations will not be material. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the final outcome of these investigations or litigations. Management continues to believe, as previously disclosed, that during the next few years, the aggregate impact, beyond current reserves, of the pending PLAVIX* patent litigation, these other litigations and investigations and other legal matters affecting the Company is reasonably likely to be material to the Company’s results of operations and cash flows, and may be material to its financial condition and liquidity. The Company’s expectations for the next several years described above do not reflect the potential impact of litigation on the Company’s results of operations.

As previously disclosed, the composition of matter patent for PLAVIX*, which expires in 2011, is subject to litigation in the U.S. with Apotex. The trial in the underlying patent litigation ended on February 15, 2007 and the Court is expected to rule following post-trial briefing. If Apotex were to prevail in the trial in the patent litigation, the Company would expect to face renewed generic competition for PLAVIX* promptly thereafter. There are other pending PLAVIX* patent litigations in the U.S. and in other less significant markets for the product. In the U.S., the Company’s U.S. territory partnership under its alliance with Sanofi is a plaintiff in three additional pending patent infringement lawsuits against Dr. Reddy’s, Teva and Cobalt, all related to the ‘265 Patent. Each of Dr. Reddy’s and Teva have filed an aNDA with the FDA, and all exclusivity periods and statutory stay periods under the Hatch-Waxman Act have expired, with the exception of the 30-month stay that applies to Teva, which expires on February 27, 2007. Accordingly, final approval by the FDA would provide each company authorization to distribute a generic clopidogrel bisulfate product in the U.S., although such a launch at this point in time would be at risk of an adverse damages award should the Companies prevail in the underlying patent litigation. The Company continues to believe that the PLAVIX* patents are valid and infringed, and with Sanofi, is vigorously pursuing these cases.

 

45


It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the ultimate outcome of the patent litigation with Apotex or of the other PLAVIX* patent litigations, or the timing of any renewed generic competition for PLAVIX* from Apotex or additional generic competition for PLAVIX* from other generic pharmaceutical companies. Loss of market exclusivity of PLAVIX* and/or the development of sustained generic competition would be material to the Company’s sales of PLAVIX*, results of operations and cash flows, and could be material to the Company’s financial condition and liquidity. PLAVIX* is the Company’s largest product by net sales, and U.S. net sales for PLAVIX* were $2.7 billion, $3.2 billion and $2.8 billion in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.

As previously disclosed, the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice is conducting a criminal investigation regarding the proposed settlement of the pending PLAVIX* patent litigation with Apotex. The Company is cooperating fully with the investigation. It is not possible at this time reasonably to assess the outcome of the investigation or its impact on the Company. It is also not possible at this time reasonably to assess the impact of the investigation, if any, on the Company’s compliance with the DPA with the USAO. Also as previously disclosed, the USAO had initiated an investigation conducted by the Monitor under the DPA and the USAO, into the Company’s negotiations of the proposed settlement with Apotex, which included a review of corporate governance issues and whether there was any violation of Federal securities laws in connection with the proposed settlement with Apotex under the terms of the previously disclosed Consent that the Company entered into with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). The Monitor has completed his investigation and submitted his report on the investigation to the USAO. The Monitor’s report did not find any violation of the Consent or the Federal securities laws in connection with the proposed settlement. The Monitor concluded that the Company had violated certain paragraphs of the DPA related to governance matters. The violations cited by the Monitor in his report relate, among other things, to communication failures, including insufficient communications, by the Company’s former CEO and former General Counsel with the Board and with other members of senior management, as well as failure to comply with certain internal Company policies and procedures. The Monitor did not make any findings with respect to whether the Company knowingly and materially breached the DPA or make any recommendations. The USAO has advised the Company that he believes the matters cited in the Monitor’s report have been fully remediated and, accordingly, that he does not intend to take any action under the DPA with respect to the Monitor’s report.

For additional discussion of legal matters, including the PLAVIX* patent litigation, the Antitrust Division investigation related to the proposed settlement with Apotex and the terms of the DPA and SEC Consent, see “—Executive Summary—PLAVIX*” and “—SEC Consent Order and Deferred Prosecution Agreement” above and “Item 8. Financial Statements Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussions of the Company’s results of continuing operations exclude the results related to the Oncology Therapeutics Network (OTN) business, which were previously presented as a separate segment prior to its divestiture in 2005, and have been segregated from continuing operations and reflected as discontinued operations for all periods presented. See “—Discontinued Operations” below.

 

                       % Change
Dollars in Millions    2006     2005     2004     2006 vs. 2005   2005 vs. 2004

Net Sales

   $ 17,914     $ 19,207     $ 19,380     (7)%   (1)%

Earnings from Continuing Operations Before Minority Interest and Income Taxes

   $ 2,635     $ 4,516     $ 4,418     (42)%   2%

% of net sales

     14.7 %     23.5 %     22.8 %    

Provision for Income Taxes

   $ 610     $ 932     $ 1,519     (35)%   (39)%

Effective tax rate

     23.2 %     20.6 %     34.4 %    

Earnings from Continuing Operations

   $ 1,585     $ 2,992     $ 2,378     (47)%   26%

% of net sales

     8.8 %     15.6 %     12.3 %    

Net Sales

Net sales from continuing operations for 2006 decreased 7% to $17.9 billion compared to 2005. U.S. net sales in 2006 decreased 7% to $9.7 billion compared to 2005. International net sales in 2006 decreased 6% to $8.2 billion compared to 2005, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact.

In 2005, net sales from continuing operations decreased 1% to $19.2 billion compared to 2004. U.S. net sales in 2005 decreased 1% to $10.5 billion compared to 2004, while international net sales of $8.7 billion remained relatively constant in 2005 as compared to 2004, including a 2% favorable foreign exchange impact.

 

46


The composition of the change in net sales is as follows:

 

        

Analysis of % Change

     Total Change   Volume   Price   Foreign Exchange

2006 vs. 2005

   (7)%   (9)%   2%   —  

2005 vs. 2004

   (1)%   (2)%   —     1%

In general, the Company’s business is not seasonal. For information on U.S. pharmaceutical prescriber demand, reference is made to the table within Business Segments under the Pharmaceuticals section below, which sets forth a comparison of changes in net sales to the estimated total prescription growth (for both retail and mail order customers) for certain of the Company’s top 15 pharmaceutical products and products that the Company views as current and future growth drivers sold within the U.S.

The Company operates in three reportable segments—Pharmaceuticals, Nutritionals and Other Health Care. In May 2005, the Company completed the sale of OTN, which was previously presented as a separate segment. As such, the results of operations for OTN are presented as part of the Company’s results from discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Standards (SFAS) No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets. Accordingly, OTN results of operations in prior periods have been reclassified to discontinued operations to conform with current year presentations. The Company’s net sales by segment were as follows:

 

     Net Sales     % Change  
Dollars in Millions    2006     2005     2004     2006 vs. 2005     2005 vs. 2004  

Pharmaceuticals

   $ 13,861     $ 15,254     $ 15,564     (9 )%   (2 )%

% of net sales

     77 %     79 %     80 %    

Nutritionals

     2,347       2,205       2,001     6 %   10 %

% of net sales

     13 %     12 %     10 %    

Other Health Care

     1,706       1,748       1,815     (2 )%   (4 )%

% of net sales

     10 %     9 %     10 %    
                            

Health Care Group

     4,053       3,953       3,816     3 %   4 %
                            

Total

   $ 17,914     $ 19,207     $ 19,380     (7 )%   (1 )%
                            

The Company recognizes revenue net of various sales adjustments to arrive at net sales as reported on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. These adjustments are referred to as gross-to-net sales adjustments and are further described in “—Critical Accounting Policies” below. The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the Company’s gross sales to net sales by each significant category of gross-to-net sales adjustments:

 

     For the Years Ended December 31  
Dollars in Millions    2006     2005     2004  

Gross Sales

   $ 20,804     $ 23,003     $ 23,896  

Gross-to-Net Sales Adjustments

      

Prime Vendor Charge-Backs

     (703 )     (1,090 )     (1,319 )

Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Rebates

     (872 )     (843 )     (846 )

Managed Health Care Rebates and Other Contract Discounts

     (348 )     (514 )     (660 )

Medicaid Rebates

     (174 )     (595 )     (673 )

Cash Discounts

     (224 )     (271 )     (311 )

Sales Returns

     (230 )     (164 )     (276 )

Other Adjustments

     (339 )     (319 )     (431 )
                        

Total Gross-to-Net Sales Adjustments

     (2,890 )     (3,796 )     (4,516 )
                        

Net Sales

   $ 17,914     $ 19,207     $ 19,380  
                        

The decrease in gross-to-net sales adjustments in 2006 compared to 2005 was affected by a number of factors, including changes in customer mix and a portfolio shift, in each case towards products that required lower rebates, as well as changes in contract status. The decrease in prime vendor charge-backs was primarily the result of lower PLAVIX* net sales, volume erosion on highly rebated PARAPLATIN (carboplatin) and TAXOL® (paclitaxel) due to generic competition, as well as the impact from the discontinued commercialization of TEQUIN (gatifloxacin). Managed health care rebates and other contract discounts decreased primarily as a result of the reversal of reserves related to the TRICARE Retail Pharmacy Refund Program, as well as the exclusivity loss of PRAVACHOL, which also reduced Medicaid rebates. In addition, lower PLAVIX* net sales and the shift in patient enrollment from Medicaid to Medicare under Medicare Part D, resulted in a decrease in Medicaid rebates, partially offset by a corresponding increase in managed health care rebates. The decrease in cash discounts was primarily due to the exclusivity loss of PRAVACHOL and lower PLAVIX* sales volumes. The increase in sales returns was primarily due to higher returns trends for non-exclusive brands as well as from the discontinued commercialization of TEQUIN.

 

47


In 2005, the decrease from 2004 for prime vendor charge-backs and managed health care rebates was primarily due to lower relative sales volume in this segment due to product mix. The decrease in sales returns was primarily due to lower returns for certain products including TEQUIN, PRAVACHOL and SUSTIVA. The decrease in other adjustments was due to lower sales discounts and government rebates in the international businesses.

The following table sets forth the activities and ending balances of each significant category of gross-to-net sales adjustments:

 

Dollars in Millions    Prime Vendor
Charge-Backs
    Women,
Infants and
Children
(WIC) Rebates
    Managed
Health Care
Rebates and
Other
Contract
Discounts
    Medicaid
Rebates
    Cash
Discounts
    Sales Returns     Other
Adjustments
    Total  

Balance at January 1, 2005

   $ 106     $ 234     $ 198     $ 372     $ 33     $ 229     $ 176     $ 1,348  

Provision related to sales made in
current period

     1,096       843       509       558       269       191       351       3,817  

Provision related to sales made in
prior periods

     (6 )     —         5       37       2       (27 )     (32 )     (21 )

Returns and payments

     (1,089 )     (825 )     (542 )     (641 )     (278 )     (206 )     (364 )     (3,945 )

Impact of foreign currency
translation

     —         —         (3 )     —         —         (2 )     (7 )     (12 )
                                                                

Balance at December 31, 2005

     107       252       167       326       26       185       124       1,187  

Provision related to sales made in
current period

     706       867       381       174       221       200       348       2,897  

Provision related to sales made in
prior periods

     (3 )     5       (33 )     —         3       30       (9 )     (7 )

Returns and payments

     (747 )     (894 )     (405 )     (363 )     (232 )     (196 )     (343 )     (3,180 )

Impact of foreign currency
translation

     —         —         1       —         —         2       4       7  
                                                                

Balance at December 31, 2006

   $ 63     $ 230     $ 111     $ 137     $ 18     $ 221     $ 124     $ 904  
                                                                

In 2006, the Company recorded gross-to-net sales adjustments related to sales made in prior periods. The significant items included charges for sales returns of $30 million primarily related to higher than expected return trends for certain non-exclusive products as well as from the discontinued commercialization of TEQUIN; and credits in other contract discounts of $33 million, primarily due to the reversal of reserves related to the TRICARE Retail Pharmacy Refund Program.

In 2005, the significant items included charges of $37 million for Medicaid rebates primarily as a result of higher than expected Medicaid utilization of various products; credits of $32 million for other adjustments primarily as a result of lower than expected rebates to foreign governments; and credits of $27 million for sales returns resulting from lower returns for certain products including TEQUIN, AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* and PLAVIX*.

No other significant revisions were made to the estimates for gross-to-net sales adjustments in 2006 and 2005.

Pharmaceuticals

The composition of the change in pharmaceutical sales is as follows:

 

         Analysis of % Change
     Total Change   Volume   Price   Foreign
Exchange

2006 vs. 2005

   (9)%   (11)%   2%   —  

2005 vs. 2004

   (2)%   (3)%   —     1%

In 2006, Worldwide Pharmaceuticals sales decreased 9% to $13,861 million. U.S. Pharmaceuticals sales decreased 9% to $7,417 million from $8,190 million in 2005, primarily due to lower sales of PLAVIX* resulting from the at-risk launch of generic clopidogrel bisulfate in August 2006 and loss of exclusivity of PRAVACHOL; offset by continued growth of ABILIFY*, ERBITUX*, REYATAZ, the SUSTIVA Franchise and AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* and sales of newer products including ORENCIA, BARACLUDE and SPRYCEL. In aggregate, estimated U.S. wholesaler inventory levels of the Company’s key pharmaceutical products sold by the U.S. Pharmaceuticals business at the end of 2006 were approximately two and a half weeks.

 

48


International Pharmaceuticals sales decreased 9% to $6,444 million in 2006 from $7,064 million in 2005, primarily due to a decline in PRAVACHOL and TAXOL® (paclitaxel) sales resulting from increased generic competition in Europe, partially offset by increased sales of newer products including REYATAZ, ABILIFY* and BARACLUDE.

In 2005, Worldwide Pharmaceuticals sales decreased 2% to $15,254 million. U.S. Pharmaceuticals sales in 2005 decreased 3% to $8,190 million compared to $8,446 million in 2004, primarily due to the continued impact of exclusivity losses of PARAPLATIN and the GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise and increased competition for PRAVACHOL, partially offset by increased sales of growth drivers including PLAVIX*, ABILIFY*, ERBITUX* and REYATAZ. In aggregate, estimated wholesaler inventory levels of the Company’s key pharmaceutical products sold by the U.S. Pharmaceuticals business at the end of 2005 were down from the end of 2004 by approximately three-tenths of a month to approximately two and a half weeks. The decline in inventory levels negatively impacted the sales performance of certain products in 2005.

International pharmaceutical sales in 2005 decreased 1%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact to $7,064 million, primarily due to increased generic competition for PRAVACHOL and TAXOL® (paclitaxel), partially offset by increased sales of newer products including REYATAZ and ABILIFY* as well as growth of PLAVIX*.

Key pharmaceutical products and their sales, representing 78%, 77% and 71% of total pharmaceutical sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively, are as follows:

 

                    % Change
Dollars in Millions    2006    2005    2004    2006 vs. 2005   2005 vs. 2004

Cardiovascular

             

PLAVIX*

   $ 3,257    $ 3,823    $ 3,327    (15)%   15%

PRAVACHOL

     1,197      2,256      2,635    (47)%   (14)%

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

     1,097      982      930    12%   6%

COUMADIN

     220      212      255    4%   (17)%

MONOPRIL

     159      208      274    (24)%   (24)%

Virology

             

REYATAZ

     931      696      414    34%   68%

SUSTIVA Franchise (total revenue)

     791      680      621    16%   10%

ZERIT

     155      216      272    (28)%   (21)%

BARACLUDE

     83      12      —      **   —  

Other Infectious Diseases

             

CEFZIL

     87      259      270    (66)%   (4)%

Oncology

             

ERBITUX*

     652      413      261    58%   58%

TAXOL® (paclitaxel)

     563      747      991    (25)%   (25)%

SPRYCEL

     25      —        —      —     —  

Affective (Psychiatric) Disorders

             

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

     1,282      912      593    41%   54%

EMSAM*

     18      —        —      —     —  

Immunoscience

             

ORENCIA

     89      —        —      —     —  

Other Pharmaceuticals

             

EFFERALGAN

     266      283      274    (6)%   3%

** In excess of 200%.

 

   

Sales of PLAVIX*, a platelet aggregation inhibitor that is part of the Company’s alliance with Sanofi, decreased 15% to $3,257 million in 2006 from 2005. Sales of PLAVIX* decreased 18% in the U.S. in 2006 to $2,655 million from 2005, primarily as a result of the launch of a generic clopidogrel bisulfate product in August 2006. While market exclusivity for PLAVIX* is expected to expire in 2011 in the U.S. and 2013 in the major European markets, the composition of matter patent for PLAVIX* is the subject of litigation, including the litigation with Apotex as noted above. The trial in the underlying patent litigation ended on February 15, 2007 and the Court will rule following post-trial briefing. If Apotex were to prevail at trial in the underlying patent litigation or if there is additional competition for PLAVIX* from other third-party generic pharmaceutical companies, PLAVIX* would face renewed generic competition. In 2005, sales increased 15%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $3,823 million from $3,327 million in 2004. U.S. sales increased 14% to $3,235 million in 2005 from $2,833 million in 2004, primarily due to increased demand. For additional information on the PLAVIX* litigations, as well as the generic launch by Apotex, see “—Executive Summary—PLAVIX*” above and “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

 

49


   

Sales of PRAVACHOL, an HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor, decreased 47%, including a 1% unfavorable foreign exchange impact, to $1,197 million in 2006 from 2005, due to market exclusivity expiration in April 2006 resulting in generic competition for most strengths in the U.S. and generic competition in key European markets. Estimated total U.S. prescription demand decreased approximately 59% compared to 2005. In 2005, sales for PRAVACHOL decreased 14% to $2,256 million from $2,635 million in 2004, primarily due to lower demand resulting from increased competition and the related reduction in wholesaler inventory levels, partially offset by lower managed health care rebates in 2005. Market exclusivity in the European Union (EU) ended in 2004, with the exception of Sweden, where expiration occurred in March 2006, Italy, where expiration will occur in January 2008, and France, where generic competition that was not authorized by the Company commenced in July 2006. As previously disclosed, the Company authorized Watson to distribute pravastatin sodium tablets in the U.S.

 

   

Sales of AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*, an angiotensin II receptor blocker for the treatment of hypertension that is also part of the Sanofi alliance, increased 12%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $1,097 million in 2006 from 2005. U.S. sales increased 13% to $647 million in 2006 compared to 2005, primarily due to higher average net selling prices and higher volume. Estimated total U.S. prescription demand increased approximately 4% compared to 2005. International sales increased 10%, including a 2% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $450 million compared to 2005. In 2005, sales increased 6%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $982 million from $930 million in 2004. U.S. sales increased 2% to $574 million in 2005 compared to $562 million in 2004, while international sales increased 11%, including a 3% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $408 million from $368 million in 2004, primarily due to increased sales in Canada, France and Germany. Market exclusivity for AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* (known in the EU as APROVEL*/KARVEA*) is expected to expire in 2012 (including pediatric extension) in the U.S. and in 2012 in countries in the EU; AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* is not currently marketed in Japan.

 

   

Sales of COUMADIN (warfarin sodium), an oral anti-coagulant used predominantly in patients with atrial fibrillation or deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, increased 4% to $220 million in 2006 compared to 2005, primarily due to higher average net selling prices, partially offset by lower demand driven by continued competition. Estimated total U.S. prescription demand decreased approximately 21% compared to 2005. Sales in 2005 decreased 17% to $212 million from $255 million in 2004, due to continued competition. Market exclusivity for COUMADIN expired in the U.S. in 1997.

 

   

Sales of MONOPRIL, a second generation angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension, sold almost exclusively in non-U.S. markets, decreased 24% to $159 million in 2006. Sales in 2005 were $208 million, a decrease of 24%, including a 2% favorable foreign exchange impact, from $274 million in 2004. The sales declines in both years were due to product supply issues in key European markets. Market exclusivity protection for MONOPRIL expired in 2003 in the U.S. and has expired or is expected to expire between 2001 and 2008 in countries in the EU. MONOPRIL is not currently marketed in Japan.

 

   

Sales of REYATAZ, a protease inhibitor for the treatment of HIV, increased 34%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $931 million in 2006, primarily due to increased demand in the U.S., Europe and Latin America. Estimated total U.S. prescription demand increased approximately 18% compared to 2005. U.S. sales increased 27% to $514 million in 2006 from $405 million in 2005, primarily due to higher demand and higher average net selling prices. International sales increased 43%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $417 million in 2006 compared to 2005. Sales in 2005 were $696 million compared to $414 million in 2004, primarily due to increased demand in the U.S. and in Europe, where REYATAZ was launched in the second quarter of 2004. Market exclusivity for REYATAZ is expected to expire in 2017 in the U.S., in countries in the EU and Japan.

 

   

Total revenue for the SUSTIVA Franchise, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV, increased 16%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $791 million in 2006 from 2005 due to higher demand and the launch of ATRIPLA* in the third quarter of 2006. Estimated total U.S. prescription demand for the SUSTIVA Franchise increased approximately 11% compared to 2005. In July 2006, the Company and Gilead launched ATRIPLA*, a once-daily single tablet three-drug regimen for HIV intended as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with other antiretrovirals. Total revenue for the SUSTIVA Franchise includes sales of SUSTIVA as well as revenue from bulk efavirenz included in the combination therapy ATRIPLA*. The Company records revenue for the bulk efavirenz component of ATRIPLA* upon sales of ATRIPLA* by the Gilead joint venture to third-party customers. In 2005, SUSTIVA sales increased 10% to $680 million from $621 million in 2004, primarily due to increased demand, higher average selling prices and lower sales returns. Market exclusivity for SUSTIVA is expected to expire in 2013 in the U.S. and in countries in the EU; the Company does not, but others do, market SUSTIVA in Japan. For additional information on revenue recognition of the SUSTIVA Franchise, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”

 

   

Sales of ZERIT (stavudine), an antiretroviral agent used in the treatment of HIV, decreased 28% to $155 million in 2006, primarily as a result of lower demand in both the U.S. and Europe. Estimated total U.S. prescription demand decreased approximately 30% compared to 2005. In 2005, ZERIT sales decreased 21%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $216 million from $272 million in 2004, primarily as a result of a decrease in demand in the U.S. Market exclusivity protection for ZERIT is expected to expire in 2008 in the U.S., between 2007 and 2011 in countries in the EU and in 2008 in Japan.

 

50


   

Sales of BARACLUDE, an oral antiviral agent for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, increased to $83 million in 2006 compared to $12 million in 2005. BARACLUDE was launched in the U.S in April 2005, China in February 2006, UK and Germany in July 2006 and in France and Japan in September 2006. The Company has a composition of matter patent that expires in the U.S. in 2010 and in Germany, France and the UK in 2011.

 

   

Sales of CEFZIL, an antibiotic for the treatment of mild to moderately severe bacterial infections, decreased 66% to $87 million in 2006 from 2005, primarily due to generic competition in the U.S. In 2006, estimated total U.S. prescription demand decreased approximately 91% compared to 2005. In 2005, CEFZIL sales decreased 4%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $259 million from $270 million in 2004, primarily due to lower demand. Market exclusivity expired in December 2005 in the U.S. and is expected to expire between 2007 and 2009 in the EU.

 

   

Sales of ERBITUX*, which is sold by the Company almost exclusively in the U.S., increased 58% to $652 million in 2006 from $413 million in 2005, driven by continued growth related to usage in the treatment of colorectal cancer and for the treatment of head and neck cancer, which was approved by the FDA in March 2006. Sales in 2005 increased to $413 million from $261 million in 2004. ERBITUX* is marketed by the Company under a distribution and copromotion agreement with ImClone. A use patent relating to combination therapy with cytotoxic treatments expires in 2017. There is no patent covering monotherapy. Currently, generic versions of biological products cannot be approved under U.S. law. However, the law could change in the future. Even in the absence of new legislation, the FDA is taking steps toward allowing generic versions of certain biologics. Competitors seeking approval of biological products must file their own safety and efficacy data, and address the challenges of biologics manufacturing, which involves more complex processes and are more costly than those of traditional pharmaceutical operations. The Company’s right to market ERBITUX* in North America and Japan under its agreement with ImClone expires in September 2018. The Company does not, but others do, market ERBITUX* in countries in the EU. As previously disclosed, ImClone and Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd. (Yeda) have been in litigation over the ownership of the use patent for combination therapy with cytotoxic treatments relating to ERBITUX*. In September 2006, the court granted Yeda the complete ownership of that patent. ImClone has appealed the court’s decision. For further information pertaining to legal proceedings involving ERBITUX*, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies,” and “—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”

 

 

 

Sales of TAXOL® (paclitaxel), an anti-cancer agent sold almost exclusively in the non-U.S. markets, were $563 million in 2006 compared to $747 million in 2005. Sales of TAXOL® (paclitaxel) decreased 25%, including a 2% unfavorable foreign exchange impact, primarily due to increased generic competition in Europe and generic entry in Japan during the third quarter of 2006. In 2005, TAXOL® (paclitaxel) sales decreased 25%, including a 1% unfavorable foreign exchange impact, to $747 million from $991 million in 2004, primarily as a result of increased generic competition in Europe. Market exclusivity protection for TAXOL® (paclitaxel) expired in 2000 in the U.S. and in 2003 in countries in the EU. Two generic paclitaxel products have received regulatory approval in Japan, and one generic product has entered the market.

 

   

SPRYCEL, an oral inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases, for the treatment of adults with chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myloid leukemia with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, including GLEEVEC* (imatinib meslylate), was launched in the U.S. in July 2006 and in certain European markets in the fourth quarter of 2006. Sales for 2006 were $25 million. Market exclusivity for SPRYCEL is expected to expire in 2020 in the U.S.

 

   

Total revenue for ABILIFY*, an antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia, acute bipolar mania and bipolar disorder, increased 41% to $1,282 million in 2006 from 2005. U.S. sales increased 40% to $1,052 million in 2006 from $750 million in 2005, primarily due to higher demand and higher average net selling prices. Estimated total U.S. prescription demand increased approximately 21% compared to 2005. In 2005, total revenue for ABILIFY* was $912 million, compared to $593 million in 2004, primarily due to demand growth in the U.S. and the continued growth in Europe, which achieved sales of $140 million in 2005. Total revenue for ABILIFY* primarily consists of alliance revenue representing the Company’s 65% share of net sales in countries where it copromotes with Otsuka and the product is sold by an Otsuka affiliate as a distributor. Otsuka’s market exclusivity protection for ABILIFY* is expected to expire in 2014 in the U.S. (including the granted patent term extension). Otsuka has received formal notices from six generic pharmaceutical companies stating that each has filed an aNDA with the FDA for various dosage forms of aripiprazole, which the Company and Otsuka comarket in the U.S. as ABILIFY*. Each of these notices further states that its aNDA contains a p(IV) certification directed to U.S. Patent No. 5,006,528 (the ‘528 Patent), which covers aripiprazole and expires in October 2014. In addition, each of the notices purports to provide Otsuka with the respective p(IV) certification. These certifications contain various allegations regarding the enforceability of the ‘528 Patent and/or the validity and/or infringement of some or all the claims therein. Otsuka has sole rights to enforce the ‘528 Patent. For additional information, see “Item 1, Business – Business Segments – Pharmaceuticals Segment.” The Company also has the right to copromote ABILIFY* in several European countries (the UK, France, Germany and Spain) and to act as exclusive distributor for the product in the rest of the EU. A composition of matter patent is in force in Germany, the UK, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain and Denmark. The original expiration date of 2009 has been extended to 2014 by grant of a supplemental protection certificate in all of the above countries except Romania and Denmark.

 

51


 

Data exclusivity in the EU expires in 2014. The Company’s contractual right to market ABILIFY* expires in November 2012 in the U.S. and Puerto Rico and, for the countries in the EU where the Company has the exclusive right to market ABILIFY* until June 2014. For additional information on revenue recognition of ABILIFY*, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”

 

   

EMSAM*, a transdermal patch for the delivery of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults, was launched in the U.S. in April 2006. Sales in 2006 were $18 million. In the third quarter of 2006, as a result of lower than expected sales for EMSAM*, the Company recorded a $27 million impairment charge for EMSAM* related assets. EMSAM* was developed by Somerset, a joint venture between Mylan and Watson. The Company has obtained exclusive distribution rights to commercialize EMSAM* in the U.S. and Canada and markets EMSAM* in the U.S. through its existing neuroscience sales force. As a new drug formulation, EMSAM* received three years of Hatch-Waxman data exclusivity, which expires in 2009 in the U.S.

 

   

ORENCIA, a fusion protein indicated for adult patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to one or more currently available treatments, such as methotrexate or anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy, was launched in the U.S. in February 2006. Sales in 2006 were $89 million, substantially all in the U.S. The Company has a composition of matter patent that expires in the U.S. in 2016 and the patent may be eligible for patent term restoration, which could possibly extend the term. As noted above, generic versions of biological products cannot be approved under U.S. law, but the law could change in the future.

 

   

Sales of EFFERALGAN (paracetamol), a formulation of acetaminophen for pain relief sold principally in Europe, decreased 6% to $266 million in 2006, primarily due to a change in government reimbursement. In 2005, sales increased 3%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $283 million from $274 million in 2004, primarily due to increased sales in Italy and Spain as a result of a strong flu season in 2005.

The estimated U.S. prescription change data provided above includes information only from the retail and mail order channels and does not reflect information from other channels, such as hospitals, institutions and long-term care, among others. The estimated prescription and prescription change data are based on National Prescription Audit (NPA) data provided by IMS Health (IMS), a supplier of market research for the pharmaceutical industry, as described below.

In most instances, the basic exclusivity loss date indicated above is the expiration date of the patent that claims the active ingredient of the drug or the method of using the drug for the approved indication. In some instances, the basic exclusivity loss date indicated is the expiration date of the data exclusivity period. In situations where there is only data exclusivity without patent protection, a competitor could seek regulatory approval prior to the expiration of the data exclusivity period by submitting its own clinical trial data to obtain marketing approval. The Company assesses the market exclusivity period for each of its products on a case-by-case basis. The length of market exclusivity for any of the Company’s products is difficult to predict with certainty because of the complex interaction between patent and regulatory forms of exclusivity and other factors. There can be no assurance that a particular product will enjoy market exclusivity for the full period of time that the Company currently anticipates. The estimates of market exclusivities reported above are for business planning purposes only and are not intended to reflect the Company’s legal opinion regarding the strength or weakness of any particular patent or other legal position.

 

52


Estimated End-User Demand

U.S. Pharmaceuticals

The following tables set forth for each of the Company’s top 15 pharmaceutical products (based on 2005 annual net sales) and other products that the Company views as current and future growth drivers sold by the U.S. Pharmaceuticals business, for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004: (a) changes in reported U.S. net sales for the period; and (b) estimated total U.S. prescription growth for the retail and mail order channels calculated by the Company based on NPA data and Next-Generation Prescription Services (NGPS) version 1.0 data provided by IMS; and for the months ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, estimated U.S. therapeutic category share of the applicable product, calculated by the Company based on NPA data and NGPS data provided by IMS.

 

     Year Ended December 31, 2006     Month Ended December 31, 2006
    

% Change in U.S.

Net Sales (a)

    % Change in U.S. Total Prescriptions    

Estimated TRx

Therapeutic Category Share % (d)

       NPA Data (b)     NGPS Data (c)     NPA Data (b)    NGPS Data (c)

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

   40     21     21     12    12

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

   13     4     2     14    14

BARACLUDE (e)

   * *   * *   * *   25    24

CEFZIL(i)

   (107 )   (91 )   (91 )   —      —  

COUMADIN

   2     (21 )   (22 )   16    15

ERBITUX* (f)

   57     N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise

   (45 )   (49 )   (49 )   1    1

KENALOG (g)

   29     N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

ORENCIA (h)

   —       N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

PARAPLATIN (f)

   (29 )   N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

PLAVIX*

   (18 )   (18 )   (20 )   34    32

PRAVACHOL

   (57 )   (59 )   (59 )   1    1

REYATAZ(i)

   27     18     17     33    33

SPRYCEL (j)

   —       —       —       5    3

SUSTIVA Franchise (i) (k) (total revenue)

   23     11     11     33    33

TEQUIN

   (101 )   (70 )   (70 )   —      —  

VIDEX/VIDEX EC

   (52 )   (58 )   (60 )   1    1

ZERIT

   (23 )   (30 )   (30 )   5    5

 

     Year Ended December 31, 2005     Month Ended December 31, 2005
    

% Change in U.S.

Net Sales (a)

    % Change in U.S. Total Prescriptions    

Estimated TRx

Therapeutic Category Share % (d)

       NPA Data (b)     NGPS Data (c)     NPA Data (b)    NGPS Data (c)

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

   35     42     40     11    11

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

   2     11     12     15    15

BARACLUDE (e)

   —       —       —       12    11

CEFZIL (i)

   (5 )   (10 )   (11 )   2    2

COUMADIN

   (20 )   (19 )   (20 )   21    20

ERBITUX* (f)

   58     N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise

   (52 )   (63 )   (62 )   2    2

KENALOG (g)

   14     N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

ORENCIA (h)

   —       N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

PARAPLATIN (f)

   (95 )   N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

PLAVIX*

   14     13     13     86    86

PRAVACHOL

   (10 )   (17 )   (16 )   7    7

REYATAZ(i)

   33     39     37     31    31

SPRYCEL(j)

   —       —       —       —      —  

SUSTIVA (i)

   11     5     8     31    30

TEQUIN

   (17 )   (30 )   (28 )   1    1

VIDEX/VIDEX EC

   (73 )   (65 )   (65 )   2    2

ZERIT

   (18 )   (31 )   (30 )   7    6

 

53


     Year Ended December 31, 2004     Month Ended December 31, 2004
    

% Change in U.S.

Net Sales (a)

    % Change in U.S. Total Prescriptions    

Estimated TRx

Therapeutic Category Share % (d)

       NPA Data (b)     NGPS Data (c)     NPA Data (b)    NGPS Data (c)

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

   98     103     103     9    9

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

   19     15     18     15    15

BARACLUDE (e)

   —       —       —       —      —  

CEFZIL (i)

   (31 )   (30 )   (29 )   2    2

COUMADIN

   (18 )   (17 )   (21 )   27    27

ERBITUX* (f)

   —       N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise

   (66 )   (60 )   (61 )   3    3

KENALOG (g)

   (3 )   N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

ORENCIA (h)

   —       N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

PARAPLATIN (f)

   (30 )   N/A     N/A     N/A    N/A

PLAVIX*

   36     24     27     85    85

PRAVACHOL

   (12 )   (10 )   (9 )   9    9

REYATAZ (i)

   * *   * *   * *   26    27

SPRYCEL(j)

   —       —       —       —      —  

SUSTIVA (i)

   9     4     11     30    30

TEQUIN

   (27 )   (24 )   (23 )   2    2

VIDEX/VIDEX EC

   (3 )   (4 )   3     9    9

ZERIT

   (32 )   (29 )   (27 )   9    9

(a) Reflects percentage change in net sales in dollar terms, including change in average selling prices and wholesaler buying patterns.
(b) Based on a simple average of the estimated number of prescriptions in the retail and mail order channels as provided by IMS.
(c) Based on a weighted-average of the estimated number of prescription units (tablets or milliliters) in the retail and mail order channels based on data provided by IMS.
(d) The therapeutic categories are determined by the Company as those products considered to be in direct competition with the Company’s own products. The products listed above compete in the following therapeutic categories: ABILIFY* (antipsychotics), AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* (angiotensin receptor blockers), BARACLUDE (oral antiviral agent), CEFZIL (branded oral solid and liquid antibiotics), COUMADIN (warfarin), ERBITUX* (oncology), GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise (oral antidiabetics), KENALOG (intra-articular/intramuscular steroid), ORENCIA (fusion protein), PARAPLATIN (carboplatin), PLAVIX* (antiplatelet agents), PRAVACHOL (HMG CoA reductase inhibitors), REYATAZ (protease inhibitors excluding NORVIR*), SPRYCEL (TKIs for leukemia), the SUSTIVA Franchise (antiretrovirals—third agents excluding NORVIR* and TRIZIVIR*), TEQUIN (branded oral solid antibiotics), VIDEX/VIDEX EC and ZERIT (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors).
(e) BARACLUDE was launched in the U.S. in April 2005.
(f) ERBITUX* and PARAPLATIN specifically, and parenterally administered oncology products in general, do not have prescription-level data because physicians do not write prescriptions for these products. The Company believes therapeutic category share information provided by third parties for these products may not be reliable and accordingly, none is presented here.
(g) The Company does not have prescription level data for KENALOG because the product is not dispensed through a retail pharmacy. The Company believes therapeutic category share information provided by third parties for this product may not be reliable and accordingly none is presented here.
(h) ORENCIA was launched in the U.S. in February 2006. The Company does not have prescription level data because the product is not dispensed through retail pharmacies.
(i) Prior year Estimated TRx Therapeutic Category Share Percentage has been recalculated to conform with current year presentation for the following: CEFZIL has been recalculated as a percentage share based on the combined Oral and Liquid/Suspension markets; REYATAZ has been recalculated as a percentage share of the Protease Inhibitors excluding NORVIR*; the SUSTIVA Franchise has been recalculated as a percentage share of Third Agents excluding NORVIR* and TRIZIVIR*.
(j) SPRYCEL was launched in the U.S. in July 2006.
(k) Beginning in the third quarter of 2006, the SUSTIVA Franchise (total revenue) includes sales of SUSTIVA, as well as revenue of bulk efavirenz included in the combination therapy, ATRIPLA*. The therapeutic category share information and change in U.S. total prescriptions growth for the SUSTIVA Franchise (antiretrovirals – third agents excluding NORVIR* and TRIZIVIR*) includes both branded SUSTIVA and ATRIPLA* prescription units.

 

** In excess of 200%.

The Company has historically reported estimated total U.S. prescription change and estimated therapeutic category share based on NPA data, which IMS makes available to the public on a subscription basis, and a simple average of the estimated number of prescriptions in the retail and mail order channels. In the third quarter of 2005, the Company began disclosing estimated total U.S. prescription change and estimated therapeutic category share based on both NPA and NGPS version 1.0 data. NGPS version 1.0 data was collected by IMS under a new, revised methodology and was released by IMS on a limited basis through a pilot program. IMS announced NGPS version 2.0 data is available to the public on a subscription basis starting in January 2007 and legacy NPA and NGPS version 1.0 will be discontinued. The Company believes that the NGPS data provided by IMS provides a superior estimate of prescription data for the Company’s products in the retail and mail order channels. The Company has calculated the estimated total U.S. prescription change and estimated therapeutic category share based on NGPS data on a weighted-average basis to reflect the fact that mail order prescriptions include a greater volume of product supplied compared with retail prescriptions. The Company believes that calculation of the estimated total U.S. prescription change and estimated therapeutic category share based on the NGPS data and the weighted-average approach with respect to the retail and mail order channels provides a superior estimate of total prescription demand. The Company now uses this methodology for its internal demand forecasts.

 

54


The estimated prescription change data and estimated therapeutic category share reported throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K only include information from the retail and mail order channels and do not reflect information from other channels, such as hospitals, institutions and long-term care, among others. The data provided by IMS are a product of IMS’ own record-keeping processes and are themselves estimates based on sampling procedures, subject to the inherent limitations of estimates based on sampling. In addition, the NGPS version 1.0 data was part of a pilot program that was replaced by IMS and incorporated in the NGPS version 2.0 released in January 2007.

The Company continuously seeks to improve the quality of its estimates of prescription change amounts, therapeutic category share percentages and ultimate patient/consumer demand through review of its methodologies and processes for calculation of these estimates and review and analysis of its own and third parties’ data used in such calculations. The Company expects that it will continue to review and refine its methodologies and processes for calculation of these estimates and will continue to review and analyze its own and third parties’ data used in such calculations.

International Pharmaceuticals, Nutritionals and Other Health Care

The following table sets forth for each of the Company’s key pharmaceutical products and other growth drivers sold by the Company’s International Pharmaceuticals business, including the top 15 pharmaceutical products sold in the Company’s major non-U.S. countries (based on 2005 net sales), and for each of the key products sold by the other reporting segments listed below, the percentage change in the Company’s estimated ultimate patient/consumer demand for the months of December 2006 and September 2006 compared to the same period in the prior year. The Company commenced collecting the estimated ultimate patient/consumer demand for these reporting segments with the March 2005 period. The Company believes the year-to-year comparison below provides a more meaningful comparison to changes in sales for the quarter than the quarter-to-prior quarter comparisons previously provided.

 

     % Change in Demand on a Constant U.S. Dollar Basis  
    

December 2006

vs. December 2005

   

September 2006

vs. September 2005

 

International Pharmaceuticals

    

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

   15     23  

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

   6     3  

BARACLUDE

   * *   —    

BUFFERIN*

   11     20  

CAPOTEN

   (16 )   (24 )

DAFALGAN

   5     11  

EFFERALGAN

   2     (23 )

MAXIPIME

   (23 )   (5 )

MONOPRIL

   (10 )   (15 )

PARAPLATIN

   (11 )   (19 )

PERFALGAN

   17     31  

PLAVIX*

   (8 )   (13 )

PRAVACHOL

   (63 )   (55 )

REYATAZ

   23     20  

SUSTIVA Franchise (total revenue)

   4     2  

TAXOL® (paclitaxel)

   (18 )   (26 )

VIDEX/VIDEX EC

   (33 )   (22 )

Nutritionals

    

ENFAMIL/ENFAGROW

   6     5  

NUTRAMIGEN

   17     7  

Other Health Care

    

ConvaTec

    

Ostomy

   —       3  

Wound Therapeutics

   5     5  

Medical Imaging

    

CARDIOLITE

   (5 )   (5 )

** In excess of 200%.

 

55


Estimated Inventory Months on Hand in the Distribution Channel

U.S. Pharmaceuticals

The following tables set forth for each of the Company’s top 15 pharmaceutical products (based on 2005 annual net sales) and other products that the Company views as current and future growth drivers sold by the Company’s U.S. Pharmaceuticals business, the U.S. Pharmaceuticals net sales and the estimated number of months on hand of the applicable product in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel for the quarters ended December 31 and September 30, 2006, 2005 and 2004. The Company believes the estimated number of months on hand for the quarters ended December 31 and September 30 for each of the three preceding years provide a more meaningful comparison to the Estimated End-User Demand for U.S. Pharmaceuticals disclosed above than the Company’s former practice of providing the six most recent quarters.

 

Dollars in Millions    December 31, 2006    December 31, 2005    December 31, 2004
   Net Sales     Months on
Hand
   Net Sales   

Months on

Hand

   Net Sales     Months on
Hand

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

   $ 294     0.5    $ 175    0.6    $ 170     0.9

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

     182     0.5      168    0.6      154     0.9

BARACLUDE

     18     0.7      4    0.7      —       —  

CEFZIL

     (5 )   21.7      46    0.7      60     1.1

COUMADIN

     48     0.8      50    0.8      69     1.0

ERBITUX*

     165     0.4      121    —        88     0.2

GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise

     16     0.7      29    0.7      48     1.1

KENALOG

     24     0.8      23    0.9      18     1.3

ORENCIA

     31     0.4      —      —        —       —  

PARAPLATIN

     6     5.8      5    0.9      (12 )   1.2

PLAVIX*

     343     0.6      906    0.6      816     0.9

PRAVACHOL

     50     0.6      366    0.6      433     1.0

REYATAZ

     144     0.7      110    0.5      99     0.9

SPRYCEL

     11     1.4      —      —        —       —  

SUSTIVA Franchise (a) (total revenue)

     144     0.7      102    0.6      103     0.8

TEQUIN

     (10 )   —        22    0.9      39     0.9

VIDEX/VIDEX EC

     2     1.1      7    0.9      25     0.9

ZERIT

     19     0.9      21    0.8      31     0.9

 

     September 30, 2006    September 30, 2005    September 30, 2004
Dollars in Millions    Net Sales    Months on
Hand
   Net Sales    Months on
Hand
   Net Sales    Months on
Hand

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

   $ 260    0.5    $ 214    0.9    $ 152    0.6

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

     159    0.4      147    0.5      148    0.6

BARACLUDE

     14    0.6      2    1.2      —      —  

CEFZIL

     1    29.2      27    0.7      30    0.6

COUMADIN

     45    0.7      49    0.6      58    0.9

ERBITUX*

     173    0.5      106    —        83    0.2

GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise

     20    0.7      38    0.7      39    1.0

KENALOG

     19    0.8      19    0.7      9    1.7

ORENCIA

     34    0.8      —      —        —      —  

PARAPLATIN

     5    1.5      9    1.1      145    1.2

PLAVIX*

     474    1.5      833    0.4      781    0.6

PRAVACHOL

     73    1.0      297    0.5      318    0.6

REYATAZ

     129    0.5      105    0.6      75    0.6

SPRYCEL

     11    1.2      —      —        —      —  

SUSTIVA Franchise (a) (total revenue)

     128    0.5      101    0.6      95    0.7

TEQUIN

     2    2.3      21    0.9      31    0.7

VIDEX/VIDEX EC

     3    0.9      7    1.1      27    0.6

ZERIT

     19    0.7      24    0.8      34    0.7

(a) Beginning in the third quarter of 2006, the SUSTIVA Franchise includes sales of SUSTIVA, as well as revenue of bulk efavirenz included in the combination therapy, ATRIPLA*. The estimated months on hand of the product in the U.S. wholesale distribution channel only include branded SUSTIVA inventory.

BARACLUDE was launched in the U.S. in April 2005. In anticipation of the launch, the Company’s U.S. wholesalers built inventories of the product to meet expected demand and at September 30, 2005, BARACLUDE inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel exceeded one month on hand. The estimated value of BARACLUDE inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel had been worked down to less than one month on hand in subsequent quarters.

 

56


At December 31, 2006 and September 30, 2006, the estimated value of CEFZIL inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel exceeded one month on hand by approximately $9.7 million and $11.8 million, respectively. The demand for CEFZIL decreased significantly in 2006 due to reduced wholesaler outmovements as generic competition began in the U.S. in December 2005. At December 31, 2004, the estimated value of CEFZIL inventory exceeded one month on hand by approximately $1.6 million as the Company built higher inventories of the product to meet expected higher demand typically experienced in the winter months in the U.S. The Company continues to monitor CEFZIL sales with the objective to work down wholesaler inventory levels to one month on hand or less.

At December 31, 2004, the estimated value of GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise products inventory (GLUCOPHAGE* XR, GLUCOPHAGE* IR, GLUCOVANCE* and METAGLIP*) in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel exceeded one month on hand by approximately $1.6 million. As with all products, the months on hand estimate for the GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise products is an average of months on hand for all stock-keeping units (SKUs) of the product group. The increase in months on hand of the GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise products at the end of the fourth quarter 2004 to above one month on hand resulted primarily from the purchase by wholesalers of certain SKUs. After giving effect to these purchases, the increased months on hand for these SKUs were less than one month on hand. However, when the increased months on hand for these SKUs were averaged with all SKUs for the GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise products, the aggregate estimated months on hand exceeded one month. At March 31, 2005, the estimated value of GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise products inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel had been worked down to approximately one month on hand, and has been worked down to, and remained at, less than one month on hand in subsequent quarters.

At December 31, 2004 and September 30, 2004, the estimated value of KENALOG inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel exceeded one month on hand by approximately $1.0 million and $2.6 million, respectively, due to high levels of goods-in-transit caused by shipping delays. In subsequent quarters, the estimated value of KENALOG inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel had been worked down to less than one month on hand.

In October 2004, the U.S. pediatric exclusivity period for PARAPLATIN expired. The resulting entry of multiple generic competitors for PARAPLATIN led to a significant decrease in demand for PARAPLATIN, which in turn led to the months on hand of the product in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel exceeding one month on hand at December 31, 2006, September 30, 2006, September 30, 2005, December 31, 2004 and September 30, 2004. The estimated value of PARAPLATIN inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel over one month on hand was approximately $0.6 million at December 31, 2006, $0.6 million at September 30, 2006, $0.7 million at September 30, 2005, $6.0 million at December 31, 2004 and $6.6 million at September 30, 2004. The Company no longer produces PARAPLATIN for the U.S. market and will continue to monitor PARAPLATIN wholesaler inventory levels until they have been depleted.

At September 30, 2006, the estimated value of PLAVIX* inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel exceeded one month on hand by approximately $41.4 million due to the at-risk launch of generic clopidogrel bisulfate in August 2006. Demand for PLAVIX* decreased precipitously following the at-risk launch of generic clopidogrel bisulfate. As of December 31, 2006, PLAVIX* inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel has been worked down to less than one month on hand.

SPRYCEL was launched in the U.S. in July 2006. Consistent with customary practice at the time of a new product launch, the Company’s U.S. wholesalers built inventories of the product to meet expected demand, and at December 31, 2006 and September 30, 2006, the estimated value of SPRYCEL inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel exceeded one month on hand by approximately $1.4 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The Company continues to monitor SPRYCEL inventory and sales with the objective to work down wholesaler inventory levels to one month on hand or less.

In the first quarter of 2006, the Company made the decision to discontinue commercialization of TEQUIN for commercial reasons. The Company stopped shipping product to U.S. wholesalers in June 2006 and established an accrual for the estimated returns of TEQUIN inventory. In July 2006, the Company notified the U.S. wholesaler and retail distribution channels that it would allow for return of the product regardless of expiry dates. The estimated value of TEQUIN inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel that exceeded one month on hand was de minimis at September 30, 2006. As of December 31, 2006, the Company is not aware of any significant amounts of TEQUIN inventory remaining in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel. The Company expects most of the TEQUIN inventory in all U.S. channels to be reduced to nominal levels in the first quarter of 2007.

The estimated value of VIDEX/VIDEX EC (didanosine) inventory in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel that exceeded one month on hand was de minimis at December 31, 2006 and was approximately $0.2 million at September 30, 2005. As a result of generic competition in the U.S. commencing in the fourth quarter of 2004, demand for VIDEX/VIDEX EC decreased significantly.

 

57


For all products other than ERBITUX* and ORENCIA, the Company determines the above months on hand estimates by dividing the estimated amount of the product in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel by the estimated amount of out-movement of the product from the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel over a period of 31 days, all calculated as described below. Factors that may influence the Company’s estimates include generic competition, seasonality of products, wholesaler purchases in light of increases in wholesaler list prices, new product launches, new warehouse openings by wholesalers and new customer stockings by wholesalers. In addition, such estimates are calculated using third-party data, which represent their own record-keeping processes and as such, may also reflect estimates.

The Company maintains inventory management agreements (IMAs) with most of its U.S. Pharmaceuticals wholesalers, which account for nearly 100% of total gross sales of U.S. pharmaceutical products. Under the current terms of the IMAs, the Company’s three largest wholesaler customers provide the Company with weekly information with respect to inventory levels of product on hand and the amount of out-movement of products. These three wholesalers accounted for approximately 90% of total gross sales of U.S. pharmaceutical products in 2006. The inventory information received from these wholesalers excludes inventory held by intermediaries to whom they sell, such as retailers and hospitals, and excludes goods in transit to such wholesalers. The Company uses the information provided by these three wholesalers as of the Friday closest to quarter end to calculate the amount of inventory on hand for these wholesalers at the applicable quarter end. This amount is then increased by the Company’s estimate of goods in transit to these wholesalers as of the applicable Friday, which have not been reflected in the weekly data provided by the wholesalers. Under the Company’s revenue recognition policy, sales are recorded when substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred, which in the U.S. Pharmaceuticals business is generally when product is shipped. In such cases, goods in transit to a wholesaler are owned by the applicable wholesaler and, accordingly, are reflected in the calculation of inventories in the wholesaler distribution channel. The Company estimates the amount of goods in transit by using information provided by these wholesalers with respect to their open orders as of the applicable Friday and the Company’s records of sales to these wholesalers with respect to such open orders. The Company determines the out-movement of a product from these wholesalers over a period of 31 days by using the most recent four weeks of out-movement of a product as provided by these wholesalers and extrapolating such amount to a 31 day basis. The Company estimates inventory levels on hand and out-movements for its U.S. Pharmaceuticals business wholesaler customers other than the three largest wholesalers for each product based on the assumption that such amounts bear the same relationship to the three largest wholesalers’ inventory levels and out-movements for such product as the percentage of aggregate sales for all products to these other wholesalers in the applicable quarter bears to aggregate sales for all products to the Company’s three largest wholesalers in such quarter. Finally, the Company considers whether any adjustments are necessary to these extrapolated amounts based on such factors as historical sales of individual products made to such other wholesalers and third-party market research data related to prescription trends and patient demand. In addition, the Company receives inventory information from these other wholesalers on a selective basis for certain key products.

The Company’s U.S. Pharmaceuticals business through the IMAs discussed above, has arrangements with substantially all of its direct wholesaler customers and requires those wholesalers to maintain inventory at levels that are no more than one month of their demand.

In response to the at-risk launch of generic clopidogrel bisulfate on August 8, 2006, the Company offered certain U.S. MCOs incremental rebates from its wholesaler list price for PLAVIX* under certain conditions through March 31, 2007. A small number of MCOs accepted the offer. All other offers were rejected, did not qualify or were terminated prior to or at the time of the issuance of the preliminary injunction on August 31, 2006, and no further such offers have been made. The Company also provided a temporary price reduction below the Federal supply schedule for PLAVIX* to the Veterans Administration for a limited period in August and September 2006. Primarily as a result of very limited participation in the rebate offer, the Company estimates that the impact of the two programs on PLAVIX* net sales in the third and fourth quarters was de minimis.

ORENCIA was launched in February 2006. From launch through the second quarter, the Company distributed ORENCIA through an exclusive distribution arrangement with a single distributor. Following approval of the supplemental Biologics License Application (sBLA) that allows a third party to manufacture ORENCIA at an additional site, the exclusive distribution arrangement terminated on July 17, 2006 and the Company expanded its distribution network for ORENCIA to multiple distributors. The above estimates of months on hand was calculated by dividing the inventories of ORENCIA held by these distributors at the end of the quarter by the outmovement of the product over the last 31 day period, as reported by these distributors. The inventory on hand and outmovements reported by these distributors are a product of the distributors’ own record-keeping processes.

During 2004 and through May 2005, McKesson Corporation (McKesson), one of the Company’s wholesalers, provided warehousing, packing and shipping services for ERBITUX*. McKesson held ERBITUX* inventory on consignment and, under the Company’s revenue recognition policy, the Company recognized revenue when such inventory was shipped by McKesson to the end-users. McKesson also held inventories of ERBITUX* for its own account. Upon the divestiture of OTN in May 2005, the Company discontinued the consignment arrangement with McKesson and McKesson no longer held inventories for its own account. Thereafter, the Company sold ERBITUX* to intermediaries (such as wholesalers and specialty oncology distributors) and shipped ERBITUX* directly to the end-users of the product who are the customers of those intermediaries. Beginning in the third quarter of 2006, the Company expanded its distribution model to include one of the Company’s wholesalers who then held ERBITUX* inventory. The Company recognizes revenue upon such shipment consistent with its revenue recognition policy.

 

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The above estimate of months on hand was calculated by dividing the inventories of ERBITUX* held by the wholesaler for its own account as reported by the wholesaler as of the end of the quarter by the outmovements of the product reported by that wholesaler over the last 31 day period. The inventory levels reported by the wholesaler are a product of the wholesaler’s own record-keeping process.

As previously disclosed, for the Company’s Pharmaceuticals business outside of the U.S., Nutritionals and Other Health Care business units around the world, the Company has significantly more direct customers, limited information on direct customer product level inventory and corresponding out-movement information and the reliability of third-party demand information, where available, varies widely. Accordingly, the Company relies on a variety of methods to estimate direct customer product level inventory and to calculate months on hand for these business units.

Estimated Inventory Months on Hand in the Distribution Channel

The following table sets forth for each of the Company’s key products sold by the businesses listed below, the net sales of the applicable product for each of the quarters ended December 31, 2006, September 30, 2006, December 31, 2005 and September 30, 2005, and the estimated number of months on hand of the applicable product in the direct customer distribution channel for the businesses as of the end of each of the four quarters. The Company believes the estimated number of months on hand for the quarters ended December 31 and September 30 for each of the two preceding years provide a more meaningful comparison to the Estimated End-User Demand for International Pharmaceuticals, Nutritionals and Other Health Care disclosed above than the Company’s former practice of providing the four most recent quarters. The estimates of months on hand for key products described below for the International Pharmaceuticals business are based on data collected for all of the Company’s significant business units outside of the U.S. Also described further below is information on non-key product(s) where the amount of inventory on hand at direct customers is more than approximately one month and the impact is not de minimis. For the other non-Pharmaceuticals reporting segments, estimates are based on data collected for the U.S. and all significant business units outside of the U.S.

 

     December 31, 2006    September 30, 2006
Dollars in Millions    Net Sales   

Months

On Hand

   Net Sales   

Months

on Hand

International Pharmaceuticals

           

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

   $ 68    0.7    $ 53    0.6

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

     125    0.6      118    0.5

BARACLUDE

     18    0.8      8    0.9

BUFFERIN*

     32    0.5      28    0.5

CAPOTEN

     31    0.8      28    0.8

DAFALGAN

     40    1.0      35    1.1

EFFERALGAN

     74    0.7      62    0.9

MAXIPIME

     33    0.6      40    0.7

MONOPRIL

     35    0.9      34    1.0

PARAPLATIN

     28    0.8      27    0.6

PERFALGAN

     54    0.5      48    0.6

PLAVIX*

     153    0.6      156    0.6

PRAVACHOL

     96    0.8      119    0.7

REYATAZ

     111    1.0      104    1.1

SUSTIVA Franchise (a) (total revenue)

     78    0.5      73    0.5

TAXOL® (paclitaxel)

     128    0.7      135    0.6

VIDEX/VIDEX EC

     29    1.4      35    1.4

Nutritionals

           

ENFAMIL/ENFAGROW

     338    0.9      315    0.8

NUTRAMIGEN

     54    1.0      50    1.0

Other Health Care

           

ConvaTec

           

Ostomy

     151    1.0      139    0.9

Wound Therapeutics

     123    1.0      113    0.9

Medical Imaging

           

CARDIOLITE

     103    0.9      97    0.8

(a) Beginning in the third quarter of 2006, the SUSTIVA Franchise includes sales of SUSTIVA, as well as revenue of bulk efavirenz included in the combination therapy, ATRIPLA*. The estimated months on hand of the product in the distribution channel only include branded SUSTIVA inventory.

 

59


     December 31, 2005    September 30, 2005
Dollars in Millions    Net Sales   

Months

on Hand

   Net Sales   

Months

on Hand

International Pharmaceuticals

           

ABILIFY* (total revenue)

   $ 49    0.6    $ 46    0.8

AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*

     109    0.6      104    0.5

BARACLUDE

     1    —        —      —  

BUFFERIN*

     36    0.7      31    0.6

CAPOTEN

     38    0.8      38    0.9

DAFALGAN

     34    1.2      34    1.3

EFFERALGAN

     74    1.0      66    1.1

MAXIPIME

     48    0.8      40    0.7

MONOPRIL

     43    0.9      48    1.0

PARAPLATIN

     33    0.8      33    0.6

PERFALGAN

     43    0.6      38    0.7

PLAVIX*

     155    0.6      147    0.6

PRAVACHOL

     218    0.8      230    0.8

REYATAZ

     78    0.6      71    0.9

SUSTIVA

     68    0.6      69    0.6

TAXOL® (paclitaxel)

     176    0.8      171    0.5

VIDEX/VIDEX EC

     34    0.9      34    0.9

Nutritionals

           

ENFAMIL/ENFAGROW

     330    1.0      284    0.9

NUTRAMIGEN

     48    1.1      44    1.1

Other Health Care

           

ConvaTec

           

Ostomy

     145    1.0      139    0.9

Wound Therapeutics

     112    0.9      104    0.8

Medical Imaging

           

CARDIOLITE

     100    1.0      106    0.8

The above months on hand information represents the Company’s estimates of aggregate product level inventory on hand at direct customers divided by the expected demand for the applicable product. Expected demand is the estimated ultimate patient/consumer demand calculated based on estimated end-user consumption or direct customer out-movement data over the most recent 31 day period or other reasonable period. Factors that may affect the Company’s estimates include generic competition, seasonality of products, direct customer purchases in light of price increases, new product or product presentation launches, new warehouse openings by direct customers, new customer stockings by direct customers and expected direct customer purchases for governmental bidding situations.

The Company relies on a variety of methods to calculate months on hand for these businesses and reporting segments. Where available, the Company relies on information provided by third parties to determine estimates of aggregate product level inventory on hand at direct customers and expected demand. For the businesses and reporting segments listed above; however, the Company has limited information on direct customer product level inventory, end-user consumption and direct customer out-movement data. Further, the quality of third-party information, where available, varies widely. In some circumstances, such as the case with new products or seasonal products, such historical end-user consumption or out-movement information may not be available or applicable. In such cases, the Company uses estimated prospective demand. In cases where direct customer product level inventory, ultimate patient/consumer demand or out-movement data do not exist or are otherwise not available, the Company has developed a variety of other methodologies to calculate estimates of such data, including using such factors as historical sales made to direct customers and third-party market research data related to prescription trends and end-user demand.

As of September 30, 2006, the Company has entered into exclusive distributorship arrangements for certain products in several Eastern and Central European markets.

As of September 30, 2006, December 31, 2005 and September 30, 2005, DAFALGAN, an analgesic product sold principally in Europe, had approximately 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 months of inventory on hand, respectively, at direct customers. The level of inventory on hand was due primarily to private pharmacists purchasing DAFALGAN approximately once every eight weeks and the seasonality of the product.

 

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As of September 30, 2005, EFFERALGAN, an analgesic product sold principally in Europe, had approximately 1.1 months of inventory on hand at direct customers. The level of inventory on hand was due primarily to private pharmacists purchasing EFFERALGAN approximately once every eight weeks and the seasonality of the product.

As of September 30, 2006, REYATAZ, an antiviral product, had approximately 1.1 months of inventory on hand at direct customers. The increased level of inventory on hand was due primarily to government purchasing patterns in Brazil.

As of December 31, 2006 and September 30, 2006, VIDEX/VIDEX EC, an antiviral product, had approximately 1.4 months of inventory on hand at direct customers. The increased level of inventory on hand was due primarily to government purchasing patterns in Brazil. The Company is contractually obligated to provide VIDEX/VIDEX EC to the Brazilian government upon placement of an order for product by the government. Under the terms of the contract, the Company has no control over the inventory levels relating to such orders. The Company, however, expects that the inventory levels for VIDEX/VIDEX EC will be worked down.

As of December 31, 2005 and September 30, 2005, NUTRAMIGEN, an infant nutritional product sold principally in the U.S., had approximately 1.1 months of inventory on hand at direct customers. The level of inventory on hand at the end of the quarter ended December 31, 2005 was due primarily to holiday stocking by retailers and at the quarter ended September 30, 2005 was due primarily to the impact of retailers holding higher levels of inventory in response to Hurricane Katrina.

The Company continuously seeks to improve the quality of its estimates of months on hand of inventories held by its direct customers including thorough review of its methodologies and processes for calculation of these estimates and a thorough review and analysis of its own and third parties’ data used in such calculations. The Company expects that it will continue to review and refine its methodologies and processes for calculation of these estimates and will continue to review and analyze its own and third parties’ data in such calculations. The Company also has and will continue to take steps to expedite the receipt and processing of data for the non-U.S. Pharmaceuticals businesses.

Health Care Group

The combined 2006 revenues from the Health Care Group increased 3% to $4,053 million compared to the same period in 2005, despite a 4% unfavorable impact from the divestiture of the U.S. and Canadian Consumer Medicines (Consumer Medicines) business in the third quarter of 2005. The combined 2005 revenues from the Health Care Group increased 4% to $3,953 million compared to the same period in 2004.

Nutritionals

The composition of the change in Nutritionals sales is as follows:

 

             Analysis of % Change    
     Total Change   Volume   Price   Foreign Exchange

2006 vs. 2005

   6%   2%   3%   1%

2005 vs. 2004

   10%   7%   2%   1%

Key Nutritionals product lines and their sales, representing 96%, 95% and 94% of total Nutritional sales in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively, are as follows:

 

                    % Change
Dollars in Millions    2006    2005    2004    2006 vs. 2005   2005 vs. 2004

Infant Formulas

   $ 1,637    $ 1,576    $ 1,405    4%   12%

ENFAMIL

     1,007      992      859    2%   15%

Toddler/Children’s Nutritionals

     606      529      468    15%   13%

ENFAGROW

     262      206      179    27%   15%

Worldwide Nutritionals sales increased 6%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $2,347 million in 2006 from 2005. In 2005, Worldwide Nutritionals sales were $2,205 million, an increase of 10%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact and despite a 2% unfavorable impact from the divestiture of the Adult Nutritional business, from $2,001 million in 2004. In the first quarter of 2004, the Company divested its Adult Nutritional business.

International sales increased 11%, including a 3% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $1,256 million in 2006 from 2005, primarily due to increased sales of children’s nutritional products. In 2005, international sales increased 12%, including a 2% favorable foreign exchange impact and despite a 1% unfavorable impact from the divestiture of the Adult Nutritional business, to $1,135 million from $1,010 million in 2004, primarily due to the increased sales of ENFAMIL and ENFAGROW.

 

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U.S. sales increased 2% to $1,091 million in 2006 from 2005, primarily due to increased sales of ENFAMIL. In 2005, U.S. sales increased 8%, despite a 3% unfavorable impact from the divestiture of the Adult Nutritional business, to $1,070 million from $991 million in 2004, primarily due to increased sales of ENFAMIL.

Other Health Care

The Other Health Care segment includes ConvaTec and the Medical Imaging business, as well as the Consumer Medicines business in 2005 and 2004. In the third quarter of 2005, the Company sold its Consumer Medicines business and related assets. The composition of the change in Other Health Care segment sales is as follows:

 

             Analysis of % Change    
     Total Change   Volume   Price   Foreign Exchange

2006 vs. 2005

   (2)%   (2)%   (1)%   1%

2005 vs. 2004

   (4)%   (4)%   (1)%   1%

Other Health Care sales decreased 2% to $1,706 million compared to the same period in 2005, which included a 9% unfavorable impact for the divestiture of the Consumer Medicines business. Other Health Care sales in 2005 decreased 4% to $1,748 million compared to the same period in 2004, which included a 7% unfavorable impact for the divestiture of the Consumer Medicines business.

Other Health Care sales by business and their key products for the years ended December 31, were as follows:

 

                    % Change
Dollars in Millions    2006    2005    2004    2006 vs. 2005   2005 vs. 2004

ConvaTec

   $ 1,048    $ 992    $ 954    6%   4%

Ostomy

     554      550      551    1%   —  

Wound Therapeutics

     441      416      391    6%   6%

Medical Imaging

     658      602      589    9%   2%

CARDIOLITE

     408      416      406    (2)%   2%

Consumer Medicines

     —        154      272    (100)%   (43)%

 

  Worldwide ConvaTec sales increased 6%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $1,048 million in 2006 from 2005. Ostomy sales increased 1% to $554 million in 2006, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact. Sales of wound therapeutic products increased 6%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $441 million in 2006 from $416 million in 2005, primarily due to continued growth of the AQUACEL franchise. In 2005, worldwide ConvaTec sales increased 4%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, to $992 million from $954 million in 2004, primarily due to an increase in worldwide sales of wound therapeutic products.

 

  Worldwide Medical Imaging sales increased 9% to $658 million in 2006 from 2005. This growth was primarily due to an increase in TechneLite technetium Tc99m generator sales resulting from a competitor’s market absence in the first quarter of 2006 and an increase in DEFINITY sales during a competitor’s continued absence from the market. CARDIOLITE sales decreased 2% to $408 million in 2006 from $416 million in 2005, primarily due to decreased price. In 2005, Medical Imaging sales increased 2%, to $602 million from $589 million in 2004, primarily due to increased demand for CARDIOLITE.

 

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Geographic Areas

In general, the Company’s products are available in most countries in the world. The largest markets are in the U.S., France, Japan, Canada, Spain, Italy, Mexico and Germany. The Company’s sales by geographic areas were as follows:

 

                       % Change
Dollars in Millions    2006     2005     2004     2006 vs. 2005   2005 vs. 2004

United States

   $ 9,729     $ 10,461     $ 10,613     (7)%   (1)%

% of Total

     55 %     54 %     55 %    

Europe, Middle East and Africa

     4,544       5,136       5,470     (12)%   (6)%

% of Total

     25 %     27 %     28 %    

Other Western Hemisphere

     1,615       1,592       1,425     1%   12%

% of Total

     9 %     8 %     7 %    

Pacific

     2,026       2,018       1,872     —     8%

% of Total

     11 %     11 %     10 %    
                            

Total

   $ 17,914     $ 19,207     $ 19,380     (7)%   (1)%
                            

Sales in the U.S. decreased 7% in 2006, primarily as a result of lower sales of PLAVIX* and the loss of exclusivity of PRAVACHOL in April 2006. This decrease in sales was partially offset by growth of the remaining pharmaceutical growth drivers and recently launched products. In 2005, sales in the U.S. decreased 1% in 2005, as a result of lower sales of PARAPLATIN and the GLUCOPHAGE* Franchise due to the continuing impact of earlier exclusivity losses, and PRAVACHOL, due to lower demand resulting from increased competition. This decrease in sales was mostly offset by increased sales of growth drivers including PLAVIX*, ABILIFY*, ERBITUX* and REYATAZ, as well as strong sales growth of ENFAMIL.

Sales in Europe, Middle East and Africa decreased 12% as a result of sales decline of PRAVACHOL and TAXOL® (paclitaxel) resulting from increased generic competition. This decrease in sales was partially offset by increased sales in major European markets of REYATAZ and AVAPRO*/AVALIDE*. In 2005, sales decreased 6%, including a 1% favorable foreign exchange impact, as a result of sales decline of TAXOL® (paclitaxel), due to increased generic competition, and PRAVACHOL, due to exclusivity loss in select markets, including the UK and the Netherlands. This decrease in sales was partially offset by increased sales in major European markets of REYATAZ and ABILIFY*, which were both launched in Europe in the second quarter of 2004.

Sales in the Other Western Hemisphere countries increased 1%, including a 3% favorable foreign exchange impact, primarily due to increased sales of AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* in Canada and key nutritional products, partially offset by decreased sales of TEQUIN and other pharmaceutical products. In 2005, sales increased 12%, including a 7% favorable foreign exchange impact, primarily due to increased sales of PLAVIX* in Canada and Mexico, REYATAZ in Brazil and Canada, and AVAPRO*/AVALIDE* in Canada.

Sales in the Pacific region remained consistent compared to 2005. In 2005, sales increased 8%, as a result of increased sales of TAXOL® (paclitaxel) in Japan, and ENFAGROW and ENFAMIL in China.

 

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Expenses

 

                          % Change  
Dollars in Millions    2006      2005      2004      2006 vs.
2005
    2005 vs.
2004
 

Cost of products sold

   $ 5,956      $ 5,928      $ 5,989      —       (1 )%

% of net sales

     33.2%        30.9%        30.9%       

Marketing, selling and administrative

   $ 4,919      $ 5,106      $ 5,016      (4 )%   2 %

% of net sales

     27.5%        26.6%        25.9%       

Advertising and product promotion

   $ 1,351      $ 1,476      $ 1,411      (8 )%   5 %

% of net sales

     7.5%        7.7%        7.3%       

Research and development

   $ 3,067      $ 2,746      $ 2,500      12 %   10 %

% of net sales

     17.1%        14.3%        12.9%       

Acquired in-process research and development

   $ —        $ —        $ 63      —       (100 )%

% of net sales

     —          —          0.3%       

Provision for restructuring, net

   $ 59      $ 32      $ 104      84 %   (69 )%

% of net sales

     0.3%        0.1%        0.5%       

Litigation charges, net

   $ 302      $ 269      $ 420      12 %   (36 )%

% of net sales

     1.7%        1.4%        2.2%       

Gain on sale of businesses

   $ (200 )    $ (569 )    $ (320 )    65 %   (78 )%

% of net sales

     (1.1)%        (3.0)%        (1.7)%       

Equity in net income of affiliates

   $ (474 )    $ (334 )    $ (273 )    (42 )%   (22 )%

% of net sales

     (2.6)%        (1.7)%        (1.4)%       

Other expense, net

   $ 299      $ 37      $ 52      * *   (29 )%

% of net sales

     1.7%        0.2%        0.3%       

Total Expenses, net

   $ 15,279      $ 14,691      $ 14,962      4 %   (2 )%

% of net sales

     85.3%        76.5%        77.2%       

** In excess of 200%.

 

   

Cost of products sold, as a percentage of sales, increased to 33.2% in 2006 compared with 30.9% in 2005. In 2006, the Company included $91 million, or 0.5% as a percentage of sales, of certain costs in cost of products sold, which were reported in marketing, selling and administrative expenses in the prior year results. In addition to the reclassification, the increase was primarily due to the unfavorable impact of pharmaceutical net sales mix, including lower sales of PLAVIX* and impairment charges for TEQUIN and EMSAM* related assets as well as for a manufacturing facility. In 2005 and 2004, cost of products sold, as a percentage of sales, was 30.9%. In 2005, the unfavorable impact on gross margins resulting from the change in the U.S. Pharmaceuticals sales mix was offset by TEQUIN impairment charges and $76 million of net litigation charges recorded in 2004.

 

   

Marketing, selling and administrative expenses decreased 4% to $4,919 million as compared to 2005, including a 2% decrease resulting from the above-mentioned reclassification. In addition to the reclassification, the decrease was primarily due to lower sales force expenses resulting from the previously announced restructuring of the U.S. primary care sales organization that became effective in March 2006 and lower expenses for PRAVACHOL, partially offset by the impact of the adoption of stock option expensing. In 2005, marketing, selling and administrative expenses increased 2% to $5,106 million from $5,016 million in 2004, primarily due to higher legal costs and higher pension expenses, reflecting increased amortization of unrecognized net losses as well as change in actuarial assumptions, partially offset by lower sales force expenses resulting from a focus on specialists and high value primary care physicians. Marketing, selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales were 27.5%, which included a 0.5% decrease from the reclassification; compared with 26.6% and 25.9% in 2005 and 2004, respectively.

 

   

Advertising and product promotion expenditures decreased 8% to $1,351 million as compared to 2005, primarily driven by the divestiture of the Consumer Medicines business in 2005 and lower spending on mature brands, partially offset by increased investments in new products including ORENCIA and SPRYCEL. In 2005, advertising and product promotion expenditures increased 5% to $1,476 million as compared to $1,411 million in 2004, primarily due to increased investments in direct-to-consumer marketing campaigns for PLAVIX* and ABILIFY*, increased costs associated with pre-launch activities for ORENCIA and the launch of BARACLUDE, partially offset by lower spending on mature products.

 

64


   

The Company’s investment in research and development was $3,067 million in 2006, an increase of 12% over 2005. In 2005, the investment in research and development was $2,746 million, which represented a 10% increase over $2,500 million in 2004. The increases in both 2006 and 2005 reflect the Company’s strategy with continued investments in late-stage compounds and developing a pipeline in disease areas that address significant unmet medical need. Research and development costs also included charges consisting primarily of upfront and milestone payments of $85 million in 2006, primarily to Exelixis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Solvay Global (Solvay), $72 million in 2005, primarily to Medarex and Pierre Fabre Medicament S.A. (Pierre Fabre) and $58 million in 2004, primarily to Pierre Fabre and Solvay. As a percentage of sales, research and development expenses were 17.1% in 2006 compared with 14.3% in 2005 and 12.9% in 2004. The percentage of sales in 2006 was impacted by lower PLAVIX* sales.

 

   

Acquired in-process research and development of $63 million in 2004 was related to the purchase of Acordis, a UK-based company. For additional information on the acquisition, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures.”

 

   

Restructuring programs have been implemented to realign and streamline operations in order to increase productivity, reduce operating expenses and to rationalize the Company’s manufacturing network, research facilities, and the sales and marketing organizations. Actions under the 2006 restructuring program are expected to be substantially complete during 2008 while actions under the 2005 and 2004 restructuring programs were substantially completed at December 31, 2006. As a result of these actions, the Company expects the future annual benefit to earnings from continuing operations before minority interest and income taxes to be approximately $64 million, $77 million and $186 million for the 2006, 2005 and 2004 programs, respectively. For additional information on restructuring, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 3. Restructuring.”

 

   

Litigation charges, net of settlement income and insurance recoveries, were $302 million in 2006, $269 million in 2005 and $420 million in 2004. The $302 million net charge in 2006 consisted of an increase to the reserves of $353 million for the settlement in principle of certain pricing and sales investigations, partially offset by insurance recoveries of $37 million from an unrelated matter and $14 million in income from a settlement of a litigation matter. The $269 million net charge in 2005 consisted of increases to the reserves of $590 million for liabilities primarily related to private litigations and governmental investigations, partially offset by insurance recoveries of $321 million. The $420 million charge in 2004 consisted of $336 million related to private litigation and governmental investigations related to wholesaler inventory issues and accounting matters, $50 million related to the PLATINOL litigation settlement and $34 million related to pharmaceutical pricing and sales practices. For additional information on litigation, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

 

   

The gain on sale of businesses of $200 million ($130 million net of tax) in 2006 was related to the sale of inventory, trademark, patent and intellectual property rights related to DOVONEX*. The gain on sale of businesses of $569 million ($370 million net of tax) in 2005 was related to the sale of the Consumer Medicines business and related assets. The gain on sale of business of $320 million ($198 million net of tax) in 2004 was related to the sale of the Adult Nutritional business. For additional information on these transactions, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures.”

 

   

Equity in net income of affiliates for 2006 was $474 million, compared with $334 million and $273 million in 2005 and 2004, respectively. Equity in net income of affiliates is principally related to the Company’s joint venture with Sanofi and investment in ImClone. In 2006, the $140 million increase in equity in net income of affiliates was primarily due to increased net income in the joint venture with Sanofi and income from the equity investment in ImClone in 2006 compared to a loss in 2005. In 2005, the $61 million increase in equity in net income of affiliates from 2004 primarily reflects an increase in net income in the Sanofi joint venture, partially offset by a net loss from the investment in ImClone. For additional information on equity in net income of affiliates, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments.”

 

   

Other expense, net, was $299 million, $37 million and $52 million in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. Other expense, net includes net interest expense, foreign exchange gains and losses, income from third-party contract manufacturing, royalty income and expense, debt retirement costs, gains and losses on disposal of property, plant and equipment, gains and losses on sale of marketable securities and certain other litigation matters. The $262 million increase in other expense, net in 2006 from 2005 was primarily due to higher debt retirement costs in connection with the repurchase in 2006 of the $2.5 billion Notes due 2011 compared to the repurchase in 2005 of the $2.5 billion Notes due 2006, as well as a $143 million non-recurring income in 2005 resulting from the termination of the muraglitazar collaborative agreement, partially offset by lower net foreign exchange losses. The $15 million decrease in other expense, net in 2005 from 2004 was primarily due to deferred income recognized from the termination of the collaborative agreement for muraglitazar, partially offset by debt retirement costs in connection with the repurchase of the $2.5 billion Notes due 2006 and higher net foreign exchange losses. For additional information, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 7. Other Expense, Net.”

Stock-based compensation expense recognized under Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 123 (revised 2004), Share-Based Payment (SFAS No. 123(R)) for the year ended December 31, 2006 was $112 million. These charges were

 

65


recorded in cost of product sold, marketing selling and administrative expenses and research and development expenses. Stock-based compensation expense recognized under Accounting Principles Board (APB) No. 25 for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 was $31 million and $30 million, respectively. These expenses were recorded in marketing, selling and administrative expenses.

During the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, the Company recorded several expense/(income) items that affected the comparability of results of the periods presented herein, which are set forth in the following table. For a discussion of these items, see “Item 8. Financial Statements—Note 2. Alliances and Investments;” “—Note 3. Restructuring and Other Items;” “—Note 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures;” “—Note 8. Income Taxes;” “—Note 13. Other Intangible Assets;” “—Note 14. Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt;” and “—Note 21. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”

 

Year ended December 31, 2006

 

Dollars in Millions

  

Cost of

products sold

  

Research

and
development

   Marketing,
selling and
admin
   Provision for
restructuring,
net
   Litigation
settlement
expense /
(income)
   

Other

expense /
(income), net

   Gain on sale of
product asset
    Total  
                                             

Litigation Matters:

                     

Pharmaceutical pricing and sales litigation

   $ —      $ —      $ —      $ —      $ 353     $ —      $ —       $ 353  

Product liability

     —        —        —        —        —         11      —         11  

Claim for damages

     —        —        —        —        —         13      —         13  

Commercial litigations

     —        —        —        —        (14 )     —        —         (14 )

Insurance recovery

     —        —        —        —        (37 )     —        —         (37 )
                                                           
     —        —        —        —        302       24      —         326  

Other:

                     

Debt retirement costs

     —        —        —        —        —         220      —         220  

Accelerated depreciation, asset impairment and contract termination

     167      15      4      —        —         —        —         186  

Upfront and milestone payments

     —        70      —        —        —         —        —         70  

Streamlining of worldwide operations

     —        —        —        59      —         —        —         59  

Gain on sale of product asset

     —        —        —        —        —         —        (200 )     (200 )
                                                           
   $ 167    $ 85    $ 4    $ 59    $ 302     $ 244    $ (200 )     661  
                                                     

Income taxes on items above

                        (149 )

Change in estimate for taxes on prior year items

                        39  
                           

Reduction to Net Earnings from Continuing Operations

                      $ 551  
                           

 

Year ended December 31, 2005

 

Dollars in Millions

  

Cost of

products sold

  

Research

and
development

  

Provision

for

restructuring

  

Gain on

sale

of business

   

Litigation
settlement
expense /

(income)

   

Other

expense /
(income), net

    Total  
                                         

Litigation Matters:

                 

Private litigation and governmental investigations

   $ —      $ —      $ —      $ —       $ 558     $ —       $ 558  

ERISA liability and other matters

     —        —        —        —         20       —         20  

Pharmaceutical pricing and sales litigation

     —        —        —        —         12       —         12  

Insurance recoveries

     —        —        —        —         (321 )     —         (321 )
                                                     
     —        —        —        —         269       —         269  

Other:

                 

Accelerated depreciation and asset impairment

     96      14      —        —         —         —         110  

Debt retirement costs

     —        —        —        —         —         69       69  

Streamlining of worldwide operations

     1      14      32      —         —         —         47  

Upfront and milestone payments

     —        44      —        —         —         —         44  

Loss on sale of fixed assets

     —        —        —        —         —         18       18  

Gain on sale of equity investment

     —        —        —        —         —         (27 )     (27 )

Termination of muraglitazar agreement

     5      —        —        —         —         (143 )     (138 )

Gain on sale of Consumer Medicines businesses

     —        —        —        (569 )     —         —         (569 )
                                                     
   $ 102    $ 72    $ 32    $ (569 )   $ 269     $ (83 )     (177 )
                                               

Income taxes on items above

                    126  
                 

Adjustment on taxes on repatriation of foreign earnings

                    (135 )
                       

Increase to Net Earnings from Continuing Operations

                  $ (186 )
                       

 

66


Year ended December 31, 2004

 

Dollars in Millions

   Cost of
products
sold
   

Research

and
development

   Acquired
in-process
research and
development
  

Gain on

sale

of business

    Provision for
restructuring,
net
   Litigation
settlement
expense /
(income)
   Other
expense /
(income),
net
   Total  

Litigation Matters:

                     

Private litigation and governmental investigations

   $ —       $ —      $ —      $ —       $ —      $ 336    $ —      $ 336  

Product liability

     75       —        —        —         —        —        11      86  

Anti-trust litigation

     —         —        —        —         —        50      —        50  

Pharmaceutical pricing and sales litigation

     —         —        —        —         —        34      —        34  

Commercial litigation

     26       —        —        —         —        —        —        26  

Product liability insurance recovery

     (25 )     —        —        —         —    &