UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2003
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITY
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 0-27423
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
(EXACT NAME OF REGISTRANT AS SPECIFIED IN ITS CHARTER)
DELAWARE 51-0391303
(State of incorporation) (I.R.S. Employer Identification Nos.)
REPRESENTATION OFFICE GOLDEN TELESERVICES, INC.
1 KOZHEVNICHESKY PROEZD
MOSCOW, RUSSIA 115114
(Address of principal executive offices)
(011-7-501) 797-9300
(Registrant's telephone number)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
None
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, par value $ 0.01 per share
Indicate by check mark whether the registrants (1) have filed all
reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to
Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained in this Form 10-K, and will not be
contained, to the best of the registrants' knowledge, in definitive proxy or
information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K
or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [X]
Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer
(as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2). Yes [X] No [ ]
The aggregate market value Golden Telecom, Inc. voting and non-voting
common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2003 (the last business day
of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was
$167,320,571 based upon the closing price on the Nasdaq National Market as of
such date.
On March 8, 2004, there were outstanding approximately 36,076,300
shares of Common Stock of Golden Telecom, Inc.
ITEM OF FORM 10-K DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
------------------ --------------------------------------------
Part III, Items 10-14 Portions of the Registrant's proxy statement
for the 2004 annual meeting of shareholders
to be held in May 2004.
Part IV, Items 14(c) Exhibits.
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
FORM 10-K
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PART I
ITEM 1. Business.......................................................... 3
ITEM 2. Properties........................................................ 38
ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings................................................. 38
ITEM 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders............... 38
PART II
ITEM 5. Market for the Company's Common Equity, Related Stockholder
Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities............... 39
ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data........................................... 40
ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations........................................... 42
ITEM 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk......... 59
ITEM 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Information
for the Company................................................. 62
ITEM 9. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and
Financial Disclosure............................................ 103
ITEM 9A. Control and Procedures............................................. 103
PART III
ITEM 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant................ 104
ITEM 11. Executive Compensation............................................ 104
ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and
Related Stockholder Matters..................................... 104
ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.................... 104
ITEM 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services............................ 104
PART IV
ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules and Reports on Form 8-K... 105
SIGNATURES................................................................... 107
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
INTRODUCTION
We are a leading facilities-based provider of integrated
telecommunications and Internet services to businesses and other high-usage
customers and telecommunications operators in 165 combined access points in
Moscow, Kiev, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Krasnoyarsk and other major
population centers throughout Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States ("CIS").
We organize our operations into the four business groups, as follows:
- BUSINESS AND CORPORATE SERVICES. Using our fiber optic and
satellite-based networks in and between major metropolitan
areas of Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the CIS, we
provide business and corporate services including voice and
data services to corporate clients across all geographical
markets and all industry segments, other than
telecommunications operators;
- CARRIER AND OPERATOR SERVICES. Using our fiber optic and
satellite-based networks in and between major metropolitan
areas of Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the CIS, we
provide a range of carrier and operator services including
voice and data services to foreign and Russian
telecommunications and mobile operators;
- CONSUMER INTERNET SERVICES. Using our fiber optic and
satellite-based networks, we provide dial-up Internet access
to the consumer market and web content offered through a
family of Internet portals throughout Russia, Ukraine, and
Kazakhstan; and
- MOBILE SERVICES. Using our mobile networks in Kiev and Odessa,
Ukraine, we provide mobile services with value-added features,
such as voicemail, roaming and messaging services on a
subscription and prepaid basis.
We intend to offer all of our integrated telecommunication services
under the Golden Telecom brand although due to the recent acquisition of OAO
Comincom ("Comincom"), some services still carry the Combellga brand. Our
dial-up Internet services are distributed under the ROL brand in Russia and
Kazakhstan and under the Svit-On-Line brand in Ukraine.
Additionally, we hold a minority interest in MCT Corp. ("MCT"), which
in turn has ownership interests in 15 mobile operations located throughout
Russia and in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. We treat our ownership interest in MCT
as an equity method investment and are not actively involved in the day-to-day
management of its operations. In August 2003, MCT concluded a binding agreement
with OJSC Mobile TeleSystems ("MTS") on the sale of five of its cellular
operators. MTS acquired these five cellular operators from MCT for approximately
$70.0 million and assumed certain guarantees as part of the transaction.
BUSINESS SECTION OVERVIEW
The following subsections within the Business section describe our
business strategy, our current position in the markets in which we operate, our
corporate history and development, our customer base, and a detailed review of
our service groups by operating division. Additionally, we describe our licenses
and our network facilities. Finally, we provide a summary of the principal
environments in which we operate, the telecommunications markets, the political
and economic environments, and the legal, tax and regulatory regimes in Russia
and Ukraine.
BUSINESS STRATEGY
Our objective is to be the leading facilities-based alternative voice,
data and Internet services company in Russia and key markets in the CIS. To
achieve this objective, we intend to:
- Pursue Consolidation Opportunities
We intend to pursue consolidation opportunities through selective
acquisitions that will allow us to expand our geographical reach, add to our
service offerings and improve our market share while maintaining operational
control. We will target complementary opportunities that will enable us to
achieve synergies and economies of scale and seek regional opportunities in
major cities where we do not have our own local network infrastructure.
- Increase Market Share by Offering Bundled Data and Voice
Services Over an Integrated Network
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Corporate customers increasingly demand integrated telecommunications
solutions from one-stop providers that are able to deliver a full service
offering in the geographical areas in which these corporate customers operate.
As a result, we plan to continue to develop and combine our businesses to create
a unified service platform for local access, local exchange, domestic and
international long distance, data, Internet access and services via turn-key
solutions.
- Extend Our Leading Position in High Growth Data and Internet
Markets
We plan to build on our position as a leading provider of data
and Internet communication services in Russia and other countries of
the CIS by increasing the number of network access points in our
network to facilitate the growing demand for data and Internet
communications.
- Reduce Operating Costs and Satisfy Capacity Needs through
Network Planning and Optimization
Our network strategy includes building and owning our local
exchange and customer access networks. We have entered into long-term
lease agreements for long-distance and international fiber optic cable
systems to provide our regional and global connectivity, supplementing
these leased land-based channels with satellite circuits for redundancy
and remote connectivity. We intend to selectively invest in and to
incrementally expand the fiber optic capacity along our heavy traffic
and high cost intercity routes to reduce our unit transmission costs
and ensure sufficient capacity to meet the growing demand for data and
Internet services. Wherever possible, we target customers and products
to fully utilize existing fixed cost network infrastructure.
- Focus Operating Activities and Capital Investments in Major
Metropolitan Areas
We plan to deploy our capital investments primarily in Moscow,
Kiev, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Krasnoyarsk and other major
population centers in the CIS, where demand for our services is most
heavily concentrated. We also intend to expand our operations in
regional cities with sufficiently strong local economies and where we
believe potential exists to grow businesses that complement our current
operations.
We consider the recent acquisition of Comincom
to be an important part of this strategy. We view Comincom as a
highly complementary business that will allow us to increase our
market share in Moscow and other key metropolitan markets. We expect
significant operating synergies in combining our businesses and
significant opportunities to optimize our network and capital
investment costs.
OUR POSITION IN THE RUSSIAN AND CIS MARKETS
We believe that we are well positioned to maintain and consolidate our
strong presence in the Russian and CIS telecommunications markets for the
following reasons:
- our early market entry and local market experience;
- our focus on service, quality and reliability;
- our strong infrastructure position in Moscow, Kiev, St.
Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Krasnoyarsk;
- our extensive customer base;
- our extensive range of integrated voice, data and Internet
data telecommunications services;
- our influential shareholder base; and
- our strong balance sheet position.
CORPORATE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
Golden Telecom, Inc., initially a majority owned subsidiary of Global
TeleSystems, Inc. ("GTS"), was incorporated in Delaware in June 1999 in
preparation for our initial public offering ("IPO") which took place in
September 1999. GTS was founded in 1983 as a not-for-profit company under the
name San Francisco/Moscow Teleport, Inc. and was among the first foreign
telecommunications operators in the former Soviet Union, where it began offering
data links to the United States ("US") in 1986, international long distance
services in 1992, local access to its networks in 1994 and cellular services in
1995. At the time of our IPO, GTS contributed substantially all of the assets
that constituted Golden Telecom, Inc.
4
In September 2002, we purchased the 50% of EDN Sovintel ("Sovintel")
that we did not own from OAO Rostelecom ("Rostelecom"), the Russian national
long distance carrier. As a result of this purchase, we now own 100% of
Sovintel. In April 2003, we merged the operations of TeleRoss, our wholly-owned
subsidiary, into Sovintel.
In August 2003, we acquired 100% of OOO Sibchallenge Telecom
("Sibchallenge"), the leading alternative wireline operator in Krasnoyarsk,
Russia. Sibchallenge owns 100% of the ownership interests in ZAO Tel ("Tel"), an
Internet service provider, also based in Krasnoyarsk.
In December 2003, we acquired 100% of the shares of Comincom, and its
wholly-owned subsidiary, OAO Combellga ("Combellga"), from Nye Telenor East
Invest AS ("Telenor"). As part of this transaction, we issued shares to Telenor
representing 19.5% of our shares outstanding after the acquisition.
The following table summarizes the four service groups through which we
currently conduct our operations:
SERVICE GROUPS SUBSIDIARIES
-------------- ------------
BUSINESS AND CORPORATE SERVICES:
BCS division in Russia............................... Sovintel, Comincom, Combellga, Agency for Business
Communications ("ADS"), Sibchallenge
BCS division in Ukraine.............................. Golden Telecom (Ukraine)
CARRIER AND OPERATOR SERVICES:
Carrier and Operator Services division in Russia..... Sovintel, Comincom, Combellga, ADS, Sibchallenge
Carrier and Operator Services division in Ukraine.... Golden Telecom (Ukraine)
CONSUMER INTERNET SERVICES:
Consumer Internet Services division.................. Sovintel, ADS, and Tel
MOBILE SERVICES:
Golden Telecom GSM in Kiev and
Odessa, Ukraine.................................. Golden Telecom (Ukraine)
CUSTOMER BASE
We compete primarily for high-volume business customers and carriers
who require access to highly reliable and advanced telecommunications facilities
to operate their business. Together, our top five customers accounted for
approximately 13% of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31,
2003. Our largest customer, Vimpelcom, together with its affiliate KB Impulse,
accounted for approximately 8% of our consolidated revenues for the year ended
December 31, 2003, although we expect this percentage to decrease as the result
of our December 2003 acquisition of Comincom. No other customer accounted for
over 5% of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2003. We
provide services to our largest customer, Vimpelcom, pursuant to agreements
which specify service level requirements and the tariffs to be charged.
Our principal customer segments are:
Corporate Network Customers. Corporate network customers are typically
large multinational or Russian and Ukrainian companies which require the full
range of voice and data and Internet services in several cities across Russia,
Ukraine and other countries of the CIS. While pricing is always a factor, this
segment places more value on network coverage, reliability as defined by service
level agreements, and the ability to design, install and maintain local area
networks ("LAN") and wide area networks ("WAN"). These customers are willing to
make longer-term commitments to integrated one-stop providers in exchange for
higher levels of service.
Corporate End-Users. Corporate end-users are foreign and Russian
enterprises with centralized operations, either in Moscow, Kiev or in the
regions. These corporate end-users also require a full range of voice and data
and Internet services, but are more likely to purchase distinct services from
separate suppliers based on price. We attempt to acquire business from corporate
customers by providing superior technology and service levels at competitive
pricing.
Small and Medium Enterprises ("SME"). We define small and medium
enterprises as those business customers that require a full range of voice, data
and Internet services and generally have monthly billings of less than $2,000.
5
Fixed-Line Operators. Fixed-line operators are other telecommunications
providers, including other Moscow overlay operators, alternative regional
fixed-line operators and local operators, which we refer to as the local telcos.
Price is the primary factor in their purchase decision, and although long-term
contracts are rare, traffic volumes can be large. Voice telephony is a commodity
for customers in this segment.
Cellular Operators. Russian cellular operators purchase large
quantities of local numbering capacity in Moscow that they use in selling
cellular services to their customers. Ukrainian cellular operators distribute
large volumes of international and intercity traffic through our network in
Ukraine. Price, availability and quality of service are primary factors in the
purchase decision of these customers.
Mass Market. We define the mass market as those customers who utilize
calling cards or dial-up Internet access. This market segment is
price-sensitive, but quality of service is also important, particularly in the
Internet access market. These customers predominately prepay for such services.
In Kiev and Odessa, Ukraine, we also offer mobile services to the mass market,
targeting individuals with above average disposable income, where price and
quality are also primary decision factors.
PRICING
Generally, our customers make payments to us in the appropriate local
currency, however the majority of our tariffs are denominated in US dollars and
are indexed to the US dollar for settlement purposes. Also, the majority of our
operating costs are denominated in US dollars, but settled in the appropriate
local currency.
OUR SERVICE GROUPS
This section provides a detailed review of our business on a service
group basis and by operating division. We provide additional information on the
services and customers, marketing and pricing, and competition within each
division.
BUSINESS AND CORPORATE SERVICES ("BCS"):
BCS SERVICES DIVISION IN RUSSIA
We operate a number of competitive local exchange carriers ("CLECs")
that own and operate a fully-digital overlay network in a number of major
Russian cities. The majority of our services are provided through our wholly
owned Moscow-based subsidiaries: Sovintel, Comincom and Combellga. Sovintel
services over 140,000 telephone numbers for business customers while Comincom
and Combellga service over 14,000 and 40,000 respectively. We are an integrated
provider of the largest range of telecommunication services available on the
Russian market, including network access and hardware and software solutions
including installation, configuration and maintenance. Our geographical coverage
includes all major population centers including St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk,
Khabarovsk, Irkutsk and Ufa.
The BCS Services division of ADS has constructed network infrastructure
to support 23,200 city telephone numbers in Nizhny Novgorod. The BCS Services
division of Sibchallenge has constructed network infrastructure to support
99,200 city telephone numbers in Krasnoyarsk.
Services and Customers
Local Access Services. Local access services are provided to business
customers through the connection of the customers' premises to our fiber
network, which interconnects to the local public switched telephone network
("PSTN") in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Krasnoyarsk.
International and Domestic Long Distance Services. Outgoing
international voice services to business customers are provided through our
international gateways, which transmits international traffic through dedicated
channels leased from Rostelecom, the incumbent long distance operator. When an
international call is placed to our customer which has been assigned a number
acquired from and serviced by an independent local exchange provider, the
calling party has the option of dialing through either the public city code
(095) in Moscow or via our exclusive non-geographical area codes (501, 502 and
478).
We have developed and maintain a telecommunication network which
utilizes non-geographical numbering and allows transmission of long distance
traffic. This network consists of approximately 20 transit and zonal switches in
various regions of Russia. We expect this number to increase.
On December 29, 2003, we met with the Ministry of Communications. We
discussed the use of non-geographical numbering on fixed telecommunication
networks. As a result of this meeting, we and the Ministry agreed to continue
researching the possibility of developing an experimental zone, with Sovintel
and Combellga as participants, in addition to Comincom, in which we would route
our customers' long distance traffic through our own network and route long
distance traffic of interconnected operators to Rostelecom's network. We have
agreed to utilize Rostelecom's technical facilities for our international
traffic with the right to have our own direct interconnection agreements and
settlements with foreign operators for such traffic. Also as a result of the
meeting, we are also working with the Ministry on plans to change our
non-geographical numbers to geographical numbering capacity.
Domestic long distance services are primarily provided through our
intercity transmission network, leased capacity between major Russian cities,
and through interconnection with Rostelecom's network. We provide switched
voice services to regional customers through local city switches connected to
earth stations and intercity fiber optic lines. When a customer in one of
these regions makes a domestic long distance or an international call, it is
typically transmitted first to our Moscow hub by fiber or satellite
transmission facilities. The call is then connected to the customer's
destination through a terrestrial line, through the Rostelecom network, or, for
6
international calls, through our international gateway. We offer very small
aperture terminal ("VSAT") satellite services to customers located in remote
areas that cannot be physically connected through terrestrial cables to our
regional long distance switches, as well as to large infrastructure projects in
need of sophisticated and reliable communications systems. Our satellite
transmission facilities connect these customers directly to our Moscow-based hub
through a VSAT antenna installed at the customer's location.
Dedicated Internet and Data Services. We provide our business customers
with dedicated access to the global Internet through our access and backbone
networks. We also offer traditional and high-speed data communications services,
using frame relay, X.25, asynchronous transfer mode and Internet protocol
technologies, to business customers who require wide area networks to link
computer networks in geographically dispersed offices. We also provide private
line channels to customers who require high-capacity and high-quality domestic
and international point-to-point connections. Private lines can be used for both
voice and data applications.
Integrated Voice and Data Services. The markets where we operate are
experiencing a continuing significant trend toward routing voice traffic over
the Internet using Internet Protocol ("IP") technology, known as "Voice over IP"
or "VoIP". We are a leading provider of this service. In addition to using data
networking services for typical LAN to LAN interconnections, many customers will
also route their voice traffic over our frame relay data network to reduce
overall telecommunications expenses. Voice over frame relay involves
"packetizing" voice calls using frame relay, a data transmission protocol, and
transporting the voice call over our data network to be "de-packetized" at the
terminating end. The call is finally terminated through normal circuit
switching. Packet switching offers greater cost efficiencies over circuit
switching, and offers this division an opportunity to leverage its data network
investment across a greater number of services and geographic areas. This type
of integrated communication solution is also offered by Integrated Services
Digital Network ("ISDN") products where basic services include telephony, fax,
data transmission, Internet access and video conferencing.
Value-Added Services. We offer an increasing range of value-added
services such as dedicated hosting, co-location and IP, or IP-based Virtual
Private Networks ("VPNs") and we intend to increase our market position in these
services to other Internet related products and services. Our Managed Data
Center, which consists of a total area of 600 square meters, continues to be the
leading hosting center in Russia and provides services to news agencies,
financial and entertainment services providers. We enjoy strong sales
synergies between our Managed Data Center products and our IP transit sales
efforts. We offer a variety of information services addressing the needs of
financial markets including access to S.W.I.F.T., Reuters, Bloomberg and MICEX,
or Moscow Inter-bank Currency Exchange. We also have a Moscow-based Call
Center that has a leading position in providing telemarketing, actualization
and Hot Line services for business clients. We offer fixed mobile convergence
services in conjunction with Vimpelcom to corporate clients that wish to use
their mobile phone as an extension of their private branch exchange ("PBX").
Equipment Sales. As part of our integrated service offering, we sell
equipment manufactured by Nortel Networks, Cisco Systems, Siemens, Avaya,
Motorola and Ericsson. As part of our turnkey solutions, we also offer the
installation, configuration and maintenance of Nortel Meridian One products,
Norstar key systems, Mercator PBXs and the Passport lines of data equipment.
This close customer contact assists in the marketing of additional services and
enhances customer retention.
Major customers range from large multinational and Russian corporate
groups to small and medium-sized Russian enterprises. Our customers cover all
industry segments including business centers, hotels, financial institutions,
professional services firms, fast moving consumer goods companies, manufacturers
and companies involved in extractive industries. Our customers are located in
all major cities throughout Russia.
Marketing and Pricing
In Sovintel, sales to customers are made through a direct sales force
consisting of approximately 65 account managers in Moscow. Each of these account
managers targets specific customer groups and industry segments, and is
supported by specialists in technical sales support, marketing, customer service
and end-user training. In Comincom and Combellga, sales to customers are made
through a direct sales force consisting of approximately 70 account managers in
Moscow. Each account manager is allocated to one of four geographical areas
within Moscow for sales to all potential customers within this area. We are in
the process of standardizing the organization of the sales departments so that
they follow the structure existing in Sovintel.
In addition, a team of 89 regional sales managers is responsible for
supporting the regional sales force and maintaining relations with our regional
partners. We have a dedicated sales force in each of our regional branch offices
and for other regional cities we have sales incentive plans with our regional
partners.
We train our employees to provide customer service at a level which is
comparable to that provided by Western telecommunications companies. As a
result, we believe we have earned a reputation for providing high-quality
telecommunications services through an experienced and professional customer
service staff.
We price our services at a premium to those offered by the incumbent
local operator and competitively with other alternative service providers within
the market. We offer volume discounts to customers for exceeding certain defined
revenue thresholds.
7
Although we publish standard tariffs, generally we do not require regulatory
approval to change tariffs. While pricing competition remains a factor,
especially for voice services, many corporate data networking customers place
more value on network coverage, reliability and our ability to design, install
and maintain LANs and WANs. These customers often require integrated solutions,
including connections to offices located in different cities. Depending on the
cities involved, there may be few operators that can provide these services, and
accordingly, there may be less pricing pressure.
Competition
We compete principally on the basis of price, time to installation,
network quality, geographical network reach, customer service and range of
services offered. While we have a leading position in this market, we face
significant competition from other service providers, including:
- the Sistema Telecom group of companies, including alternate
operators such as Comstar, MTU-Inform, Telmos and Golden Line,
for all services provided to corporate customers within
Moscow;
- Moscow City Telephone Network, the incumbent operator,
currently majority owned by Sistema Telecom, for services
provided to the SME market in Moscow;
- Equant, currently owned by Equant France, for corporate data
networking services across Russia;
- Peterstar, an affiliate of Telecominvest, a subsidiary of
Metromedia International Group, Inc., for services provided in
St. Petersburg;
- Petersburg Telephone Network, the incumbent local operator in
St. Petersburg, for services provided in St. Petersburg; and
- Regional subsidiaries of Electrosvyaz, a holding group with a
majority government ownership, for services within Russian
regional cities. For ADS the main competitor is the
Electrosvyaz subsidiary, Volga Telecom, while for Sibchallenge
the main competitor is the Electrosvyaz subsidiary, Ural
Svyaz-Inform.
BCS SERVICES DIVISION IN UKRAINE
The BCS division of Golden Telecom (Ukraine) ("GTU"), our largely
Kiev-based CLEC, has constructed and owns a 280 kilometer fiber optic network,
including 232 kilometer in Kiev, that is interconnected to the local public
telephone network in Kiev and other major metropolitan areas in Ukraine, and to
our international gateway. Data and Internet access services are provided in 49
regional points of presence in 25 metropolitan cities in Ukraine using leased
terrestrial capacity from Ukrtelecom, an incumbent operator, and from some
alternative providers. Since the opening of our mobile service operation in
Odessa in 2001, we have expanded our local access service offerings into Odessa,
targeting business clients. In the third quarter of 2002 GTU started to offer
local access and pre-paid voice over IP services in Dnepropetrovsk. Further
following our regional development strategy, in the second quarter of 2003 we
started to offer local access, voice over IP and dial-up Internet services in
Lviv and plan to launch our operations in additional major metropolitan areas in
Ukraine. In the second quarter of 2003, GTU constructed a Metropolitan Area
Network ("MAN") in Kiev providing a new range of services, including broadband
access to Internet and VPN service. As of December 31, 2003, Golden Telecom BTS
serviced over 16,000 telephone lines for business customers and connected more
than 2,500 dedicated Internet ports.
Services and Customers
Local Access Services. Local access services are provided to business
customers through the connection of the customers' premises to GTUs fiber
network, which interconnects to the local PSTN in Kiev, Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk
and Lviv.
International and Domestic Long Distance Services. GTU provides
outgoing international voice services to business customers through its
international gateway, transmitting traffic to international operators using
least-cost routing. Domestic long distance services are primarily provided
through our own intercity transmission network, leased capacity between major
Ukrainian cities, and through interconnection with Utel and Ukrtelecom's
network.
Dedicated Internet and Data Services. GTU provides a private line
service, VPN services, an integrated voice and data ISDN connection, frame
relay, X.25, broadband digital subscriber line ("xDSL"), and dedicated Internet
services. GTU's main focus in 2003 was the development of broadband access to
MAN and xDSL services, required by customers with high-volume data traffic
needs.
Voice over Data Services. GTU is a leading provider of voice over data
services in Ukraine. Despite introduction of the State regulated prices in 2002,
our pre-paid cards and our VoIP product introduced under the brand "Allo!"
achieved a market leading position with more than a 50% market share
8
in Kiev, providing an alternative international calling solution for corporate
and mass market customers. This service has proved to be popular in the
Ukrainian market and will continue to offer growth opportunities especially as
we plan to launch the service in other metropolitan cities in Ukraine.
Information Services. GTU provides financial and banking services to
companies such as S.W.I.F.T, and Western Union, access to processing centers,
news services to companies such as Reuters, as well as conduits to airline
reservation systems in Ukraine. Our data center provides server co-location and
hosting services for news agencies, financial and entertainment services
providers.
Call Center Services. With the launching of Call Center services at the
end of 2002, GTU captured the leading position in providing telemarketing,
actualization and Hot Line services for business clients in Kiev.
The customers for this division primarily consist of corporate network
customers, corporate end-users, SME's. Pre-paid VoIP services are also provided
as a mass market offering.
Marketing and Pricing
While emphasizing the quality and reliability of its services, GTU
positions itself as a price competitive service provider to businesses. Sales to
our customers are made through our direct sales force and through various
alternative distribution channels. Our sales organization is divided into
Corporate, SME and Indirect sectors and consists of 19 account managers in Kiev
and 11 in the regions of Ukraine, 6 indirect sales managers in Kiev and 7 in the
regions. Alternative distribution channels are primarily built through agent
networks comprising information technology system integrators, telecom and
computer equipment distributors, IP and mobile services retail dealers, as well
as through cooperation contracts with business centers. Mass-market service
offerings are mainly conducted indirectly through alternative distribution
channels.
GTU is a fast growing local access and Internet service provider for
businesses in Ukraine both in terms of market share and sales revenues due to
highly competitive offers for bundles of voice and Internet services. In order
to stimulate higher growth we follow an aggressive pricing policy for corporate
end-users. Additionally, an increase in market share in data services is
expected through the continued sale of international private line connections,
international frame relay connections, and national corporate networks based on
IP technologies.
Competition
In Kiev, in the market of voice services to business end-users we
compete with Ukrtelecom, the incumbent operator, Utel, and a number of other
CLEC's including, Optima, Citius and IPS. We believe that because of our early
market entry and our ability to provide integrated voice, data and Internet
services, we have a leading position in the high-end segments of the corporate
market.
In other major metropolitan cities in Ukraine, we compete with several
other CLECs, the most significant are Optima, Velton, Farlep, and CSS (Odessa).
We are entering regional markets based on our advantage of integrated voice,
data and Internet offerings and providing high quality services to business
clients.
Provision of Internet and data services is not licensed in Ukraine. As
a result there is a high level of competition in the market with more than 400
ISPs in Ukraine. The main competitors in the corporate market for corporate data
and Internet Services are Infocom, a majority state-owned operator, Datacom, an
aggressive data and integration services provider, and Ukrtelecom. We ensure
competitiveness in the corporate networks market by providing excellent
geographical coverage, high quality circuits and professional service. We defend
our competitiveness in the Internet market by focusing on a strategy to provide
the best value and quality Internet services for business.
CARRIER AND OPERATOR SERVICES:
CARRIER AND OPERATOR SERVICES IN RUSSIA
The Carrier and Operator Services division of Golden Telecom provides
voice and data transmission services to other telecommunications operators, both
wireline and wireless.
For international telecommunications voice operators, we are an
alternative to the incumbent for the completion of calls terminating in Russia
and the CIS. For domestic telecommunications voice operators, in addition to
providing termination for Russian and CIS destinations, we also offer
international call termination as well as providing telephone numbers
(subscriber ports). Due to the geographic reach of our network and our high
volume of traffic, we have a lower cost basis than many of our competitors and
can therefore resell any excess termination capacity. Additionally, for the
wireless operators and smaller voice providers, we provide telephone numbers
that they then use in selling their services to their end-users.
9
Our voice network infrastructure is integrated into the Moscow city
incumbent telephone network at 78 transit and local exchanges, allowing us to
deliver traffic within the local public network. Our network also interconnects
directly with other fixed-line and cellular operators in Moscow and with
Rostelecom. We have constructed the infrastructure necessary to support 150,000
ports, each corresponding to a unique telephone number. In June 2001, we
completed the acquisition of ZAO First Telecommunications Company ("PTK") which
provided us with a further 9,999 Moscow numbers and 1,800 access lines for a
period of ten years. This numbering capacity and access lines became fully
operational early in the third quarter of 2002. We allocate this numbering
capacity and 800 access lines to our Business and Corporate Services division
with the remaining access lines allocated to Consumer Internet Services
Division.
For international data networking operators, we provide data
connectivity across Russia and the CIS. We have constructed a data network
covering more than 160 cities across Russia and the CIS, primarily to serve our
Russia-based corporate customers. Through network interconnect agreements with
global data network operators we also sell data networking services to customers
outside Russia and the CIS. We interconnect with these global providers either
at our point of presence ("POPs") in Stockholm or in London.
Our data network infrastructure consists of terrestrial and satellite
transmission capacity that we either lease or have purchased via indefeasible
rights of use ("IRU"). We currently have IRUs for a STM-16 between Moscow and
Stockholm, a STM-4 between Stockholm and London, and 45 Mb/s between Moscow and
9 cities in Russia. Our remaining terrestrial capacity is leased. For satellite
transmission, we entered into long-term leases with Intelsat for capacity
covering Russia and the CIS. For IP capacity, we have four STM-1 ports, two
of which are from UUNET and two from Sprint.
The Carrier and Operator Services division also provides domestic and
international IP transit services to ISPs in Russia and the CIS. Smaller ISPs
can connect to our IP backbone and then use our network to access the global
Internet or Russian based Internet.
Sibchallenge provides approximately 70,000 local Krasnoyarsk numbers to
Sibchallenge Mobile, a local cellular operator, owned by MTS.
Services and Customers
Voice Services: The Carrier and Operator Services division offers two
types of voice services to its customers; call completion or termination
services and the provision of telephone numbers. For international operators,
which include traditional incumbents such as British Telecom as well as VoIP
operators, we provide call completion to the PSTNs located in Russia and the
CIS. We typically interconnect with these operators in London or Stockholm and
they send us their traffic which is destined for Russia and the CIS. We receive
a settlement from international carriers for calls routed through
non-geographical area codes. International outbound switched voice traffic is
routed by destination based on either anticipated return traffic from the
foreign operator through non-geographical area codes, or through least-cost
routing. We attempt to direct international traffic through particular foreign
operators so as to balance our settlements paid to and received from foreign
operators. Thereafter, we direct all international outbound, switched voice
traffic in excess of that required to achieve the balance of the bilateral
relationships to the lowest cost route.
Domestic operators in Russia and the CIS, including Russian wireless
companies such as Vimpelcom, also use us for call completion to the PSTNs
located in Russia and the CIS but they also send us international traffic that
we then pass on to the PSTN of international operators. Additionally, we provide
telephone-numbering capacity to Russian wireless operators who may purchase
large blocks of telephone numbers that they then provide to their end-users.
During 2003 we started to provide equipment sales, installation and
maintenance services to cellular operators. This hardware is usually a PBX with
call center capabilities but it has also included LAN and WAN equipment. It is
our strategic intent to move beyond simply providing call completion into higher
value-added solutions such LAN and WAN solutions to cellular operators.
The customers for our voice services include international operators
such as MCI, AT&T, British Telecom, Cable and Wireless, Infonet, TeleDenmark,
Telia, iBasis, ITXC; domestic cellular operators such as Vimpelcom, MTS, and
Megafon; and domestic wireline operators such as Macomnet, Comstar and Telmos.
Data Services: The Carrier and Operator Services division also offers
two types of data services to its customers: data networking services such as
frame relay, synchronous digital hierarchy capacity and IP virtual private
network ("IP VPN"), and IP transit ports. In addition to providing the
underlying circuit capacity, the provisioning of both types of service also
includes the installation and maintenance of customer premises equipment
("CPE") such as routers, multiplexers and frame relay access devices.
Global data network operators sell worldwide data network services to
their multinational clients. Typically, these data network operators have
constructed extensive networks in the US, Western Europe and the Asia Pacific
but have little, if any, infrastructure in Russia and the CIS. In order to sell
a turnkey solution to their customers, they need partners to reach the areas
where they do not have their own infrastructure. Through a network interconnect
agreement with us, these global operators are able to provide their clients
10
connectivity to the 165 cities where we have infrastructure. These global
operators market and re-sell our network as if it were their network.
Due to our large consumer and corporate customer base for Internet
access services, we require very high IP transit capacity from global providers
such as UUNET, Sprint and Cable and Wireless. This capacity requirement allows
us to obtain very favorable pricing from the global providers and, in turn, we
can offer Russian and CIS based ISPs attractive pricing for the resale of IP
services.
Marketing and Pricing
For each telephone number or subscriber port, customers generally pay a
one-time port fee, a flat monthly fee and per minute charges based on usage.
However, recent pricing trends for wireless operators have reflected an
increased emphasis on per minute charges based on usage, rather than on monthly
port fees. Smaller wireline operators continue to pay flat monthly fees plus
traffic charges.
Voice call completion or termination services are priced per minute
according to destination. There is an increasing trend for a single price for
all destinations in Russia although the typical pricing has separate rates for
Moscow and St. Petersburg and then a single rate for all other cities in Russia.
CIS countries prices will usually follow a similar pattern; the major cities
have separate rates and then the rest of the country is priced at the same rate.
The CIS countries have much smaller traffic volumes but the prices and margins
are much higher for these destinations than they are for Russian destinations.
We are actively expanding the geographic reach of our network in order to
capture these high revenue, high margin destinations.
Pricing for data networking services is comprised of a number of
elements: a monthly fee for the international bandwidth capacity provided, a
monthly fee for the access port, a monthly fee for the last mile connection
between our network and the customer location and a monthly maintenance fee for
any CPE that we manage for the end-user. Additionally, there are one-time
installation fees for all of the elements listed above. Customers have the
option to purchase the CPE and provide their own maintenance but customers
usually prefer a turnkey solution where we manage all elements and are therefore
responsible for all service quality issues.
Pricing for IP transit services sold to ISPs is either in the form of a
flat monthly fee for an IP port or based on the amount of traffic consumed by
the ISP. Typically, the larger ISPs will opt for a flat monthly fee for a large
port connection to Golden Telecom while the smaller ISP's prefer to pay per
megabyte of IP traffic that is sent to their network from our network.
Competition
For voice services, our main competitors are Rostelecom and the Sistema
group of companies in Moscow including MTU-Inform, Telmos and Comstar.
For data networking services, the main competitors are Equant and
Transtelecom. Equant's data network in Russia is similar to ours but their CIS
coverage is not as extensive as ours. Therefore, for networks that include
Russia and CIS states, we have a competitive advantage. Equant's global presence
does give it access to a wider corporate customer base than ours but this
advantage is offset by the reluctance of Equant's global competitors such as
British Telecom, Cable and Wireless, Infotel and AT&T to use Equant locally to
serve their customers. In effect, we have access to the corporate clients of
British Telecom, Cable and Wireless, Infotel and AT&T that require connectivity
to Russia and the CIS.
For IP services, the main domestic competitors are RTKomm, MTU-Intel
and Transtelecom. A number of international IP transit providers such as Cable
and Wireless, Telia, UUNET and AT&T are also actively selling global IP transit
services in Russia. In 2002, we entered into a peering agreement with two other
Tier 1 Russian ISPs. According to the terms of this agreement, all Russian ISPs
requiring access to these networks will have to pay traffic charges whereas
previously all peering was free. As a result, we have been able to earn
additional revenue from our infrastructure investments in Russia while improving
our competitive position via other IP access providers.
The major competitor to Sibchallenge is the local Svyazinvest incumbent
in Krasnoyarsk, Ural Svyaz-Inform.
CARRIER AND OPERATOR SERVICES IN UKRAINE
The Carrier and Operator Services division in Ukraine operates leased
international and domestic long distance networks and is a provider of local
access, international and intercity long distance services in major Ukrainian
cities where our switching equipment is located. The network is comprised of our
gateway international switching center ("EWSD") in Kiev, leased international
and intercity fiber optic channels, and regional voice and data switches. For
local carriers we provide access to highly reliable and advanced
telecommunication services, WAN and broadband Internet in 27 points of presence.
We provide Internet access services to more than 20 ISPs in Ukraine. National
frame relay service is provided to major telecommunication operators and data
carriers like Velton, Teleport SV and Relcom. The telecommunications company
SITA is the major consumer for our private line services. International
11
connectivity outside the country is provided through reciprocal cooperation
agreements with international operators such as Sovintel, Cable & Wireless,
Lattelecom and Finnet International as well as through Utel international
networks.
Services and Customers
International and Domestic Long Distance Services. Through our gateway
switch in Kiev, we terminate incoming traffic for foreign operators destined for
our customers in Kiev, Odessa, Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk and most other major
metropolitan areas in Ukraine. Our incoming international traffic is also
terminated into other operator networks, with whom we have entered into
settlement agreements. These other operators are national cellular operator
networks like Ukrainian Mobile Communications ("UMC") and Kyivstar, private
local exchange operators directly interconnected to our network and networks
belonging to Ukrtelecom, the incumbent operator in Ukraine. In 2003 we signed
amendments to the settlement agreement with Ukrtelecom allowing incoming
international traffic termination to Ukrainian PSTN's via Ukrtelecom's network.
Also, we signed a new agreement with Utel for incoming international traffic
termination to Ukrainian PSTN's. Outgoing international traffic is routed
through our international gateway to international operators using least-cost
routing.
We also offer domestic long distance services throughout Ukraine
through interconnection with Utel, Ukrtelecom and through our own leased
channels between major Ukrainian cities. We hold an intercity operator's license
allowing us to offer domestic long distance services directly and are
interconnected in major Ukrainian metropolitan areas to facilitate this
offering. In September 2003 we signed amendments to settlement agreements with
Ukrainian fixed-line and mobile operators introducing the calling party pays
("CPP") settlement principle imposed by the changes in the Ukrainian
telecommunication law.
The customers for this division primarily consist of international
operators, national fixed-line and cellular operators. Our main international
partners are Cable & Wireless and Lattelecom. Cable & Wireless routes a major
part of our outgoing and incoming international voice and data traffic.
The fixed-line operators include overlay and wireless local loop
operators in Kiev and other major cities of Ukraine, alternative regional
fixed-line operators and local operators. Among them Velton Telecom is the major
fixed-line operator in Ukraine purchasing our international telecommunication,
long distance, and voice services.
Ukrainian cellular operators generate large volumes of international
and long distance traffic that creates a significant part of our revenue. Price
and quality of services are the primary factors in their purchase decision.
Also, cellular operators have an increasing demand for some value added services
like "800" service provided by us. UMC, our largest customer, is sending a vast
number of outgoing international traffic through our network.
Marketing and Pricing
As a carrier for other telecommunication operators, we offer a more
attractive pricing structure for international calls than incumbent operators
like Ukrtelecom and Utel. Although price is still the primary factor in the
routing decision of the Ukrainian cellular and alternative carriers, more and
more of them demand high quality of international voice and data wholesale
services, making our offering even more attractive. As a result, our traffic
volume continues to increase, especially traffic to international destinations
and mobile networks in Ukraine. Our carrier operations are supported by a sales
force consisting of three sales managers responsible for sales to domestic
carriers and one for sales to international carriers.
Despite high termination cost to the PSTN imposed by Ukrtelecom in
2003, we successively worked with international carriers to increase volumes of
incoming international traffic terminated in Ukraine through our network. We
plan to expand our international network through new international
interconnection with major telecommunication carriers in Europe, US and the
Middle East. Also, we plan to utilize VoIP technology to get more international
traffic distributed through our network.
In February 2003, the Ukrainian Parliament overrode the President's
veto and adopted an amendment to the Ukrainian communication law prohibiting all
telecommunications operators from charging their customers for incoming calls,
thus introducing the CPP principle, which entered into effect on September 19,
2003. Simultaneously, state regulated tariffs for calls from the PSTN to mobile
networks were introduced allowing operators to receive and share revenue from
calls to mobile networks. To implement CPP settlements we amended our agreements
with Ukrtelecom, Utel, other fixed-line carriers and Ukrainian cellular
operators establishing agreed access rates for the calls between fixed-line and
mobile networks. These changes became effective in October 2003 and enable us to
receive a settlement when a fixed line party calls a mobile telephone as well as
to receive a portion of revenue when we route calls from mobile to fixed-line
networks.
As a carrier for other ISPs, we offer an attractive pricing structure
and, therefore, we expect to retain our significant market share in this
segment. We expect to strengthen our positions in the regions of Ukraine
due to close cooperation with Ukrtelecom in this area. In data services
an increase in market share is expected through the continued sale of
international private line connections, international frame relay connections,
and provisioning of last mile services in major cities of Ukraine.
12
Competition
In Ukraine, the market is dominated by Utel, with Kyivstar, Ucomline
and Optima emerging as competitors in 2002. We are seeking to increase our share
of this market by further development of relationships with existing carrier
clients by providing them with Internet, data and value added services, and by
interconnecting emerging CLECs. Also, we plan to expand our network and
interconnections within Ukraine to reduce termination cost of international
incoming traffic coming to Ukraine from the international carriers.
CONSUMER INTERNET SERVICES
Services and Customers
Dial-up Internet Services. We offer dial-up Internet services to
consumer markets in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. As of December 31, 2003 we
had a subscriber base in excess of 360,000 active subscribers. Although we
provide these services under multiple brands, the most notable is ROL, which is
the flagship of our dial-up services. As early as 1995, ROL, which at that time
was known as Russia Online, was the first Russian-English language, online
service for accessing the Internet through either dedicated private lines or
dial-up servers. Since that time, it has evolved as the only nationwide dial-up
ISP in Russia. With over 70 locations in the covered area, including the major
markets of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev and Almaty, we are the largest ISP in
the CIS.
In addition, the company provides Russian language content based
Internet portals covering many topics including entertainment, education,
computer-gaming and communications specifically for the Russian mass-market. We
market the portals under the ROL brand and utilize the portal as a marketing
channel for both our existing and future customers. Furthermore, we offer
advertising space on our portals along with integrated web services to a variety
of customers who require online marketing.
The consumer dial-up Internet access service has seen decreased
utilization rates over the last year as subscribers have decreased the number of
hours spent online from approximately 30 hours to approximately 25 hours per
month. This is due to the further penetration of the market. However, as entry
level customers continue to become exposed to the Internet, we expect their
usage levels to increase. Growth in our consumer dial-up access business during
2003 was driven by organic growth throughout the covered area. We continued our
expansion in the regional areas of Russia as well as in other CIS countries and
pursued our strategy of consolidating our brands into our flagship brand, ROL.
We plan on continuing these strategies throughout the coming year.
Asymmetric digital subscriber line ("ADSL") Services. Customers receive local
access to our dial-up services throughout the covered areas through capacity
acquired through long term local interconnection agreements. Internet backbone
and long haul traffic is then provided over our domestic and international long
distance infrastructure. Currently, ROL has access to multiple gigabit Ethernet
fiber optic connections to the domestic networks as well as the equivalent of an
STM-4 international connection. ADSL services are offered to customers in St.
Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod.
Customers of our ADSL services are provisioned through long-term
agreements with last mile providers. Although we saw dramatic growth and
interest from new customers for this service, the market is still in its infancy
in Russia. In general, we are following a strategy of providing ADSL services as
an up sell to our existing customers who need "on-demand-all-the-time"
connections.
Marketing and Pricing
Our dial-up services are offered mostly through prepaid tariff plans.
Almost all sales of ROL based prepaid tariff plans are made possible through the
sale of scratch cards, which are distributed through an extensive network of
retail outlets in our coverage area. As of December 31, 2003 the ROL
distribution network consisted of over 10,000 points of sales ("POS") throughout
our covered area. The multi-tiered distribution channels and the number of POS's
have grown substantially during 2003. This is in part related to the
establishment of the ROL brand during 2002 and our marketing efforts to further
establish brand awareness in our primary markets. Furthermore, in regional areas
a great deal of emphasis was placed on expansion of our distribution channel to
increase availability of our services.
Tariff plans are offered as Internet access packages with either hourly
based pricing policies or as bulk hour purchases. For prepaid services,
customers can purchase scratch cards from a POS or may pay directly through the
banking system. For post paid schemes, which account for less than three percent
of sales, customers are invoiced on a monthly basis for hourly usage. Prepaid
tariff schemes provide the customer with lower hourly charges than with postpaid
tariffs.
During 2003, the distribution network and POS's were extensively used
in our marketing plans. We are continuing these efforts as they provide a
"closest point" of connection to our customers. The initiation of programs to
formalize the relationship of our
13
distribution network into a streamlined infrastructure will be continued as it
will provide us with a "closest point" of connection to our customers. These
marketing efforts will be further enhanced by our existing customer support
network which provides continuous support for end-users and business hour
support for distribution customers. Local access support numbers are provided to
customers that connect them directly to our coverage area support center located
in Moscow. These calls are carried over our voice network.
Web advertising and integrated web services are marketed and sold
either directly or through an agency contract. Although the advertising market
is still in its infancy, online marketing schemes which are connected to our
content based portals for our own services provides us with a well balanced mix
of use while being prepared to take advantage of sales growth in the advertising
market when it occurs. The ROL family of portals is ranked as the fourth most
visited web portal in Russia and the most visited content based portal.
Competition
Our dial-up services have localized competition mainly from small
businesses with limited regional coverage. In major markets, such as Moscow and
St. Petersburg, our competition is with MTU-Intel and Web Plus both of which are
connected to the incumbent city telephone companies.
MOBILE SERVICES:
GOLDEN TELECOM GSM
We operate a cellular network using GSM-1800 cellular technology in
Kiev and Odessa, Ukraine, where our network covers an area with a population of
approximately 3.9 million people. Golden Telecom GSM began cellular operations
with a license allowing it to offer services in Kiev and the Kiev region and
later obtained a national operating license and commenced operations in Odessa.
However, during 2001 our mobile operations in Ukraine were under strong
competitive pressure leading to the overall decline in our mobile revenues. In
2002, we reassessed alternative strategies for our mobile operations, and have
refocused our mobile operations as an additional service offered to high-end
mass market and business customers.
Amendments to the Ukrainian Communications Law that entered into effect
on September 19, 2003, prohibited all telecommunications operators from charging
their end-user customers for incoming calls - the so called CPP principle. State
regulated tariffs for calls from the public switched telephone network to mobile
networks were also introduced at this time, thus allowing mobile operators to
receive a share of revenue from calls to mobile networks. To effect CPP
settlements on our network we entered into an interim agreement with Ukrtelecom
that assigns a national destination code numbering plan to our mobile customers
and reallocates our interconnect numbering capacity in Kiev and Odessa from our
mobile to our fixed network. This agreement became effective in November 2003
and enabled us to receive a settlement from revenue generated when a fixed line
party calls our mobile customer as well as releases direct city numbering
capacity for future sale to CLEC customers.
Services and Customers
Mobile Services. We provide two types of mobile services to our
clients: a basic service for clients who utilize prepaid calling cards and an
expanded service for subscription clients, including international roaming, with
90 operators in 52 countries, and value-added services such as voicemail, call
forwarding, conferencing and a broad range of short message service, or SMS and
voice information services.
Our customers consist of a broad spectrum of private and corporate
users representing primarily the high-end mass market, business customer
segments, as well as entry-level users mainly using our pre-paid services.
Marketing and Pricing
Our network has the widest frequency bandwidth allocated to any
cellular operator in Kiev, allowing it to deploy a high quality network
throughout the city and thus market itself as a quality service provider. Due to
the highly competitive nature of the cellular market in Kiev, we focus on
providing a flexible and competitive tariff structure in two target markets.
We position our subscription service as a high-quality service to
private and business users providing clients with flexible tariff plans and a
variety of value-added services. During 2003 we continued two pricing schemes
from the previous year, one offering an unlimited number of local calls for a
relatively high monthly subscription fee, while the other offering a price per
minute for local calls depending upon the total volume of calls. This strategy
allowed us to achieve a substantial increase in contract subscribers, and to
utilize existing network resources more efficiently.
Our marketing strategy for pre-paid services is based on providing
competitive tariffs for mass-market users with low traffic volumes, which has
resulted in further increases in the subscriber base at the end of 2003.
14
Our sales force in Kiev is represented only by direct sales
representatives, while in Odessa we utilize both direct sales and an alternative
retail dealers' network. Our strategy is focused on maintaining our existing
high-end customer base with a gradual increase in the number of customers for
more efficient utilization of our network and frequency capacity.
Competition
The Ukrainian cellular market is highly competitive. UMC, wholly owned
by MTS, Kyivstar GSM ("Kyivstar"), owned by Telenor and an affiliated company of
Alfa Group, and Ukraine Radio Systems ("URS") all operate GSM-900 networks. UMC
and Kyivstar offer nationwide coverage within Ukraine and have deployed GSM-1800
services in major metropolitan cities. UMC also operates a NMT-450 network
throughout Ukraine. Currently URS provides services only in Kiev, but it has
announced an aggressive plan to become the third national operator. By the end
of 2003 the Ukrainian mobile market reached 6.5 million subscribers with UMC and
Kyivstar together holding more than 98% of the market.
In 2003 we achieved an annual 12% growth in subscriber base to more
than 40,000 customers with an average revenue per user of approximately $31 per
month. At the same time, our minutes of use per active subscriber increased by
60% due to our repositioning to the high-end subscriber base and the obligatory
introduction of free incoming calls.
This completes our discussion of our operating divisions. Please refer
to footnote 14 - Segment Information of the Audited Financial Statements
contained within this document, for the quantitative disclosures for revenues by
line of business.
ACCESS TO PUBLIC FILINGS
Golden Telecom, Inc. provides public access to its annual report on
Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and
amendments to these reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
("SEC") under the 1934 Act. These documents may be accessed free of charge on
Golden Telecom, Inc.'s website at the following address:
http://www.goldentelecom.com. These documents may also be found at the SEC's
website at http://www.sec.gov.
EMPLOYEES
On December 31, 2003, we and our consolidated subsidiaries employed a
total of 3,004 full-time employees and our ventures, excluding MCT, employed 134
full-time employees. On December 31, 2002, we and our consolidated subsidiaries
employed a total of 1,708 full-time employees and our ventures, excluding MCT,
employed 104 full-time employees. Included in the number of full-time employees
were 11 and 12 expatriates as of December 31, 2003 and 2002, respectively.
We do not have any collective bargaining agreements with our employees,
and we believe that our relations with our employees are good. We believe our
future success will depend on our continued ability to attract and retain highly
skilled and qualified employees.
15
OUR LICENSES AND NETWORK FACILITIES
SIGNIFICANT LICENSES.
Our subsidiaries and ventures hold the following licenses in Russia,
Kazakhstan and Ukraine, which are materially significant to their operations:
Switched Voice Services. In Russia, we hold several licenses for switched
services. Sovintel holds five such licenses. One license was issued to Sovintel
by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (the "Ministry of
Communications") and authorizes Sovintel to provide local, intra-zonal,
intercity and international telephone services in a number of cities, including
Moscow and St. Petersburg. This license expires on March 17, 2008. Another
license authorizes the provision of the same services in different regions and
expires on July 20, 2005. Three other licenses authorize the provision of the
same services in other Russian regions and expire on February 15, 2006, October
4, 2006, and October 4, 2007, respectively. Sibchallenge holds a license to
provide intercity telephone services in the Krasnoyarsk Region. This license
expires on April, 27, 2005. On October 4, 2002, a five-year license was issued
to Sovintel for provision of local and intercity services in 34 regions. This
license allows our networks in these regions to interconnect with the local
public network. On April 4, 1997, Comincom was granted a ten-year license to
provide intercity telephone services in 19 regions of Russia including Moscow
and St. Petersburg.
In Kiev, Ukraine, we hold four licenses for provision of overlay
network services, including local, domestic long distance and international long
distance services, in the name of Golden Telecom LLC Ukraine. One license
authorizes the provision of intercity telephone services to all regions of
Ukraine and international telephone services in several regions of Ukraine,
including Kiev and Odessa. It expires on December 31, 2013. Another license
authorizes the provision of local telephone services in several cities,
including Kiev and Odessa. This license expires on December 31, 2007. Two more
licenses authorize the provision of intercity and local telephone services in
several Ukrainian cities. These licenses expire on January 28, 2014 and January
28, 2009, respectively.
Leased Circuits. Sovintel holds seven licenses to lease local, intercity and
international circuits in a number of regions of Russia, including Moscow and
St. Petersburg which expire on April 16, 2004, July 20, 2005, February 15, 2006,
three on July 5, 2006, and October 4, 2006, respectively. Sibchallenge was
issued a license to lease circuits in the Krasnoyarsk Region. This license
expires on May 22, 2008. On September 8, 2000, ADS was issued a five-year
license to lease circuits in the Nizhegorod Region.
Data Services. Six licenses to provide data transmission services were issued to
Sovintel for a large number of regions including Moscow and St. Petersburg. The
licenses are valid through April 16, 2004, July 20, 2005, February 15, 2006,
October 4, 2006, October 6, 2006, and August 18, 2008, respectively. PTK was
granted a five-year data transmission license for Moscow and the Moscow region.
This license expires on May 18, 2006. ADS holds a license to provide data
transmission services in the Nizhegorod Region. This license expires on November
8, 2006. On October 4, 2002, Combellga was granted a five-year license to
provide data transmission services in Moscow and Moscow Region. Sibchallenge
holds a five-year license to provide transmission services in the Krasnoyarsk
Region. This license expires on June 20, 2008.
Local Access Services. The eight-year license issued to Sovintel on March 17,
2000 authorizes Sovintel to provide local telephone service to 90,000 subscriber
local access lines in Moscow. PTK was issued a license to provide local
telephone services to 10,000 subscriber local access lines in Moscow. This
license expires on November 10, 2010. On August 2, 1996, ADS was issued a
ten-year license to provide local and intra-zonal telephone services in Nizhny
Novgorod and 16 other cities in the Nizhegorod Region. Sibchallenge was issued a
ten-year license to provide local telephone services in the Krasnoyarsk Region.
This license expires on December 19, 2007. On March 21, 1997 Combellga was
granted a seven-year license to provide local telephone services to 50,000
subscriber local access lines in Moscow and Moscow Region. On June 26, 1997,
Comincom was issued a ten-year license to provide local telephone services in
Moscow, Moscow Region and in various other regions of Russia.
Telematics Services. Seven licenses to provide telematic services were issued to
Sovintel for a large number of regions including Moscow and St. Petersburg. The
licenses are valid through April 16, 2004, July 20, 2005, October 4, 2007,
February 15, 2006, October 4, 2006, October 4, 2007 and August 18, 2008,
respectively. Cityline holds a five-year license to provide telematics services
in Moscow and St. Petersburg. This license expires September 19, 2008. PTK was
granted a five-year license to provide telematics services for subscribers in
Moscow and the Moscow region. This license expires on March 15, 2006. On July
10, 2003 Sibchallenge was granted a five-year license to provide telematic
services in the Krasnoyarsk Region. ADS was issued a five-year license to
provide telematics services in the Nizhegorod Region. This license expires on
November 8, 2006. A five-year license was granted to Combellga to provide
telematics services for subscribers in Moscow, Moscow Region and St. Petersburg.
This license expires April 17, 2007. Comincom holds a five-year license to
provide telematics services in Voronezh Region. This license expires on February
7, 2007.
Mobile Services. GTU holds an operating license for mobile services in Kiev and
the Kiev region, which expires on December 31, 2007. The associated frequency
licenses expire on July 31, 2013 and July 7, 2014. In addition, GTU received a
national operating license for provision of GSM-1800 mobile services within the
remaining territory of Ukraine valid until January 28, 2009, as well as a
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frequency license for Odessa and the Odessa region valid until January 19, 2010.
GTU also holds a relay license for Kiev and the Kiev region, which expires on
January 25, 2005 and for the Odessa region, which expires on August 2, 2015.
NETWORK FACILITIES
Our telecommunication networks reflect the licensing regime adopted by
the industry regulators in relevant countries and consist of technologically
advanced systems designed for businesses and other high usage customers.
We own the electronic hardware and software elements of the network,
including transmission equipment, and either own or lease the network transport
elements.
Metropolitan Area Networks
In Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Krasnoyarsk,
Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Voronezh and Samara we operate MANs. In each of these
locations, we own or lease local access lines and PBXs, local exchange switches,
local numbering capacity, fiber optic transmission rings and a fiber optic
backbone. Our facilities in Moscow are fully integrated with our domestic and
international networks, as well as with the networks of Rostelecom and the
Moscow City Public Telephone Network. The Moscow MAN includes the following
facilities:
Voice Services. We have access lines supporting more than 200,000 local access
numbers in the "095" area code which is a terrestrial code for the Moscow
region. Sovintel's network connects approximately 2,500 buildings to more than
850 PBXs. Combellga's networks add more than 200 PBXs. These PBXs are often
located on customer premises to distribute advanced telephony services in those
premises to the end-users. These PBXs function as switches that permit users to
receive incoming calls, to dial any other telephones on the premises that are
connected to the PBX, to access a line leading to another PBX or to access an
outside line to the public switched telephone network. Sovintel has constructed
approximately 2,800 kilometers of fiber in Moscow and Combellga has an
additional 1,000 kilometers of fiber for a total of 3,800 kilometers.
Sovintel's network consists of 18 hub PBXs connected to the fiber optic
network, complemented by the EWSD tandem switches, Nokia DX-200, Nortel DMS 100E
and DMS 100i local switches with advanced functionality. These hub PBXs act as
traffic aggregators for Sovintel's 850 PBXs located in customer premises.
Sovintel's network connects Sovintel to major office buildings, hotels, business
centers, and factories and is co-located with 82 central offices of the Moscow
City Public Telephone Network. In 45 MGTS central offices Sovintel has access to
copper wire facilities. The copper wire facilities are used when a customer's
requirements do not justify the immediate investment in fiber optic facilities.
Combellga's network is built around three Alcatel S12 switches, including
international, toll and local functionality. This network, similar in structure
to Sovintel's, provides us with redundancy capability for our core operations in
Moscow.
To service the needs of SME and small office/home office customers,
Sovintel and Combellga operate two solutions in Moscow: (1) a synchronous
digital subscriber line ("SDSL") solution over the copper wire of the MGTS
network and (2) a Wireless Local Loop ("WLL") solution based on AirLoop
equipment of Lucent Technologies and WalkAir equipment of Siemens. The SDSL
technology provides a customer with up to 4 telephone lines and a dedicated link
to the Internet with 2MB downstream speed. Sovintel has approximately 3500 SDSL
contracts in Moscow and over 400 contracts in St. Petersburg. Sovintel's WLL
access network covers over 80% of corporate customers' locations in Moscow.
Sovintel has begun installation of SDSL solution in other cities of Russia,
including Vladivostok, Voronezh and Volgograd.
Data and IP services. Sovintel provides local access for its data service
offering in Moscow generally using the same intracity transport and customer
access network as described above. This network is complemented by access lines
leased from other Moscow-based operators that possess their own local access
networks where our data customers are not otherwise on our network. The steady
growth of our MAN has reduced the need for such outsourcing to less than 20%.
St. Petersburg's Networks. Sovintel's and Comincom's St. Petersburg networks
have been fully integrated and consist of a EWSD switch, an Alcatel S12 switch
and hub PBXs interconnected to the St. Petersburg public telephone network
through the St. Petersburg City Telephone Network, with capacity for 12,000
local numbers and approximately 40 PBXs that are installed on customer premises
and within business centers. We have constructed approximately 1,000 kilometers
of fiber optic cable in and around St. Petersburg, which is used to connect
office buildings and business centers to our network. This is complemented by
our data, telephony and IP network with STM-16 capacity on our international
cable system.
Kiev Local Network. In Ukraine, GTU provides local exchange carrier services
through our MAN in Kiev. GTU provides last mile connections, both copper and
fiber optic, from four large switches acting as hubs in Kiev and more than 30
PBXs that are installed at POPs and within business centers. In Kiev, we have
constructed a 300-kilometer fiber optic ring based on Synchronous Digital
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Hierarchy, consisting of a main loop and five sub-rings. We plan to extend the
total fiber optic network to serve additional customers. We have also
constructed a data network consisting of seven data switches.
Regional Local Networks. We offer combined voice and data services with access
to the local PSTN in 15 different major metropolitan areas in Russia. Depending
on the region, we have 400-3,000 local lines in service, for a total combined
capacity of more than 15,000 lines. Last mile access to the customers is usually
provided through leased copper or fiber optic lines. Additionally, our 2001
acquisition of ADS in Nizhny Novgorod provided us with approximately 30,000
access lines in service making us the second largest operator in this region.
Our acquisition of Sibchallenge in 2003 provided us with 200,000 telephone
numbers in the city of Krasnoyarsk. With the acquisition of Samara Telecom in
February 2004 we have added another 100,000 telephone numbers in service.
Dial-up Internet Local Access Network. Sovintel also employs dial-up Internet
access servers using more than 17,000 dial-up modem lines in 60 cities in
Russia, allowing our customers Internet access through a local call. This
dial-up roaming service is also available in over 80 countries through the
international data-roaming entity GRIC Dial. Through these dial-up access
servers, we offer local roaming for Internet access, whereby an Internet
customer normally residing in Moscow may travel to other regions in Russia and
outside Russia, call a local access number and access the Internet. This service
may further expand with the development of our network.
We are continuing to review alternative access technologies with
technology providers, our partners, and other providers in the Russian Internet
market. We are establishing and building a premium Internet network for our
subscribers, and to this end we were the first to order Gigabit Switch Routers
from Cisco for the Russian market. Currently, we have three of these routers in
major traffic points in our network and we will be expanding, as necessary, with
similar or other large-scale technologies in the future. As of December 31, 2003
there were approximately 8,500 modems available for access in Moscow. We are
continuing to expand our modem pools as necessary to meet market demands,
subject to the limitations of the infrastructures that are currently in place.
In all cases, our major backbone links are 100% redundant and provide immediate
backup and recovery facilities.
The hub of our IP network is our Internet Data Center in Moscow. This
location has redundant power supplies as well as high-level security and fire
systems. The center was built taking world-class standards into consideration.
International Networks
Sovintel, Comincom and Combellga provide international switched voice,
data and IP services in Russia using leased transmission capacity that they
obtain from Rostelecom and Transtelecom within Russia, and international
carriers beyond the Russian borders. Similarly, in Ukraine, GTU leases capacity
from Ukrtelecom for domestic segments and international operators for
international segments. We operate three international gateway switches. Two
switches, Sovintel's Nortel DMS 300 and Combellga's Alcatel S12, are located in
Moscow, and the other international gateway switch, GTU's Siemens EWSD, is
located in Kiev. These international gateway switches carry our international
switched voice traffic to international operators with which we have
interconnect and settlement agreements.
Sovintel uses Nortel asynchronous transfer mode Passport technology for
its core data network to provide certain international private line circuits and
international data transmission services, such as X.25, asynchronous transfer
mode and frame relay and Cisco routers for Internet access. We lease domestic
fiber optic capacity necessary to implement these service offerings from
Rostelecom, Transtelecom, Ukrtelecom, Rascom and TeliaSonera. International
segments of these offerings are provided in cooperation with international
operators such as TeliaSonera, UUNet, Cable & Wireless, AT&T and Infonet. In
Ukraine, international outgoing and incoming traffic is similarly routed by GTU
via fiber optic cable to Cable & Wireless, Sovintel in Moscow and several other
international operators. In addition to their terrestrial network, Sovintel also
uses satellite transmission to offer the same services between Moscow and other
major CIS cities such as Almaty, Tashkent, Tbilisi and Baku.
Additionally, we lease STM-16 capacity (2.4 Gbps) from Moscow to
Stockholm from TeliaSonera and its subsidiary companies. The capacity on the
TeliaSonera fiber optic network was acquired on February 7, 2000, through a
10-year lease agreement with an option to renew for 5 years. Initially the
equivalent of an STM-1 (155 Mbps) was activated in March 2000 and the capacity
was incrementally upgraded to STM-4 (622 Mbps) in August 2000 and to STM-16 (2.4
Gbps) in the first quarter of 2001.
Domestic Long Distance Networks
Sovintel, Comincom and Combellga developed a land and satellite-based
regional network to provide domestic long distance and data services in Russia.
Our land-based domestic long distance network consists primarily of fiber optic
capacity leased from Rostelecom and Transtelecom. We use this land-based network
primarily to serve our regional voice, data and Internet businesses. This
network together with our satellite-based network currently accesses more than
160 different points of presence across Russia and in certain other large cities
in the CIS.
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We have also started construction of our own intercity fiber optic
network in cooperation with mobile operators to decrease our reliance on leased
capacity.
Sovintel also leases capacity on satellite transponders (90 MHZ in
C-band and 72 MHZ in Ku-band) from Intelsat in accordance with the terms of a
ten-year lease. The coverage area of these satellites, or "footprint," includes
the full territory of Russia and other countries of the CIS. Using these leased
satellite transponders, Sovintel serves 14 Regional Earth Stations ("RES"s) and
more than 70 VSAT stations across Russia and the CIS. A VSAT is a relatively
small satellite antenna, typically 2.4 to 4 meters in diameter, used primarily
for satellite-based point-to-point applications. These RESs and VSATs
interconnect with our central hub in Moscow and with local facilities in the
areas where the RESs and VSATs are located. Sovintel's and Comincom's central
hub in Moscow interconnects with the Moscow-based international, domestic long
distance and local facilities of Sovintel.
Sovintel developed land-based technology in parallel with a satellite
network for a number of reasons, including the following:
- Fiber transmission is more suitable for data applications than
satellite transmission because of fewer transmission delays;
- VSAT technology is expensive for customers with limited
capacity requirements; and
- There is no "public data network," so we need to establish
land-based points of presence in each location where customers
require data services.
We are implementing a strategy to integrate our land-based and
satellite networks and to integrate the different technologies integral to each,
thereby developing a single, multi-purpose network. The technologies required to
carry voice over packet networks, such as voice over frame relay, voice over IP
and voice over asynchronous transfer mode, have become available and allow for
such network integration. This integration may benefit us in different ways. The
integration:
- Creates the possibility to carry voice "on net" between
multiple locations. This application was not possible with a
satellite-only network because the time delays in consecutive
satellite "hops" are impractical for efficient communications
at multiple locations;
- Creates the possibility to terminate traffic in significantly
more points of presence. Points of presence established
originally for data services may be extended to carry voice
over an interface to a local voice operator, allowing us to
extend our service offering to other operators;
- Improves network resilience both for voice and data networks
through the optimal combination of land-based fiber and
satellite transport capacity; and
- Enables us to operate an integrated network over which we
could offer voice, data and Internet services.
We have already upgraded more than 30 points of presence to carry
packet switched voice, and we also intend to upgrade other points of presence to
provide this capability.
19
THE ENVIRONMENTS IN WHICH WE OPERATE
To facilitate a more complete understanding of our business and our
operations, this section provides an overview of some of the key features of the
markets where we operate and derive substantially all of our revenue. These
overviews focus on our two largest markets, Russia and Ukraine and include:
- An overview of the telecommunications markets;
- An overview of the political and economic environment; and
- An overview of the legal, tax and regulatory regimes.
OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS' MARKETS IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
The Telecommunications' Market in Russia. Prior to the early 1990s, the
telecommunications network in the former Soviet Union was inefficient,
unreliable and underdeveloped relative to the networks in more-developed
countries. In the early 1990s, the Ministry of Communications, which had
formerly controlled the Soviet telecommunications infrastructure, ceded
operational control to a single long distance and international carrier,
Rostelecom, and 80 incumbent regional operators, including four independent city
networks in Moscow, St. Petersburg and two other cities. The local telcos
provide local exchange services for customers within their regions, but since
February 2003 they are obligated to provide access to the international and
domestic long distance services. In the incumbent network domestic long distance
calls to and from areas outside the local telcos' service area, as well as
international calls, are switched through Rostelecom, which interconnects with
the local telcos to complete domestic long distance calls and with foreign
carriers to complete international calls.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the centrally
planned economy reduced the funding available to the local telcos at a time when
demand for telecommunications was increasing. The growth in the Russian
telecommunications industry since the early 1990s has been principally driven by
businesses in Moscow requiring international and domestic long distance voice
and data services and by mobile telephony users. The growth in Moscow
accelerated as multinational corporations established a presence in the capital
and Russian businesses expanded. The formerly state-owned local telcos, however,
which generally employed an outdated, dilapidated analog infrastructure, could
not support the requirements of high-volume consumers of sophisticated
telecommunications services. As a result, the inadequacies of the existing
legacy networks constructed during the Soviet era became more apparent. Further,
the proceeds received by the Russian government from the privatization of state
telecommunications assets were not used for the infrastructure improvements
required to meet increased demand. As a result, the Ministry of Communications
issued licenses to domestic and foreign funded companies to encourage investment
in the telecommunications infrastructure. The licensing structure adopted by the
Ministry of Communications directly reflected the areas of the legacy networks
in most urgent need of investment. Generally, voice and telephony licenses were
issued to provide local access, local exchange, and international and domestic
long distance services.
Although it remains subject to certain restrictions, significant
progress in privatization of the telecommunications industry in Russia has
occurred. At present, virtually all the former state telecommunications
enterprises have been privatized and, subject to the above restrictions, shares
of the newly formed joint stock companies have been sold to the public. Also, a
significant number of private operators provide a wide variety of
telecommunications services pursuant to licenses issued by the Ministry of
Communications.
In September 1995, the Russian government established Svyazinvest as a
holding company for the state's telecommunications assets. Svyazinvest now holds
the Russian government's equity interests in all the incumbent local telcos, as
well as Rostelecom. In July 1997, a 25% plus one share interest in Svyazinvest
was sold to a private consortium, Mustcom Limited, for approximately $1.9
billion. The Russian government repeatedly stated that it intends to sell a
further 25% minus two shares but has not completed any tenders. In 2000, the
government announced a plan to restructure and consolidate Svyazinvest's
holdings and in 2002 the reorganization was completed by merging all regional
incumbent operators into 7 large interregional companies. Svyazinvest currently
owns controlling voting interests in all 7 interregional companies and
Rostelecom and owns substantial equity interests in four other local telcos,
including Moscow City Telephone Network.
The Telecommunications Market in Ukraine. The evolution of the
telecommunications sector in Ukraine is similar to that in Russia. The
infrastructure is outdated, the industry is inefficient and provides low-quality
services, and many tariffs are set as a result of political considerations.
In contrast to Russia, there has been no privatization of the
state-owned telecommunications sector in Ukraine. Whereas privatization of
Ukrtelecom, the state monopoly, was considered crucial for raising funds for the
state in 2000, several changes in priorities and political positioning have
resulted in further delay the Ukrainian government has indicated that they plan
to sell part of Ukrtelecom in 2004. To date, only about 7% of the monopoly have
been privatized to employees and managers.
20
The State Committee of Communications is the regulatory body that
oversees the Ukrainian telecommunications industry. The Committee is responsible
for the management of state telecommunications holdings, licensing, and setting
tariff regulations. Tariffs for local calls and calls between and within regions
are set at levels far below those which would prevail in a deregulated market.
Inter-operator tariffs, however, are often set at levels which challenge the
ability of competing operators to effectively position themselves against the
monopoly operator.
Ukrtelecom, the Ukrainian incumbent public operator, is the main
provider of telecommunications services in the country. Utel, a venture in which
Ukrtelecom in 2001 acquired total control from foreign shareholders, is the
dominant national and long distance operator. GTU is the primary competitor to
Utel in the capital city of Kiev. Ukrtelecom is the holding company for the
state's telecommunications interests, including 24 regional local telcos, two
municipal telecommunications operators, and the national transmission networks,
along with broadcasting, research and satellite assets. The State Committee of
Communications has made public statements to the effect that it considers
competition a threat to the future privatization of Ukrtelecom, which the
Committee owns, and that effective legislation must be introduced and enforced
to limit and control the activities of competing operators.
Public switched voice telephony in Kiev is delivered through a layered
hierarchy similar to that used in Moscow. We connect our customers using our
local access network with fiber optic and copper-based facilities, which provide
direct interconnection with the Kiev city telephone network.
The Ukrainian mobile telecoms market is currently served by five
operating companies. GTU commenced operations in accordance with its GSM-1800
license in late 1996.
OVERVIEW OF THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
Russia's Political Environment. Since the dissolution of the Soviet
Union in December 1991, Russia has been in the process of a substantial
political transformation. The Russian Constitution, ratified in 1993,
establishes a three-branch governing system that replaced the Communist
dominated Soviet system. The three-branch system consists of a powerful
executive branch led by the President, a bicameral legislative branch with an
upper assembly, the Federation Council, and a lower assembly, the State Duma,
and a judicial branch, which is still underdeveloped. Boris Yeltsin was elected
to a second term as President in July 1996 but shortly thereafter lost popular
support on account of political and economic dislocations, disaffection with
economic reform, institutionalized corruption and his erratic stewardship of the
country. On December 31, 1999 Yeltsin resigned the presidency, thereby enabling
the Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, to be elevated to the role of acting
president and to emerge as the winning candidate in the presidential election
which was held on an accelerated basis on March 26, 2000.
On March 14, 2004, Presidential elections will be held in Russia.
President Putin is running for re-election and is widely expected to be
re-elected to a second term as President.
President Putin has stated that he intends to follow his predecessors'
policies but with an increasing emphasis on the fight against corruption and the
effective exercise of the power of the state. Mr. Putin has also pursued a
policy emphasizing increased cooperation with European powers and the US.
As a result of the frequent changes of government in Russia and the
other countries of the CIS in the 1990's government policies are subject to
rapid and potentially radical change. The political and economic changes in
Russia over the last thirteen years have resulted in significant dislocations of
authority. As a result of the frequent turnover at the federal government level,
the continuing absence of an effective central government and direct elections
at the local level, certain regions of Russia are exercising more independence
in both political and economic policies. Significant organized criminal elements
have taken advantage of these dislocations. High levels of corruption exist
among government officials and among commercial enterprises in which the state
has an ownership interest. In an attempt to increase the influence of federal
authorities in the regions, President Putin organized the Russian regions into
seven administrative regions and appointed special presidential representatives
to coordinate and enforce federal policies in each of these regions. These
policies appear to be leading to a reassertion of federal power in the regions
but corruption on the local and federal levels remains problematic.
Russia's Economic Environment. In the immediate aftermath of the 1998
financial crisis, the ruble's value declined substantially below the 9.5 rubles
per US dollar floor set on that date, but in the last year has settled at
approximately 29.45 rubles per US dollar. World oil prices have contributed to
the recent relative stability of the ruble as the Russian Central Bank has
reported hard currency reserves of over $73.2 billion, as of February 5, 2004.
According to government figures, inflation has come under relative control since
the crises with annual inflation numbers of 84% for 1998, 36% for 1999, 20% for
2000, 19% for 2001, 16% for 2002 and 14% for the year 2003. Inflation is
expected to be approximately 10% in 2004. It is estimated that there will be a
$50.0 billion trade surplus in 2004 and gross domestic product ("GDP") increase
of over 5.5% in 2004 as compared to 2003. Further, there has been a steady
decline in capital flight since 1998 and this trend is predicted to continue in
2004. These positive economic indicators must be
21
considered in the context of Russia's status as a major exporter of oil and
other natural resources. Any decline in world oil prices could negatively
impact the value of the ruble and the continued development of Russia's economy.
Ukraine's Political Environment. Ukraine declared independence from the
Soviet Union in 1991. Since that time, Ukraine has established a three-branch
system of government similar to that in Russia. Following a period of
significant political debate, the new Ukrainian Constitution was ratified in
June 1996. Independent Ukraine's first President Leonid Kravchuk led the country
through a period of significant economic and social decline. Following the 1995
presidential elections, Leonid Kuchma succeeded him. Ukraine is one of the few
former Soviet republics to smoothly and peaceably transfer executive power.
President Kuchma was re-elected for another five-year term in November 1999.
Although President Kuchma has been able to maintain a fair amount of
control over policy, power is fairly evenly divided between the president and
parliament and consequently major policy decisions are frequently blocked by
parties exercising influence or control over the presidential administration or
the parliament. Political reform efforts have progressed somewhat during
Ukraine's first eleven years as an independent country, but the judicial system
lacks independence and its decisions are often influenced by political
considerations. President Kuchma has served two terms and has publicly stated
that he does not intend to seek a third term.
Ukraine's Economic Environment. In September 1996, a new currency, the hryvna,
was introduced, replacing the temporary karbovanets (coupons) that were in
circulation following the country's independence from the Soviet Union. The
National Bank of Ukraine, the nation's central bank, has steadfastly refused to
permit wholesale printing of the currency despite much pressure from Parliament.
The hryvna is now subject to a floating exchange rate whereas it was previously
kept within a fixed range. In 2003, the hryvna was stable, moving from 5.3324
per US dollar at December 31, 2002 to 5.3315 at December 31, 2003. The hryvna's
stability was due in large part to a 28.5% increase in exports in 2003 over
2002. However, increases of imports in 2003 by 35.6% over 2002 lead to a
decrease in Ukraine's trade surplus from 980.3 million hryvna to 59.4 million
hryvna. In 2003, the National Bank of Ukraine actively intervened in the market
through purchases of hard currency and increased its hard currency reserves to
$7.0 billion by the end of 2003, a 45.5% increase over 2002. Ukraine achieved
GDP growth of 8.5% in 2003 and over 4.3% growth in 2002. The inflation rate in
Ukraine in 2003 was 8.2%.
OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL, TAX AND REGULATORY REGIMES IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
Russia's Legal, Tax and Regulatory Regime. After the dissolution of the
Soviet Union in December 1991, former President Yeltsin and the Duma enacted
piecemeal legislation in an attempt to develop a legal framework to guide the
transition from a centralized command economy to a more market-oriented economy.
While the rudimentary legal framework continues to develop, legislation is often
inconsistent, contradictory, poorly drafted and unclear. This general
characterization is particularly applicable to corporate governance regulations
and tax legislation. During 2000, at the urging of President Putin's government,
the State Duma approved the first two parts of the revised and reportedly
simplified Russian Tax Code. The second part entered into effect as of January
1, 2001 and additional provisions came into effect as of January 1, 2002.
Similarly, under pressure from the executive branch, the Duma finally enacted a
new Labor Code, which entered into effect in February 2002 and replaced the
antiquated Labor Code left over from the Soviet era. Still, ambiguities in the
law are exploited by bureaucrats struggling to increase state budgetary
resources. Administrative regulations and decrees are frequently not published
and are not available for review. The judiciary lacks the power necessary to
enforce its judgments and judges are frequently underpaid, inexperienced and
commercially unsophisticated. In addition, judges are subject to intimidation,
and corruption in the judiciary is not unusual. Hence, in such an environment,
contracts are frequently unenforceable in courts of law.
The State Duma has enacted legislation to protect foreign investment
and other property against expropriation and nationalization. In the event that
such property is expropriated or nationalized, legislation provides for
reimbursement of the value of the property and damages. However, due to the lack
of state budgetary resources, experience and political will to enforce these
provisions, and due to potential political changes, it is uncertain whether such
protections could be enforced.
In addition to telecommunications legislation, the Russian
telecommunications industry is also shaped by privatization legislation and the
resulting privatization of state-owned telecommunications enterprises over the
last several years.
Historically, taxes payable by Russian companies have been numerous and
substantial. They included taxes on profits, assets and payroll, as well as
value-added tax ("VAT"). The recently enacted Tax Code represents an attempt to
rationalize the federal tax system. The effect of the new Tax Code on our
operations has and should become increasingly evident as the new Tax Code
continues to be implemented. We expect an overall reduction in our Russian tax
burden and have experienced such reductions over the past two years. For
example, from January 1, 2003, under the new Tax Code, taxes calculated on the
basis of revenue have been abolished. The maximum unified payroll tax rate which
decreased from 38.5% to 35.6% in 2001 remains at 35.6%. From January 1, 2002,
the rate of corporate profit tax decreased from 35% to 24%. The VAT rate
decreased from 20% to 18% as of January 1, 2004.
Russian companies within the same ownership group cannot be
consolidated, and therefore, each company must pay its own Russian taxes.
Because there is no consolidation provision, dividends are subject to Russian
taxes at each level that they are paid.
22
Currently, dividends are taxed at 15% and the payor is required to withhold such
tax when paying dividends, except with respect to dividends paid to foreign
entities that qualify for an exemption under treaties on the avoidance of double
taxation. Until recently, the system of tax collection has been ineffective,
resulting in the continual imposition of new taxes in an attempt to raise
government revenues. Although collection efforts seem to be improving year after
year, the continuing possibility of large government budget deficits raises the
risk of a sudden imposition of arbitrary or onerous taxes, which could adversely
affect us.
In various jurisdictions, we are obligated to pay VAT on the purchase
or importation of assets, and for certain other transactions. In many instances,
VAT tax paid on purchases can be offset against VAT which we collect and
otherwise would remit to the tax authorities, or may be refundable. Because the
law in some jurisdictions is unclear, the local tax authorities could assert
that we are obligated to pay additional amounts of VAT. In our opinion, any
additional VAT which we may be obligated to pay would be immaterial.
In addition, the new Tax Code authorizes Russia's regional legislative
authorities to impose a local tax on the sale of goods and services on their
territories. A number of such subdivisions have exercised this authority,
including Moscow and St. Petersburg which have each established a local sales
tax rate of 5 percent. This local tax on the sale of goods was abolished as of
January 1, 2004.
Pursuant to the Communications Law and subsequent governmental decrees,
the Ministry of Communications is assigned the authority to regulate and control
the development of the communications industry in Russia. Additional legislation
defines the roles of other communications regulatory organs, with the Ministry
exercising responsibility over the issuance of operator's licenses and the
supervision of each of those organs. The State Service for the Supervision of
Communications ("Gossvyaznadzor"), which is now a department of the Ministry of
Communications, is empowered to issue certain permits required for network
operation and for the importation and use of telecommunications equipment.
Gossvyaznadzor conducts periodic inspections to determine an operator's
compliance with the terms and conditions of its licenses and is authorized to
issue orders and instructions requiring operators to bring their network into
compliance with their licenses or to face fines and/or to recommend to the
Ministry of Communications that a license should be suspended or revoked. In
addition, entities such as Svyazinvest at the federal level, as well as other
entities in Moscow and St. Petersburg and other administrative regions within
Russia exercise significant control over their respective local telephone
networks and may therefore affect the licensing process.
The State Commission for Radio Frequencies (GKRCh) is responsible for
administering the utilization of the radio spectrum. This government agency
assigns and oversees the operation of radio frequencies. The State Commission
for Information is charged to coordinate the development and integration of
governmental and private telecommunications projects and networks. The State
Commission for Electrosvyaz (GKES) is responsible for improving the legislative
and regulatory base governing the telecommunication industry and for
coordinating the development of different telecommunications networks.
Legislation and normative acts specific to the telecommunications
industry provide the regulatory framework that guides our operations. On January
1, 2004, a new law On Communications ("New Law") came into effect. The New Law
outlines the regulatory framework for the telecommunications industry and
clarifies certain poorly defined areas of telecommunications such as
interconnection and licensing. It sets forth general principles for the right to
carry on telecommunications activities, describes government involvement in
telecommunications regulation and operation, establishes the institutional
framework involved in regulation and administration of telecommunications, and
deals with various operational matters, such as ownership of networks,
protection of fair competition, interconnection, privacy and liability. Separate
legislation and administrative regulations implement this institutional
framework.
The New Law introduces a Universal Service Fund which will result in
higher taxes for all operators, including CLECs such as our company. Under the
New Law, all telecom operators must contribute to the Universal Service Fund.
The Universal Services Fund is designed to fund socially important but
economically unviable projects. The New Law, however, does not provide clarity
as to how the Universal Service Fund will be collected and administered. The
amount of fee payable by each operator is not specified in the New Law, however,
the Ministry of Communications has stated that it will not exceed 3% of a
company's revenues. It is expected that the Universal Service Fund will not
operate before 2005.
The New Law also introduces the "significant operator" concept.
Significant operators are defined as those companies which generate either more
than 25% of traffic or possess more than 25% of the local infrastructure.
Significant operators may not refuse to provide interconnect services and
interconnect rates should be public and equal for all operators. This change
will make it more difficult for regional operators to discriminate against
competitors in order to protect their own operations.
The New Law also makes the telecommunications licensing process more
transparent. Licenses must be issued with frequencies attached to them.
Frequencies are to be sold through tenders or auctions and licenses must be
issued within thirty days if the frequencies are available.
23
We cannot predict with any certainty how the New Law will affect us.
Until such time as appropriate implementing regulations are published by the
Ministry of Communications, there will be a period of confusion and
ambiguity as regulators interpret the legislation. We cannot predict with any
certainty whether we will face additional costs associated with the
implementation of the New Law.
It can be difficult and expensive to comply with applicable Russian
telecommunications regulations. Telecommunications in Russia are confidential
and may only be intercepted by a court order. Nevertheless, we are subject to
SORM, the Russian acronym for the surveillance system operated partly by the
Federal Security Service, a government agency that is responsible for electronic
surveillance. SORM requires telecommunications networks to facilitate monitoring
of electronic traffic. Many operators and commentators consider that SORM, as
applied, is inconsistent with the privacy provisions of the Russian
constitution. Full compliance with SORM may be expensive, burdensome and
unconstitutional, yet noncompliance with SORM may lead to the administration of
fines, penalties or the revocation of our operating licenses.
Ukraine's Legal, Tax, and Regulatory Regime. A primary contributor to
the relatively slow pace of reform in Ukraine has been the absence of a coherent
and enforceable legal framework to facilitate widespread privatization of
government assets. As an example, the privatization of Ukrtelecom, the State
telecommunications monopoly, has been repeatedly delayed because of the absence
of key laws required to enable such privatization.
As with other former Soviet Republics, Ukraine is plagued with
widespread corruption and criminal activity. Until recently, organized criminal
groups were very active throughout Ukraine. High levels of corruption exist
among government officials and among commercial enterprises in which the state
has an ownership interest. Although we do not believe we have been adversely
affected by these activities to date, organized or other crime could in the
future have a material adverse effect on our operations and the market price of
our common stock.
After significant legislative changes over the last few years in
Ukraine and Russia, the Ukrainian tax regime differs significantly from the
Russian tax regime. The Ukrainian tax regime includes taxes on profits, on
payroll, VAT, and special fees and taxes levied against telecommunications
operators. In order to stimulate economic growth and broaden the tax base, in
1999 the Government introduced a significant reduction in payroll taxes followed
by a subsequent abolition of revenue-based taxes in 2001. At the beginning of
2003, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted amendments to the Profit Tax Law that,
among other changes, reduce the profits tax rate from 30% to 25%. The major
components of these amendments come into effect in 2004.
The regulatory framework governing the telecommunications industry in
Ukraine, while relatively less developed and less comprehensive, is generally
similar to the Russian regulatory framework. In the Ukrainian framework, the
Ministry of Communications and the position of Minister of Communications is
supplanted by the State Committee for Communications headed by the Chairman of
the Committee.
A faction within the Parliament introduced a bill which would have
prevented telecommunications operators from charging for incoming calls of any
kind. Although the sponsors of the bill were attempting to expedite the CPP
concept common in other countries, they overlooked the basic requirements needed
to fully support the concept in Ukraine, namely legislation governing
inter-operator settlements and billing functionality enhancements within the
local infrastructure. The bill was defeated in early 2002 after successful
lobbying by the major players in the market, however, in February 2003, the
Ukrainian Parliament overrode the President's veto and adopted an amendment to
the Ukrainian Communications law prohibiting all telecommunications operators
from charging their end-user customers for incoming calls, thus introducing the
CPP principle, which entered into effect on September 19, 2003.
State regulated tariffs for calls from the public switched telephone
network to mobile networks were also introduced at this time, thus allowing
mobile operators to receive a share of revenue from calls made to mobile
networks. To effect CPP settlements on our network we entered into an interim
agreement with Ukrtelecom that assigns a national destination code numbering
plan to our mobile customers and reallocates our interconnect numbering
capacity in Kiev and Odessa from our mobile to our fixed network. This agreement
became effective in November 2003 and enabled us to receive a settlement from
revenue generated when a fixed line party calls our mobile customer as well as
releases direct city numbering capacity for future sale to CLEC customers.
A new law "On telecommunications" came into force on December 23, 2003.
The new law sets forth the general principles for telecommunications activities,
networks and services, including the relationships between operators and
customers. The new law also establishes a new independent regulatory body, the
National Commission for Communication Regulation.
The new law is also expected to create conditions for developing market
competition, increasing efficiency and transparency of the telecommunications
sector and regulation by the state, meet market needs and comply with major
requirements of European Union legislation in the telecommunications field.
A new law "On Individual Income Taxation" came into force on January 1,
2004. The law sets the unified tax rate for personal income at 13% until
December 31, 2006 and 15% after January 1, 2007.
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FACTORS THAT MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT FUTURE RESULTS
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DOING BUSINESS IN RUSSIA, UKRAINE AND
OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE CIS
We generate substantially all our revenues from operations in Russia,
Ukraine and other countries of the CIS. All companies operating in the CIS,
including us, face significant political, economic, regulatory, legal and tax
risks, some of which are described below.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH WE OPERATE COULD DEPRESS FOREIGN
AND LOCAL INVESTMENT AND SPENDING, WHICH COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Russia,
Ukraine and other countries in which we operate have, to varying degrees, been
undergoing significant political and economic transformation. A generally stable
political climate has emerged but economic development remains hampered by the
absence of a consistent and comprehensive legislative framework necessary to
implement and enforce market oriented reforms and by incidents of corruption
among government officials. A re-occurrence of the political instability that
characterized the first several years of the transformation could disrupt the
direction and the pace of economic development. In addition, there has been
terrorist activity in Russia from time to time. Political instability or
terrorist activity could discourage foreign and local investment and spending,
in which case demand for our services could decrease and results of operations
could deteriorate. If this were to occur, then the market price of our stock
could decrease.
CONFLICTS BETWEEN RUSSIAN FEDERAL AND REGIONAL AUTHORITIES COULD CREATE AN
UNCERTAIN OPERATING ENVIRONMENT FOR US
The delineation of authority among Russia's many regions, internal
republics and the federal government as well as among the branches of government
is often unclear. The Russian political system is therefore vulnerable to
tension and conflict between federal and regional authorities over various
issues, including tax revenues, authority for regulatory matters and regional
autonomy. Our operations may be adversely affected by conflicts within the
regions or between the regions and the federal government. As we expand our
businesses nationally, the potential for these adverse effects may grow.
In addition, ethnic, religious, historical and other divisions have, on
occasion, given rise to tensions and, in certain cases, military conflict.
Russian military and paramilitary forces have been engaged in Chechnya in the
recent past and continue to maintain a presence there. The spread of violence,
or its intensification, could have significant political consequences. These
include the imposition of a state of emergency in some parts or throughout the
Russian Federation. These events could materially adversely affect the
investment environment in Russia.
THERE IS A VOLATILE POLITICAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE WHICH MAY NEGATIVELY IMPACT
OUR BUSINESS
Historically, political and governmental instability has been a feature
in the Ukraine. The relationship between various state authorities, Ukrainian
government policies and the political leaders who formulate and implement such
policies are subject to rapid change. In addition, President Kuchma, the current
leader of Ukraine, has served two terms in office and has publicly stated that
he does not intend to seek a third term. It is unclear whether and in what way,
current domestic and external policy will be supported by the future
presidential administration. Major changes in the political climate in Ukraine,
in particular any changes affecting the stability of the Ukrainian government,
reforms, privatization, industrial restructuring or administrative reform, could
materially effect our operations.
ECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT THE DEMAND FOR
OUR SERVICES AND OUR ABILITY TO COLLECT ON OUR INVOICES
Although the Russian and Ukrainian economies have experienced periods
of economic downturn and heavy inflation, the political and economic situation
in Russia and Ukraine appears to have stabilized. Russia ceased to be highly
inflationary in 2003. However, any future instability or lack of economic growth
in the countries in which we operate could mean that demand for our services
could become depressed. The failure and subsequent stagnation of the Russian and
Ukrainian economies in 1998 and following years weakened the financial condition
and the results of operations of many of our customers. As a result, some of
these customers were unable to pay our invoices or maintain their
telecommunication services, and our revenues suffered accordingly. The demand
for our services could again decrease if the Russian and Ukrainian political and
economic situations deteriorate to a degree that may precipitate the
reoccurrence of financial crises.
Ukraine also depends to a significant degree on the receipt of
financial assistance from several foreign governments and international
organizations, including the International Monetary Fund ("IMF") and the World
Bank. In 2000, faced with a liquidity crisis on its external debt payments, the
Ukrainian government undertook a comprehensive debt restructuring exercise that
enabled Ukraine to meet its external debt obligations. Due to such debt
restructurings and other factors, Ukraine may be unable to continue to
25
receive funding from foreign governments and international organizations, as
well as to raise funds on the international capital markets, which may
materially adversely affect the financing of the budget deficit, the level of
inflation and/or the value of the hryvna.
Ukraine continues to pursue the objectives of a closer relationship
with North Atlantic Treaty Organization, joining the World Trade Organization
("WTO") and becoming an associate member of the European Union. However,
recently Russia, Ukraine and a number of other CIS countries have signed an
agreement on creation of the Common Economic Area ("CEA"). Formation of the CEA
was negatively regarded by the IMF and international society and might be a
drawback to Ukraine's joining the WTO. Any major changes in Ukraine's relations
with Western governments and institutions may adversely affect the Ukrainian
economy and our operations.
THE CURRENCY CONTROL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA AND UKRAINE COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR
ABILITY TO CONVERT RUBLES AND HRYVNA'S TO HARD CURRENCY AND MANAGE CASH FLOWS
The ruble and hryvna are generally non-convertible outside Russia and
Ukraine, respectively, so our ability to protect ourselves against devaluation
by converting to other currencies is significantly limited. Within Russia and
Ukraine, our ability to convert rubles and hryvna, respectively, into other
currencies is subject to rules that restrict the purposes for which conversion
and payment in foreign currencies are allowed. We manage intercompany liquidity
through intercompany loans to our subsidiaries. If there are changes to the
currency control systems in Russia and Ukraine, our ability to manage our
liquidity position and our currency risk may be adversely affected.
FLUCTUATIONS IN THE PRICE OF OIL AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES MAY ADVERSELY
AFFECT THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY AND OUR BUSINESSES
Because Russia produces and exports large amounts of natural resource
commodities in the world market for hard currency, the Russian economy is
especially vulnerable to world oil prices and other commodity prices; a steep
decline in world commodity prices, especially oil, could disrupt the Russian
economy or cause significant state budgetary shortfalls. A dramatic decline in
world oil prices could cause severe budgetary shortfalls leading to increased
social and political instability. Further, certain economic indicators suggest
that some large economies are in the midst of economic recession. These
developments could severely limit our access to capital, and could adversely
affect the purchasing power of our customer base.
RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICIES COULD AFFECT OUR COMPETITIVE
POSITION
Russian and Ukrainian telecommunications regulations govern the
procurement and continuing validity of our licenses and the terms and conditions
under which we provide services. Adverse changes to these regulations may make
it prohibitively expensive for us to provide services or otherwise frustrate the
implementation of our business plans causing a material adverse effect on our
results of operations.
As a result of changes in existing regulations, changes in
interpretations of existing regulations or arbitrary regulatory decisions
affecting various aspects of our business, we could experience:
- Restrictions on how and where we can provide our services;
- Restrictions or delays in receiving approvals on our applications and
communications for necessary regulatory approvals for rolling out our
network in the regions for which we have licenses;
- Significant additional costs;
- Delays in implementing our operating or business plans; or
- Increased competition.
A new law "On Telecommunications" (the "New Law") came into effect in
Russia on January 1, 2004. We cannot predict with any certainty how the New Law
will affect us. The New Law may increase the regulation of our operations and,
until such time as appropriate regulations consistent with the New Law are
promulgated, there will be a period of confusion and ambiguity as regulators
interpret the legislation. Such confusion and ambiguity may materially adversely
affect the functioning of our business. Any strengthening of incumbent operators
such as Rostelecom, one of our principal shareholders, OAO MGTS or Svyazinvest
under the New Law or the large interregional companies could adversely affect
our business
ANY CHANGES IN REGULATIONS, COSTS OR CONFUSION FROM THE NEW LAW MAY AFFECT OUR
BUSINESS
It has been reported recently that in connection with Russia's possible
membership in the WTO, which would bring greater competition to the Russian
market, some Russian regulatory officials are seeking to limit foreign ownership
in Russian fixed line and
26
wireless telecommunications companies and to provide exclusivity to Rostelecom
for Russian and international long distance voice traffic for a period of time.
We cannot predict whether this or other legislation limiting foreign ownership
or competition will be implemented and if so, whether we would have to
restructure or reduce our ownership interests in our operating subsidiaries. We
are uncertain how any required reduction or restructuring could or would be
implemented and what effect it would have on our business. A restructuring or
reduction of this nature could cause our business to suffer.
POLICIES OF THE STATE COMMITTEE FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATIZATION OF
UKRAINE (THE "UKRAINIAN COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE") CONCERNING TARIFF REGULATIONS
MAY NEGATIVELY INFLUENCE OUR TARIFF POLICY
In 2001, the Ukrainian government attempted to regulate the provision
of VoIP through the introduction of VoIP licenses. Although this license process
has not been formalized, we cannot be sure that any resulting licensing and
related fees will not adversely affect our business should they be implemented.
In addition, Ukrtelecom enforced obligatory VoIP traffic settlements payments
for VoIP traffic routed through its network in 2001, 2002 and 2003.
OUR OPERATING LICENSES MAY NOT CLEARLY AUTHORIZE US TO PROVIDE ALL OF THE
SERVICES THAT WE OFFER
The licensing and regulatory regime in Russia, Ukraine, and the markets
in which we operate frequently do not keep pace with the technological advances
in the telecommunications industry. Further, a great deal of ambiguity exists in
regard to the interpretation of licenses and the application of rules and
regulations in regard to our new services, especially those new services enabled
by technological developments in telecommunications infrastructure and software.
Although our operating companies possess a wide range of licenses issued by the
Russian and Ukrainian ministries of communications, it is possible that the
technical means by which we provide some of our services, or the service
themselves, may be subject to licensing requirements or restrictions and that
our existing licenses do not satisfy these requirements. In such events, we
could be subject to fines, penalties or suspension, limitation or revocation
of licenses. The suspension, limitation in scope or revocation of a
significant license or the levying of substantial fines could have a material
adverse effect on our operations and our financial results.
THE FAILURE TO OBTAIN ALL REQUIRED PERMITS NECESSARY TO OPERATE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT COULD RESULT IN A DISRUPTION TO THE OPERATIONS OF
COMINCOM AND COMBELLGA
It appears that, in certain instances, both Comincom and Combellga may
have failed to obtain operational permits that are issued by Gossvyaznadzor
authorizing Comincom and Combellga to operate various items of
telecommunications equipment at several locations in Moscow and other
territories. Comincom and Combellga are in the process of obtaining all of the
missing operational permits. The operation of telecommunications equipment
without having obtained the relevant permit from the Gossvyaznadzor is a
violation of Russian law. This may lead to seizure of operating items of
equipment of Comincom and Combellga for which no operational permit has been
obtained or the suspension of the license upon order of state regulatory bodies
which could significantly disrupt the provisions of telecommunications services
by Comincom and Combellga.
RUSSIAN ANTI-TRUST POLICIES MAY LIMIT OUR ABILITY TO EXPAND OUR BUSINESSES AND
TO ESTABLISH MARKET RATES FOR OUR SERVICE OFFERINGS
Recently, the Russian Ministry for Anti-Monopoly Policy and Support of
Entrepreneurship ("MAP"), the state agency responsible for establishing and
enforcing the state's anti-trust policies, adopted a policy decision whereby
each licensed telecommunications operator, including our operating companies,
may be classified as a "monopolist". The policy was declared to be without
effect by the Russian courts. However, if the policy were to be successfully
enforced, our operating companies could be subject to increased state
regulation. Since our products are frequently priced at a premium in comparison
with the products of state-owned incumbent operators, it is possible that we may
be required to reduce our tariffs. Further, as we continue to expand our
operations, we may be subject to increasing anti-trust restrictions imposed by
the MAP. For example, ADS has been classified as a monopolist in Nizhny
Novgorod. Any such regulation of our pricing or restriction in operations could
be detrimental to our financial results.
SPECIAL FEES AND TAXES LEVIED AGAINST TELECOMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS COULD
ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
From time to time, Ukrainian and Russian government officials seek to
offset budgetary shortfalls by increasing levies extracted from the
telecommunications industry. The provisions of the New Law require that
all Russian operators, including fixed-line operators, pay a portion of their
revenues to the Universal Service Fund, which will be established to support the
provision of universal, multipurpose
27
telecommunications services throughout the Russian Federation. The Universal
Service Fund is not expected to be operating before 2005. The New Law states
that it will be funded by telecommunications service providers in an amount
determined by the Russian government. These or other similar industry-specific
pieces of legislation may have a material adverse effect on demand for our
services and on our results of operations. Similarly, the results of our
operations could deteriorate if the government introduces any new frequency or
licensing fees substantially in excess of the amounts previously budgeted for
such fees.
The Ukrainian regulatory agency requires that the terms of
international licenses include provisions requiring licensees to pay unspecified
annual amounts into local network development. The required amount of investment
has yet to be defined but may be substantial, and we cannot predict whether
failure to comply will lead to the revocation of our license or whether the
financial burden associated with compliance may be so burdensome as to cause a
deterioration of our financial results.
RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN LEGISLATION MAY NOT ADEQUATELY PROTECT AGAINST
EXPROPRIATION AND NATIONALIZATION
The governments of Russia and Ukraine have enacted legislation to
protect foreign investment and other property against expropriation and
nationalization. In the event that our property is expropriated or nationalized,
legislation provides for fair compensation. However, we cannot assure you that
these protections would be enforced. This uncertainty is due to several factors,
including:
- The lack of state budgetary resources;
- The lack of an independent judiciary and sufficient mechanisms
to enforce judgments; and
- Corruption among government officials.
In particular, in Ukraine, there is no established history of investor
rights protection or responsibility to investors and in certain cases the courts
may not enforce these rights. In the event courts enforce rights of investors
granted under applicable Ukrainian legislation, the government and/or the
legislature of Ukraine may attempt to overrule any such court decisions
legislatively through retroactive legislative changes.
In addition, social instability in Russia, Ukraine and other CIS
countries, coupled with difficult economic conditions, could lead to increased
support for centralized authority and a rise in nationalism. These sentiments
could lead to restrictions on foreign ownership of companies in the
telecommunications industry or large-scale nationalization or expropriation of
foreign-owned assets or businesses. Although we do not anticipate the
nationalization or expropriation of our assets because we were not created as a
result of privatization of any state enterprise, the concept of property rights
is not well developed in the laws of these countries and there is not a great
deal of experience in enforcing legislation enacted to protect private property
against nationalization and expropriation. As a result, we may not be able to
obtain proper redress in the courts, and we may not receive adequate
compensation if in the future any local government decides to nationalize or
expropriate some or all of our assets. If this occurs, our business would be
harmed.
WE MAY BE UNABLE TO ENFORCE OUR RIGHTS DUE TO AMBIGUITY IN THE LAWS AND LEGAL
STRUCTURES OF THE COUNTRIES WHERE WE OPERATE
Current ambiguity in Russian, Ukrainian and other CIS laws makes it
difficult to determine if we would be able to enforce our rights in disputes
with our venture partners or other parties. Furthermore, the dispersion of
regulatory power among a number of government agencies in Russia, Ukraine and
the other countries of the CIS has resulted in inconsistent or contradictory
regulations and unpredictable enforcement. The Russian, Ukrainian and other CIS
governments have rapidly introduced laws and regulations and have changed their
legal structures in an effort to make their economies more market-oriented,
resulting in considerable legal confusion, especially in areas of the law that
directly affect our operations. We cannot assure you that local laws and
regulations will become stable in the future. Our ability to provide services in
Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the CIS could be adversely affected by
difficulties in protecting and enforcing our rights and by future changes to
local laws and regulations. Further, our ability to protect and enforce our
rights is dependent on the Russian, Ukrainian and CIS courts which are
underdeveloped, inefficient and, in places, corrupt. Enforcement of court
orders can in practice be very difficult in Russia and Ukraine. Additionally,
court orders are not always enforced or followed by law enforcement agencies.
ANY US AND OTHER WESTERN JUDGMENTS OBTAINED AGAINST US MAY NOT BE ENFORCEABLE IN
THE CIS
Most of our assets are located in Russia and Ukraine. Russia and
Ukraine, as successors to the Soviet Union, are party to the 1958 New York
Convention. Therefore, a foreign arbitral award obtained in a state that is
party to the New York Convention should be recognized and enforced by Russian
and Ukrainian courts, subject to the qualifications provided for in the New York
Convention and compliance with domestic civil procedure regulations and other
procedures and requirements established by Russian legislation and
non-violations of Russian "public policy".
28
At the same time, a judgment obtained against us or any of our
operating companies or acquired companies in a court of any other jurisdiction
may not be enforceable in Russia or Ukraine, unless there is a treaty providing
for the reciprocal enforcement of judgments with such jurisdiction, and then
only in accordance with the terms of such treaty. Russia and Ukraine are not
party to multilateral or bilateral treaties with most Western jurisdictions for
the mutual enforcement of court judgments, nor is there such a treaty in effect
between Ukraine and the US. Consequently, should any judgments be obtained in
the US or other Western courts, including those with respect to federal
securities law claims, they may not be enforceable in Russia and Ukraine.
There is also a risk that domestic procedural legislation in Russia and
Ukraine will be changed by way of introducing further grounds preventing foreign
court judgments and arbitral awards from being recognized and enforced. In
practice, reliance upon international treaties may meet with resistance or a
lack of understanding on the part of Russian and Ukrainian courts or other
officials, thereby introducing delays and unpredictability into the process of
enforcing any foreign judgment or any foreign arbitral award in the Russia and
Ukraine.
ANY UNFORESEEN CHANGES IN THE TAX LAWS IN RUSSIA OR UKRAINE COULD HAVE A
MATERIAL ADVERSE EFFECT ON OUR BUSINESS
Russia
Our Russian tax burden may become greater than the estimated amount
that we have expensed to date and paid or accrued on our balance sheets. Because
of the need for additional sources of budgetary finance, Russian tax authorities
are often arbitrary and aggressive in their interpretation of tax laws and their
many ambiguities, as well as in their enforcement and collection activities.
Many companies are often forced to negotiate their tax bills with tax inspectors
who demand higher taxes than applicable law appears to provide. Any additional
tax liability, as well as any unforeseen changes in the tax law, could have a
material adverse effect on our future results of operations or cash flows in a
particular period. Under Russian accounting and tax principles, financial
statements of Russian companies are not consolidated for tax purposes. As a
result, each Russian-registered entity in our group pays its own Russian taxes
and we cannot offset the profits or losses in any single entity against the
profits and losses in any other entity. As a result, our overall effective tax
rate may increase as we expand our operations, unless we are able to implement
an effective corporate structure that minimizes the effect of these Russian
accounting and tax norms.
Ukraine
Similarly, Ukrainian tax law is unpredictable and tax authorities are
often arbitrary and aggressive in their interpretation of tax laws and their
many ambiguities, as well as in their enforcement and collection activities. The
constitution prohibits retroactive legislation, and the Taxation System Law
requires new tax laws to be adopted no later than six months prior to the
beginning of the next fiscal year in which the new tax laws are to become
effective. Nevertheless, sudden shifts in tax law and policy and retroactive
legislation are common. For example, in January 2003, the Ukrainian Parliament
adopted amendments to the Profits Tax Law which, in part, became effective as of
January 1, 2003. The law substantially changes the tax treatment of exchange
rate differences, dividends, transfer pricing and other transactions. The impact
of the law on our operations is uncertain because of ambiguities and
inconsistencies in the law which allows different interpretations by the tax
authorities. If our interpretation of the amendments differs from those of the
local tax authorities, we might be subject to higher tax liability and/or
additional fees and penalties.
RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN LAWS MAY EXPOSE US TO LIABILITY FOR ACTIONS TAKEN BY OUR
SUBSIDIARIES OR VENTURE ENTITIES
Under Russian laws, we may be jointly and severally liable for any
obligations of a subsidiary or venture entity under a transaction if:
- We have the ability to issue mandatory instructions to the subsidiary
or venture entity and that ability is provided for by the charter of
the subsidiary or venture entity or in a contract between us and them;
and
- The subsidiary or venture entity concluded the transaction pursuant
to our mandatory instructions.
In addition, we may have secondary liability for any obligations of a
subsidiary or venture entity if:
- The subsidiary or venture entity becomes insolvent or bankrupt
due to our actions or our failure to act; and
- We have the ability to make decisions for the subsidiary or
venture entity as a result of our ownership interest, the
terms of a contract between us and them, or in any other way.
In either of these circumstances, the shareholders of the subsidiary or
venture entity may seek compensation from us for the losses sustained by the
subsidiary or a venture entity if we knew that the action taken pursuant to our
instructions or the failure to act would result in loss. This type of liability
could result in significant obligations and adversely affect our business.
29
Under Ukrainian laws, we may be held jointly and severally liable for
any obligations of our Ukrainian subsidiaries if we fail to initiate bankruptcy
proceedings with respect to such Ukrainian subsidiaries when required to do so
by law.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UKRAINE'S NEW CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL CODES MAY CAUSE
INSTABILITY OF UKRAINIAN BUSINESS LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
In January 2003, a new Civil Code was enacted by the Ukrainian
Parliament which sets forth new regulations in the areas of property law,
copyright, industrial ownership and trademarks and replaces the existing
Civil Code adopted in 1963. Also in January 2003, the Parliament enacted a new
Commercial Code which is intended to provide legal guidelines for economic
activities and relationships in the market, by regulating the use of natural
resources, the rights of industrial ownership and the use of securities and by
defining the insurance, banking and auditing procedures. Both documents came
into effect on January 1, 2004 and are expected to dramatically overhaul the
existing business legal framework. However, the documents contain controversial
and often overlapping provisions. Therefore, their enactment may be followed by
a period of confusion and ambiguity until a regulatory practice of their
interpretation is established and appropriate sub-legislation consistent with
the new Codes is promulgated. Such confusion and ambiguity may materially
adversely affect the Ukrainian market and negatively impact functioning of our
business.
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR BUSINESS
WE MAY ENCOUNTER DIFFICULTIES EXPANDING AND OPERATING OUR BUSINESS, INCLUDING
THE INTEGRATION OF ACQUIRED COMPANIES
We have experienced significant growth as a result of acquisitions and
expect such growth to continue. As we grow, it will become increasingly
difficult and more costly to manage our business. As part of our business
strategy, we have completed several acquisitions, including the purchase in
September 2002 of the remaining 50% ownership interest in Sovintel. In August
2003, we completed the acquisition of Sibchallenge. In December 2003, we
acquired 100% of the shares of Comincom.
Acquisition transactions are accompanied by a number of risks,
including risks related to:
- The consolidation of the operations and personnel of the
acquired companies;
- The potential disruption of our ongoing business and
distraction of management;
- The introduction of acquired technology content or rights into
our products and unanticipated expenses related to such
integration;
- The potential negative impact on reported earnings;
- The possibility that revenues from acquired businesses and
other synergies may not materialize as anticipated;
- The deterioration of relationships with employees and
customers as a result of any integration of new management
personnel; and
- Contingent liabilities associated with acquired businesses,
especially in the markets where we operate.
We may not be successful in addressing these risks or any other
problems encountered in connection with our completed and future acquisitions
and our operating results may suffer as a result of any failure to integrate
these businesses with our existing operations.
In addition, we may encounter difficulties in building our networks
with respect to:
- Delivering services that are technically and economically
feasible;
- Financing increases in the regional network construction and
development area;
- Obtaining in a timely manner and maintaining licenses,
permissions to operate telecommunication equipment, frequency
allocations and other governmental permissions sufficient to
provide services to our customers;
- Marketing our services in a large geographic area to new
potential customers;
- Obtaining sufficient interconnect arrangements;
- Meeting demands of local special interest groups;
- Obtaining compliance certificates for our telecommunications
equipment in a timely and cost-efficient manner; and
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- Obtaining adequate supplies of network equipment.
REORGANIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY MAY AFFECT OUR
COMPETITIVE POSITION
Prior to 2002, Svyazinvest, a government-controlled holding entity,
controlled Rostelecom and most of our principal wire-line venture partners. In
2002, the telecommunications industry was restructured by merging all regional
incumbent operators into seven inter-regional operating companies. With this
consolidation, we may face stronger competition from these new entities.
Further, with the consummation of the Sovintel transaction in 2002, we are not
sure that we may rely on continued strong commercial relations with Rostelecom,
given that they are no longer our partner in Sovintel.
Further, the consolidation of all regional incumbent operators into
seven inter-regional companies could affect our ability to expand into the
various regions of Russia. In order to effectively compete, we may need to
expend significant internal resources or acquire other technologies and
companies to provide or enhance our capabilities. Any of these efforts could
have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial
condition.
REORGANIZATIONS IN THE UKRAINIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR MAY HAVE STRENGTHENED
THE POSITION OF THE MONOPOLY INCUMBENT AND ENCOURAGED UNFAIR COMPETITION
In preparation for a large-scale privatization of the
telecommunications industry, the Ukrainian government reorganized the state
telecommunications sector so that Ukrtelecom, the state telecommunications
operator, holds all the government's interests in the telecommunications
industry. The ownership of Ukrtelecom has been transferred from the State
Property Fund to the Ukrainian Communications Committee. Thus, the Ukrainian
Communications Committee now owns and theoretically regulates the incumbent
monopoly. Although it is planned that a portion of Ukrtelecom shares will be
sold into the market during the privatization process, it is expected that the
Ukrainian government will continue to control at least 51% of Ukrtelecom's
shares. This will allow the Ukrainian government to control Ukrtelecom and will
afford the Ukrainian government the opportunity to further control the
telecommunications industry through Ukrtelecom.
The emergence of a single self-regulating Ukrainian telecommunications
monopoly may have adverse financial consequences for us because:
- We have no effective recourse against the state monopoly
carrier since the state regulator controls and manages the
monopoly carrier and the judiciary system is severely
underdeveloped and cannot be relied upon to protect and
enforce unfair competition;
- A single Ukrainian self-regulating monopoly is able to create
favorable market conditions for itself and cause unfavorable
conditions for us;
- Our ability to negotiate reasonable interconnection agreements
and rates may suffer; and
- Any subsequent privatization of Ukrtelecom may bring in strong
management and resources from a major telecommunications
operator, increasing its competitive strengths.
ANY POTENTIAL SALE OF PART OF GTU MAY NOT BRING THE EXPECTED BENEFITS TO US
Recognizing that many of the markets in which we operate are complex,
we continue to seek strong local partners to assist us in those markets. We have
been working with potential partners in Ukraine to resolve disputes with
Ukrtelecom and the Ministry of Communications. The level of compensation for
this assistance has yet to be finalized. We have also been discussing with these
potential partners the possible sale of between 20-31% of our interest in GTU to
such parties. Should the sale of a portion of our interest in GTU be
consummated, we cannot be certain that our relationship with our new partners
will develop in a manner which is beneficial to us or that the benefits of such
partnership will not be outweighed by any loss of control over GTU that we may
experience with our potential new partners.
FAILURE TO OBTAIN SUFFICIENT AND RELIABLE TRANSMISSION CAPACITY AT REASONABLE
COSTS COULD CAUSE US TO INCUR LOSSES
Historically, we have leased a substantial portion of our network
transmission capacity under agreements that generally have one to three-year
fixed terms. In addition, in 2001, we leased significant additional domestic and
international capacity that we utilize for data transmission under long-term
lease agreements that may be extended up to fifteen years. We rely on third
parties' ability to provide data transmission capacity to us. These third
parties themselves, in turn, may be receiving capacity from others. If our lease
arrangements deteriorate or terminate and we are unable to enter into new
arrangements or if the entities from which we lease such capacity are unable to
perform their obligations under these arrangements, our cost structure, service
quality and network coverage could be adversely affected.
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We currently provide international switched voice, data and IP services
in Russia by relying on Rostelecom and Transtelecom to provide leased
transmission capacity within Russia. We rely on local operators for last-mile
access to end-users. These companies may be subject to political and economic
pressures not to lease capacity to foreign operators or competitors. Further, in
light of the recent acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership interest of
Sovintel from Rostelecom in 2002, Rostelecom may have less incentive to continue
to provide telecommunication services to us despite their significant
shareholding in us. Any changes in regulation or policies that restrict us from
leasing adequate capacity could have an adverse effect on our business. Local
telecommunications operators may, for business reasons or otherwise, resist
giving us access to the last mile.
The failure of Rostelecom, Transtelecom, local operators or any other
provider to comply with lease arrangements or our inability to obtain other
long-term leases on a timely basis or maintain existing leases for fiber optic
cable or transmission capacity would prevent us from deploying and operating our
network as planned. This could have a material adverse effect on our ability to
operate.
In Ukraine, we lease transmission capacity from Ukrtelecom, which is
the Ukrainian fixed phone line network operator. If Ukrtelecom does not make
investments to significantly increase the capacity of its transmission network
or if we are not able to lease capacity from another source, we will not have
sufficient transmission capacity to expand our subscriber base.
OUR ABILITY TO PROVIDE OUR SERVICES IS DEPENDENT ON SECURING AND MAINTAINING
INTERCONNECTION AGREEMENTS WITH ROSTELECOM, UKRTELECOM AND OTHER FACILITIES
PROVIDERS
Our ability to provide telecommunications services depends on our
ability to secure and maintain interconnection agreements with Rostelecom,
Ukrtelecom and other incumbent owners of networks. Since we do not currently
anticipate owning all the facilities we need to operate our networks, we will
always rely on the telecommunications networks of other providers to some
degree. Interconnection is required to complete calls that originate on our
networks but terminate outside our networks, or that originate from outside our
networks and terminate on our networks. Our current interconnection agreements
with incumbent operators expires in various years between 2004 and 2014. It is
possible that in the future our interconnection agreements may not be renewed or
not renewed on a timely basis or on commercially reasonable terms.
In Russia, we are dependent on Rostelecom for the provision of leased
lines and/or interconnect circuits used to connect our points of interconnection
to our network backbones. A failure by Rostelecom to provide such leased lines
and/or interconnect circuits in accordance with our plans, or to satisfy our
customers' demands on certain routes, has in the past given rise to capacity
constraints in our network on certain routes. While we believe that these
capacity constraints have been eliminated, we may continue to experience
capacity constraints until we increase the number of points of interconnection
to our network, allowing us to route a greater proportion of traffic over our
network.
On December 29, 2003, we met with the Ministry of Communications. We
discussed the use of non-geographical numbering on fixed telecommunication
networks. As a result of this meeting, we and the Ministry agreed to continue
researching the possibility of developing an experimental zone, with Sovintel
and Combellga as participants, in addition to Comincom, in which we would route
our customers' long distance traffic through our own network and route long
distance traffic of interconnected operators to Rostelecom's network. We have
agreed to utilize Rostelecom's technical facilities for our international
traffic with the right to have our own direct interconnection agreements and
settlements with foreign operators for such traffic. Also as a result of the
meeting, we are also working with the Ministry on plans to change our
non-geographical numbers to geographical numbering capacity.
In Ukraine, we are dependent on Ukrtelecom for the provision of leased
lines and/or interconnect circuits used to connect our indirect access customers
throughout Ukraine as well as to provide access to our network backbone in
Russia. A failure by Ukrtelecom to provide such leased lines and/or interconnect
circuits in accordance with our plans, or to satisfy our customer demand on
certain routes, could give rise to capacity constraints in our network on
certain routes in Ukraine.
OUR NETWORK MAY NOT BE ABLE TO SUPPORT THE GROWING DEMANDS OF OUR CUSTOMERS
The uninterrupted operation of our networks is vital to our success.
The stability of our systems depends on our ability to provide sufficient
capacity to meet the needs of our customers, and that, in turn, depends on the
integration of suitable technology into our networks. As we continue to increase
both the capacity and the reach of our networks, and as traffic volume continues
to increase, we will face increasing demands and challenges in managing our
circuit capacity and traffic management systems. Any prolonged failure of our
communications network or other systems or hardware that causes significant
interruptions to our operations could seriously damage our reputation and result
in customer attrition and financial losses.
It is possible that the current economic difficulties and historical
circumstances in Russia and Ukraine may create difficulties in maintaining our
network. We rely to a significant degree on the Russian and Ukrainian networks
being able to deliver our services, and the underdevelopment of such networks
may hinder our ability to obtain sufficient capacity for our traffic volumes,
especially as we expand our Internet access business. Moreover, it is
increasingly difficult to expand within Moscow because the existing city network
does not have sufficient capacity, and we may be unable to procure enough
telephone numbers and connection lines for our customers utilizing our services.
These factors may have a material adverse effect on our expansion plans and our
ability to provide services to new customers.
RUSSIAN COMPANIES MAY BE REQUIRED TO ADOPT A PLAN OF LIQUIDATION WHEN THEIR NET
ASSETS ARE NEGATIVE
Under Russian law, in the event the value of a company's net assets is
less than the minimum charter capital allowed by law, such company may be
required to adopt a decision to liquidate. Even if the company declines to
approve its liquidation, governmental
32
agencies responsible for the State registration of companies, as well as other
designated State bodies, for example, the Federal Commission for the Securities
Market, are authorized to bring a lawsuit seeking liquidation of the company
until the expiration of the relevant statute of limitation. Some of our
subsidiaries have in the past and continue to have negative net asset values
which could make them subject to the legal requirement to adopt a plan of
liquidation.
WE MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY SCALING AND ADAPTING OUR EXISTING ARCHITECTURE TO
ACCOMMODATE INCREASED TRAFFIC AND TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
Most of the telecommunication network architecture that we employ and
the architecture of local public networks were not originally designed to
accommodate levels or types of services we provide and it is unclear whether
current or future anticipated levels of traffic will result in delays or
interruptions in our services. In the future, we may be required to make
significant changes to our architecture, including moving to a completely new
architecture, or we may be required to invest to upgrade local public networks.
If we are required to switch architectures, we may incur substantial costs and
experience delays or interruptions in our operations. If we experience delays or
interruptions in our operations due to inadequacies in our current architecture
or as a result of a change in architectures, users may become dissatisfied with
our services and move to competing providers of online services. Any loss of
traffic, increased costs, inefficiencies or failures to adapt to new
technologies and the associated adjustments to our architecture would have a
material adverse effect on our business.
WE MAY BE SUBJECT TO LEGAL LIABILITY FOR OUR ONLINE SERVICES
We host a wide variety of services that enable individuals to exchange
information, generate content and engage in various online activities. The laws
in the jurisdictions in which we operate and in most other jurisdictions
relating to the liability of providers of these online services for activities
of their users is currently unclear. Claims in some jurisdictions have been
threatened and brought against other service providers for defamation,
negligence, copyright or trademark infringement, unlawful activity, and tort.
Due to the unsettled nature of the law in this area, we may be subject to these
and other actions in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. Our
defense of any such actions could be costly and could distract our management
and other resources.
WE ARE IN A COMPETITIVE INDUSTRY AND OUR COMPETITORS MAY BE MORE SUCCESSFUL IN
ATTRACTING AND RETAINING CUSTOMERS
The market for our products and services is competitive and we expect
that competition, especially in underdeveloped markets, will continue to
intensify. As we expand the scope of our offerings, we will compete directly
with a greater number of competitors providing business services in the same
markets. Negative competitive developments could have a material adverse effect
on our business and the trading price of our stock.
Our competitors include incumbent Russian and Ukrainian operators and
other large international telecommunications providers doing business in the
CIS. Our competitors may have substantially greater resources, closer ties to
governmental authorities and longer operating histories. These advantages may
give them a competitive edge over alternative providers like us. This
competition may result in a loss of customers, falling prices and a decline in
revenues.
We are operating in recently liberalized markets in an evolving and
highly competitive industry. We expect our competitors to continually improve
their products and services while also reducing their prices. Our success will
depend on our ability to compete effectively in this environment.
The telecommunications market in Russia has historically been dominated
by Svyazinvest, including its subsidiary, Rostelecom, and in Ukraine by
Ukrtelecom, both being former state monopoly telecommunications services
providers. These companies and other established competitors have significant
competitive advantages over us which include:
- Greater resources, market presence and network coverage;
- Greater brand name recognition, customer loyalty and goodwill;
- Control over domestic transmission lines and over access to
these lines by other participants; and
- Close ties to national and local regulatory authorities which
may be reluctant to adopt policies that would give rise to
increased competition for Rostelecom or Ukrtelecom.
OUR PARTNERS ARE OFTEN ALSO OUR COMPETITORS
Notwithstanding the provisions of the agreements with our venture
partners, such partners sometimes compete directly with our ventures.
Competition with our venture partners in the same markets may create conflicts
of interest and may result in deadlock in management and loss of customers.
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In 2002, we acquired the remaining 50% ownership interest of Sovintel
from Rostelecom, the dominant international and domestic long distance carrier
in Russia. As a result of this transaction, we are now directly competing with
Rostelecom, a formerly state-owned enterprise that previously was our partner in
Sovintel. Similarly, most of our regional partners across Russia offer local and
long distance services in competition with our local ventures and Sovintel.
LEASE AGREEMENTS FOR PREMISES WE ARE USING TO PLACE OUR TELECOMMUNICATIONS
EQUIPMENT ARE NOT REGISTERED
We lease premises in order to place our telecommunication equipment,
including base stations and switches. Many lease agreements for the term of more
than one year are not registered, which is a violation of Russian law which
means these lease agreements are invalid. The violations may also have a
negative tax impact on us because we may not be able to deduct such lease
payments. Although we have applied for registration of some of the lease
agreements, others cannot be registered because certain landlords have not
registered their ownership rights over the premises and are not willing to do so
as it involves additional expense. Therefore, because these lease agreements are
invalid we cannot guarantee that our landlords will not terminate them early, in
which case we will have to relocate our corresponding telecommunication
equipment. That relocation may cause disruption of the services we offer and
require us to obtain new permissions to operate our telecommunication equipment.
Several aspects of Comincom's lease agreements may affect the validity
of such lease agreements and may have a negative tax impact on Comincom,
including, in particular, (a) the apparent failure to obtain the consent of the
owner of the premises to the lease of the premises to Comincom as is required
under Russian law; (b) the apparent failure to register various long term lease
agreements with the appropriate real estate registration authority as required
by Russian law; and (c) the apparent failure to obtain an agreement for the
extension of a number of lease agreements upon the expiration of the initial
term of such leases.
Further, a number of Comincom's lease agreements do not specify the
permitted use of the leased premises, although such premises are generally used
to house equipment. Landlords of such properties may have the right to terminate
such lease agreements at any time on the grounds that Comincom is using such
premises in an unauthorized manner. If Comincom is forced to remove key items of
equipment as a result of any deficiencies in or termination of its lease
agreements, then the business activities of Comincom or Combellga, may be
significantly disrupted.
The majority of Combellga's equipment, and to a lesser extent the
equipment of Comincom, has been installed and is maintained at a number of
locations pursuant to services arrangements pursuant to which Combellga, or
Comincom, as the case may be, is either the service provider or the recipient of
services. Under Russian law, it is unclear whether such arrangements provide a
sufficient legal basis for the installation and operation of telecommunications
equipment. In addition, Russian law generally provides that a client may
terminate a services agreement unilaterally at any time provided that the client
has paid all expenses incurred by the service provider. At the same time, a
service provider may terminate a services agreement unilaterally at any time
provided that such provider has paid in full the damages suffered by its client
as a result of such termination. Therefore, there is a risk that a client or
service provider may terminate a service agreement with Comincom at any time,
and, as a result, Comincom would be required to remove its telecommunications
equipment upon such termination. The termination of agreements pursuant to which
Comincom has installed telecommunications equipment at the premises of
Comincom's clients or third parties may significantly disrupt the provision of
telecommunications services by Comincom.
OUR EXISTING BILLING AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS MAY NOT BE ABLE TO MEET
OUR FUTURE NEEDS
We may encounter difficulties in enhancing our billing and management
information systems and in integrating new technology into such systems. We have
historically operated through distinct companies, but we are in the process of
integrating our billing and management information systems so that we will be
able to bill our customers and to manage other administrative tasks through a
single system. If we are unable to integrate and upgrade our billing and
management information systems to support our integrated operations, our billing
may suffer.
Additionally, any damage to our network management center or our major
switching centers could harm our ability to monitor and manage network
operations and generate accurate call detail reports from which we derive our
billing information.
In our operations outside Moscow, Kiev and St. Petersburg, we rely on
our ventures' switches to provide information necessary to generate invoices. We
cannot ensure that their systems will meet our needs or the needs of our
customers.
WE MAY ENCOUNTER DIFFICULTIES IN FULLY COMPLYING WITH APPLICABLE LAWS DUE TO
CONFUSION IN THE LAWS AND LEGAL STRUCTURES OF THE COUNTRIES WHERE WE OPERATE
The application of the laws of any particular country is not always
clear or consistent. This is particularly so in Russia, Ukraine and other CIS
countries where the pace of legislative drafting has not always kept pace with
the demands of the marketplace. These countries often have commercial practices
and legal and regulatory frameworks that differ significantly from those in the
US and other
34
Western countries. As a result, it is often difficult to ensure that we are in
compliance with changing legal requirements. If we, any of our ventures or
acquired companies are found to be involved in practices that do not comply with
local laws or regulations, then we may be exposed, among other things, to
significant fines, the risk of prosecution or the suspension or loss of our
licenses, frequency allocations, authorizations or various permissions, any of
which could have a material adverse effect on us.
In light of these circumstances, in the second half of 1996, we
increased our efforts to improve our management and financial controls and
business practices. In early 1997, we retained special outside counsel to
conduct a thorough review of our business practices in the emerging markets in
which we operate. In addition, in June 1999, our special counsel completed an
update of the 1997 review in Russia and Ukraine. In 2002, we hired an internal
auditor to review our internal controls and procedures. Neither the review nor
the update identified any violations of law that we believe would have a
material adverse effect on our financial condition. However, we cannot ensure
that all potential deficiencies have been properly identified or that
governmental authorities will not disagree with our assessment. If our control
procedures and compliance programs are not effective or the government
authorities determine that we have violated any law, depending on the penalties
assessed and the timing of any unfavorable resolution, our future results of
operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
The Ministry of Communications and the Ukrainian Communications
Committee regularly checks our compliance with the requirements of the
applicable legislation and our telecommunications licenses. We use our best
efforts to comply with all such requirements. However, we cannot assure you that
in the course of future inspections we will not be found to be in violation of
the applicable legislation. Any such finding could have a material adverse
effect on our operations.
It may be difficult and prohibitively expensive for us to comply with
applicable Russian telecommunications regulations related to state surveillance
of communications traffic. Currently, Ukrainian authorities are also trying to
implement state surveillance of communications traffic. Full compliance with
these regulations that allow the state to monitor voice and data traffic may be
overly burdensome and expensive. Noncompliance may lead to the imposition of
fines or penalties on us, or the revocation of our operating licenses. Further,
some customers may decline to utilize the services of a telecommunications
provider whose networks facilitate state surveillance of communications traffic.
OUR TELECOMMUNICATIONS LICENSES MAY NOT BE EXTENDED OR MAY BE SUSPENDED OR
REVOKED
Our telecommunications licenses expire in various years from 2004 to
2014. Assuming compliance, licenses are normally automatically renewed upon the
same terms and conditions. If renewed, our licenses may contain additional
obligations, including payment obligations, or may cover reduced service areas.
If our telecommunications license for provision of local, intercity, interzonal
and international telephone services in the Moscow and St. Petersburg license
area, which expires on March 17, 2008, is not renewed, our business could be
adversely affected. Depending on the growth of our business in the other license
areas, the failure to have any other particular license renewed could also
materially adversely affect our business.
If we fail to completely fulfill specific terms of any of our
telecommunications licenses related to line and operational capacity,
territorial or other technical requirements, payment or reporting obligations,
local registrations of our telecommunications licenses, frequency permissions or
other governmental permissions or if we provide our services in a manner that
violates applicable law, the Ministry of Communications may suspend or terminate
our licenses, frequency permissions or other governmental permissions. If any of
our telecommunications licenses are suspended or terminated or if extensions
requested are not granted and action is taken against our company or our
subsidiaries, our business could be adversely affected.
In addition, many of our telecommunications licenses have not been
registered with local offices of the Ministry of Communications in the regions
where we do not operate our own equipment. Although, the Ministry of
Communications has informed us, in many cases only verbally, that we do not need
a local registration until we start to operate our equipment in the area,
failure to register contradicts the terms of our licenses. We cannot guarantee
that the Ministry of Communications will maintain this position and will not
take action against us for not registering our telecommunication licenses, which
could have a negative impact on our business.
WE MAY FAIL TO OBTAIN RENEWALS OR EXTENSIONS OF OUR PERMISSIONS TO OPERATE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
Many permits to operate our telecommunication equipment expire on
various dates between 2004 and 2006 prior to the expiration date of our
corresponding telecommunications licenses. We cannot predict whether we will be
able to obtain extensions of such permits and whether extensions will
35
be granted in a timely manner and without any significant additional costs.
Failure to obtain renewals or extensions of permits to operate our
telecommunications equipment could have a material adverse effect on our
business.
Due to the uncertain regulatory framework in which we operate, the
rapid expansion of our network and the time it takes to obtain all the necessary
permissions, it is often the case that we are not able to obtain all of the
permissions for the various telecommunications equipment that we operate. It may
take a long time to obtain the final permissions for particular
telecommunications equipment, which could result in delays in providing services
and expanding our network. The Ministry of Communications usually issues such
permissions for a limited period of time, which is often less than the period
for which it issues a license. For example, a number of permissions to operate
some of the telecommunications equipment we currently use have expired. We have
not yet received new permissions to operate such equipment. If the Ministry of
Communications refuses to issue such permissions, it could have a material
adverse effect on our business.
WE MAY FAIL TO OBTAIN RENEWALS OR EXTENSIONS OF OUR FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS FOR
OUR EARTH STATIONS AND OTHER RADIO FREQUENCY EQUIPMENT THAT WE USE IN OUR
OPERATIONS
Our frequency allocations for most of our license areas expire on the
expiration date of our corresponding licenses. We cannot predict whether we will
be able to obtain extensions of our frequency allocations and whether extensions
will be granted in a timely manner and without any significant additional costs.
It is possible that there could be a reallocation of frequencies upon the
expiration of existing allocations or the granting of frequency allocations for
the same channels as our frequency allocations, requiring that we coordinate the
use of our frequencies with the other license holder and/or experience a loss of
quality in our network.
If we fail to obtain renewals or extensions of our frequency
allocations for parts of our network based on radio frequencies, which expire on
various dates between 2004 and 2008, or if other license holders are granted
overlapping frequencies, our business could be adversely affected.
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR SHAREHOLDING STRUCTURE
OUR SIGNIFICANT SHAREHOLDERS HAVE ENTERED INTO A SHAREHOLDERS AGREEMENT WHEREBY
THESE SHAREHOLDERS EXERCISE EFFECTIVE CONTROL OVER OUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS
In August 2003, as part of the acquisition of Comincom from Telenor,
our major shareholders entered into a Shareholders Agreement which became
effective upon close of the transaction in December 2003. In accordance with the
terms of the Shareholders Agreement, Alfa, Telenor, Rostelecom, Capital and
Barings are able to exercise effective control over our Board of Directors.
These relationships create the potential for conflicts of interest between us
and our shareholders. Although the Shareholders Agreement and other agreements
among the shareholders reduce the chance for conflicts of interest, we cannot
assure that any conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor. We cannot
assure you that any group of directors will not take any actions that may
adversely affect the interests of minority shareholders. Further, if we
consummate any future acquisitions, such agreements may be amended or we and our
shareholders may enter into new agreements.
OUR SIGNIFICANT SHAREHOLDERS HAVE OTHER INTERESTS WHICH MAY CONFLICT WITH OUR
INTERESTS
One of our significant shareholders, Rostelecom, is one of our direct
competitors. Two of our shareholders, Alfa and Telenor, have ownership interests
in Vimpelcom, with whom we have significant commercial relationships. Although
we structure transactions so that they are at "arm's length", we cannot assure
you that these shareholders will not apply pressure on the Company to enter into
transactions which may not be the most commercially favorable to us.
THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT'S WELL-PUBLICIZED CAMPAIGN AGAINST RUSSIA'S SO-CALLED
"OLIGARCHS" COULD HAVE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON US
It has been widely reported in Russian and foreign media that the
Russian government is exerting pressure on the so-called "oligarchs" to cause
them to divest their commercial interests in certain economic areas of activity.
The media has reported also that the government has exerted significant
influence on companies owned or controlled by the oligarchs through tax
inspections, management changes, threats of and actual prosecution of management
and key officials, and other means. Real and perceived pressure on the
"oligarchs" and their businesses has seriously affected the economic activities
of these enterprises and their management.
If the current or future governments in Russia were to apply
significant pressure on Alfa and its affiliated companies, it could have serious
adverse effects on our operations and financial results. Such effects could
include, but would not be limited to, the inability of the Board of Directors to
act independently from external pressure and the distraction of our management
from our day-to-day operations.
ALFA'S DISPUTE WITH THE MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR
BUSINESS
36
It has been widely reported that Alfa is involved in a dispute with the
Ministry of Communications. Should that dispute continue or escalate then the
Ministry of Communications may put pressure on Alfa and its holdings. One of
Alfa's holdings is Vimpelcom, our largest customer. Should the Ministry of
Communications apply pressure on us or Vimpelcom, it could have serious adverse
effects on our operations and financial results.
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR SHARES OF COMMON STOCK
OUR ABILITY TO PAY DIVIDENDS ON OUR COMMON STOCK MAY BE LIMITED
For the first time, our Board of Directors has decided to pay a
dividend. The Board has declared a dividend of $0.20 per common share to
shareholders of record on March 18, 2004. The Board of Directors reviews our
policy on dividends annually. Even if we continue to generate significant cash
flows in the future, our Board of Directors may elect to retain earnings for our
future development or for other reasons and, consequently, not declare a
dividend. Further, if we raise any capital in the future, we may be restricted
from paying dividends under the terms of such financings. In addition, the
governments in the countries where we operate may further devalue their
currencies and take other actions that may restrict the ability of our
subsidiaries to declare and pay dividends to us which in turn will limit our
ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.
OUR SHARE PRICE HAS BEEN AND MAY CONTINUE TO BE HIGHLY VOLATILE
The price of our shares has been subject to significant volatility
since our IPO in 1999. In addition, a number of particular factors may adversely
affect the market price of our shares or cause the market price to fluctuate and
decline materially. These factors include:
- Issues concerning the perceived risks of investing in Russia
and the CIS, including significant ownership of our shares by
a company that is part of a large Russia-based financial and
industrial concern;
- The limited number of our shares available for trading in
public markets;
- The potential sale of any large blocks of our shares by our
management or large shareholders;
- Mergers and strategic alliances in the telecommunications
industry; and
- Inconsistent or restrictive government regulation in the
Russian and Ukrainian telecommunications industries.
In recent years, the market for stock in technology, telecommunications
and computer companies has been highly volatile. This is particularly true for
companies with relatively small capitalization, such as ours.
37
ITEM 2.PROPERTIES
We possess the right to occupy and utilize four floors, 3,900 square
meters, of a building in central Moscow which serves as the principal office for
Sovintel and which houses our representative office. The right to occupy and
utilize this space is through a ten-year lease. This lease expires in July 2012.
We possess the right to occupy and utilize six floors of a building in
eastern Moscow, which serve principally as an office for the Consumer Internet
Services division of Sovintel. The right to occupy and utilize the space is
through a fifty-five year lease, which expires in 2050.
We possess the right to occupy and utilize six floors, 3,500 square
meters of a building in central Moscow, which serves as the principal office for
Comincom and Combellga. The right to occupy and utilize this space is through a
one-year lease, which expires in December 2004. We possess the right to occupy
and utilize two additional floors, 1,200 square meters in the same building with
the right to occupy and utilize this space is through a three-year lease, which
expires in December 2006.
Golden Telecom (Ukraine) occupies office and technical premises located
in Kiev under long-term leases which expire in 2006. Additionally they lease a
dealer-center and shop premises. Golden Telecom (Ukraine) also occupies an
office and technical premises in Odessa under a lease which expires in 2005.
We own a 5 floor, 2,600 square meters, building in Nizhny Novgorod
which serves as the principal office for ADS and we own a 5 floor, 4,400 square
meters, building in Krasnoyarsk which serves as the principal office for
Sibchallenge and Tel.
We lease various buildings and space in buildings throughout the
Commonwealth of Independent States that we use for our offices. Beside these
office spaces, our principal facilities consist of telecommunications
installations, including switches of various sizes, cables and VSAT and other
transmission devices located throughout the Commonwealth of Independent States.
We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current needs
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
None
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
On November 28, 2003, the Company held a special meeting of
shareholders. In connection with the meeting, the Company solicited proxies
pursuant to Regulation 14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from
shareholders of record of its common stock as of the close of business on
October 28, 2003. The special meeting of shareholders was held to consider a
proposal by the Company's Board of Directors to issue shares of the Company's
common stock in excess of 20% of the Company's outstanding shares of common
stock prior to issuance of the new shares, in connection with the Company's
acquisition of all of the capital stock of OAO Comincom, an open joint stock
company existing under the laws of the Russian Federation.
(1) Approve the issuance by Golden Telecom, Inc. of 20% or more of
its common stock in connection with the acquisition of OAO
Comincom, an open joint stock company existing under the laws
of the Russian Federation - FOR 25,829,883 shares; AGAINST
4,803 shares; ABSTAIN 17,837 shares.
38
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE COMPANY'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock has traded on the Nasdaq National Market since
September 30, 1999 under the symbol "GLDN". The following table sets forth, for
the periods indicated, the high and low closing prices per share for our common
stock, as reported on the Nasdaq National Market. We have not paid any cash
dividends on our common stock. The Board of Directors reviews the Company's
policy on dividends annually. In February 2004, the Board of Directors of the
Company declared a cash dividend of $0.20 per common share to shareholders of
record as of March 18, 2004. The total amount payable to shareholders will be
approximately $7.2 million. We believe that we have reached a level of
operating profitability that allows for expansion and maintenance capital
expenditures to be financed entirely from operational cash flows, and therefore
we expect that a dividend will continue to be paid in the future.
HIGH LOW
----- -----
2002:
First quarter................... 16.67 11.59
Second quarter.................. 18.00 14.27
Third quarter................... 17.42 12.00
Fourth quarter.................. 16.01 10.28
2003:
First quarter................... 15.19 12.27
Second quarter.................. 24.50 14.58
Third quarter................... 32.76 22.50
Fourth quarter.................. 30.11 25.18
As of March 8, 2004, there were approximately 18 holders of record of
our common stock.
EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION
The following table provides information on securities that were
authorized for issuance under The 1999 GTI Equity Participation Plan as of
December 31, 2003:
(a) (b) (c)
NUMBER OF SECURITIES
REMAINING AVAILABLE FOR
NUMBER OF SECURITIES TO WEIGHTED-AVERAGE FUTURE ISSUANCE UNDER
BE ISSUED UPON EXERCISE EXERCISE PRICE OF EQUITY COMPENSATION
OF OUTSTANDING OPTIONS, OUTSTANDING OPTIONS, PLANS (EXCLUDING SECURITIES
WARRANTS AND RIGHTS WARRANTS AND RIGHTS REFLECTED IN COLUMN(a)).
PLAN CATEGORY
Equity participation plan
approved by security
holders.................. 904,272 $ 13.49 831,808
RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
In December 2003, the Company issued 7,007,794 shares of common stock,
par value $0.01 to Telenor in settlement for its ownership interest in Comincom.
No underwriter or underwriting discount was involved in the offering. Exemption
from registration was claimed under the Securities Act of 1933 afforded by
Section 4(2) thereof.
39
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected historical consolidated financial data at
December 31, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003, and for all of the years presented
are derived from consolidated financial statements of Golden Telecom, Inc. which
have been audited by Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, independent auditors.
The data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial
statements, related notes, and other financial information included in this
document.
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------------------------------
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
-------- --------- -------- -------- ---------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Revenues......................... $ 97,931 $ 113,089 $140,038 $198,727 $ 360,534
Cost of revenues (excluding
depreciation and amortization). 40,516 50,954 63,685 91,189 181,085
Gross margin..................... 57,415 62,135 76,353 107,538 179,449
Selling, general and administrative
(excluding depreciation and
amortization).................. 41,011 45,420 48,935 46,147 64,384
Depreciation and amortization.... 28,143 31,851 41,398 29,961 45,334
Abandonment and restructuring
charge........................... 19,813 -- -- -- --
Impairment charge................ -- -- 31,291 -- --
Income (loss) from operations.... (31,552) (15,136) (45,271) 31,430 69,731
Equity in earnings (losses) of
ventures......................... (6,677) (285) 8,155 4,375 4,687
Interest income (expense), net... 2,814 7,126 777 (667) (872)
Foreign currency loss............ (2,739) (390) (647) (1,174) (232)
Minority interest................ (1,477) (431) (117) (527) (480)
Other non-operating expense...... -- (148) -- -- --
Provision for income taxes....... 6,823 990 1,902 4,627 17,399
Net income (loss) before
cumulative effect of change
in accounting principle........ (46,454) (10,254) (39,005) 28,810 55,435
Cumulative effect of change in
accounting principle........... -- -- -- 974 --
Net income (loss)................ (46,454) (10,254) (39,005) 29,784 55,435
Net income (loss) per share before
Cumulative effect of change in
accounting principle - basic(1) (3.38) (0.43) (1.65) 1.20 1.95
Cumulative effect of change in
accounting principle........... -- -- -- 0.04 --
Net income (loss) per share -
basic(1)......................... (3.38) (0.43) (1.65) 1.24 1.95
Weighted average shares - basic(1) 13,736 24,096 23,605 24,102 28,468
Net income (loss) per share before
cumulative effect of change in
accounting principle - diluted(1) (3.38) (0.43) (1.65) 1.17 1.90
Cumulative effect of change in
accounting principle........... -- -- -- 0.04 --
Net income (loss) per share -
diluted(1)....................... (3.38) (0.43) (1.65) 1.21 1.90
Weighted average shares -
diluted(1)....................... 13,736 24,096 23,605 24,517 29,107
40
AT DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------------------------------
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
-------- --------- --------- --------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash and cash equivalents........ $ 162,722 $ 57,889 $ 37,404 $ 59,625 $ 65,180
Investments available for sale... -- 54,344 8,976 -- --
Property and equipment, net...... 62,176 82,377 98,590 166,121 283,110
Investments in and advances to
ventures......................... 45,196 49,629 45,981 721 251
Goodwill and intangible assets, net 53,467 70,045 57,146 127,669 248,843
Total assets..................... 366,624 348,456 300,384 435,810 729,226
Total debt, including current
portion........................ 28,029 18,997 22,220 40,495 7,980
Minority interest................ 2,816 3,337 5,967 2,187 2,722
Shareholders' equity............. 288,552 283,193 220,844 307,458 580,231
----------
(1) Per share amounts in this table were calculated based upon the
assumption that the 10,600,000 common shares issued in connection with
the formation of the Company are outstanding for all periods prior to
September 30, 1999.
Refer to Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for
descriptions of recent acquisitions that impact the comparability of financial
information. Other business combinations not disclosed in the footnotes were as
follows:
In August 1999, the Company increased its beneficial ownership in TCM
from 95% to 100%. Goodwill in the amount of $3.2 million was recorded by the
Company.
An affiliate of ING Barings which indirectly owned 12.25% of Golden
Telecom (Ukraine), contributed its indirect interest in Golden Telecom (Ukraine)
to a wholly owned subsidiary of Golden Telecom, Inc., upon the consummation of
the Initial Public Offering ("IPO") on September 30, 1999 in exchange for
420,000 newly issued shares of common stock of the Company. In accordance with
the subscription agreement filed with the United States Securities and Exchange
Commission at the time of the IPO, an additional 30,000 shares of common stock
in the Company were issued in full and final settlement to the affiliate of ING
Barings. Our beneficial interest in Golden Telecom (Ukraine) increased from
56.75% to 69% as the result of this transaction.
In June 1999, the Company acquired the assets of Glasnet, a Moscow
based Internet Services Provider ("ISP"). In July 1999, the Company acquired a
75% interest in SA Telcom LLP, a telecommunications and data services provider
in Kazakhstan. In December 1999, the company acquired the assets of Nevalink, an
ISP, and full-equity ownership of NevaTelecom. Both Nevalink and NevaTelecom
provide telecom and Internet services to the St. Petersburg market. These
acquisitions were purchased for approximately $2.5 million in cash.
In February 2000, Golden Telecom (Ukraine), acquired 99% of Sovam
Teleport Ukraine, including a 51% interest previously held by third parties.
Sovam Teleport Ukraine is a provider of data and Internet services to
Ukraine-based business. In March 2000, the Company acquired the assets of
Referat.ru and Absolute Games, two leading vertical Internet portals in the
education and computer gaming categories of the Russian Internet. In April 2000,
the Company acquired the assets of Fintek, a prominent Moscow-based Web design
studio and 51% of Commercial Information Networks, the largest Internet service
provider in Nizhny Novgorod. In September 2000, SFMT-Rusnet, Inc., a
wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired 25% of SA Telcom LLP, a telecommunications and
data services provider in Kazakhstan, bringing its ownership interest in this
company up to 100%. The combined purchase price was less than $3.0 million in
cash.
In October 2000, the Company acquired the assets of IT INFOART STARS, a
leading horizontal Russian and English language Internet portal, for
approximately $8.3 million in cash. In December 2000, the Company acquired Agama
Limited ("Agama") that owns the Agama family of web properties for approximately
$13.1 million in cash and the issuance of 399,872 shares of the Company's common
stock valued at $3.8 million.
In December 2000, the Company acquired an approximately 24% ownership
interest in MCT Corp. in exchange for the Company's 100% ownership of Vostok
Mobile B.V., a Netherlands registered private limited holding company that owned
the Company's Russian mobile operations.
Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a
description of the change in method of accounting for goodwill in 2002.
41
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis relates to our financial
condition and results of operations of the Company for each of the years ended
December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001. This discussion should be read in conjunction
with the "Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Data" and the Company's
Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes related thereto appearing
elsewhere in this Report.
OVERVIEW
We are a leading facilities-based provider of integrated
telecommunications and Internet services to businesses and other high-usage
customers and telecommunications operators in 165 combined access points in
Moscow, Kiev, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Krasnoyarsk and other major
population centers throughout Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States ("CIS"). We organize our operations into four business
groups, as follows:
- BUSINESS AND CORPORATE SERVICES. Using our fiber optic and
satellite-based networks in and between major metropolitan
areas of Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the CIS, we
provide business and corporate services including voice and
data services to corporate clients across all geographical
markets and all industry segments, other than
telecommunications operators;
- CARRIER AND OPERATOR SERVICES. Using our fiber optic and
satellite-based networks in and between major metropolitan
areas of Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the CIS, we
provide a range of carrier and operator services including
voice and data services to foreign and Russian
telecommunications and mobile operators;
- CONSUMER INTERNET SERVICES. Using our fiber optic and
satellite-based networks, we provide dial-up Internet access
to the consumer market and web content offered through a
family of Internet portals throughout Russia, Ukraine and
Kazakhstan; and
- MOBILE SERVICES. Using our mobile networks in Kiev and Odessa,
Ukraine, we provide mobile services with value-added features,
such as voicemail, roaming and messaging services on a
subscription and prepaid basis.
We intend to offer all of our integrated telecommunication services
under the Golden Telecom brand, although, due to the recent acquisition of OAO
Comincom ("Comincom"), some services still carry the Combellga brand. Our
dial-up Internet services are distributed under the ROL brand in Russia and
Kazakhstan and under the Svit-On-Line brand in Ukraine.
Additionally, we hold a minority interest in MCT Corp. ("MCT"), which
in turn has ownership interests in 15 mobile operations located throughout
Russia and in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. We treat our ownership interest in MCT
as an equity method investment and are not actively involved in the day-to-day
management of the operations. In August 2003, MCT concluded a binding agreement
with OJSC Mobile TeleSystems on the sale of five of its cellular operators. OJSC
Mobile TeleSystems acquired these five cellular operators from MCT for $70.0
million and assumed certain guarantees as part of the transaction.
Most of our revenue is derived from high-volume business customers and
carriers. Our business customers include large multi-national companies, local
enterprises, financial institutions, hotels and government agencies. We believe
that the carriers, including mobile operators, which contribute a substantial
portion of our revenues, in turn derive a portion of their business from
high-volume business customers. Thus, we believe that the majority of our
ultimate end-users are businesses that require access to highly reliable and
advanced telecommunications facilities to sustain their operations.
We have traditionally competed for customers on the basis of network
quality, customer service and range of services offered. In the past several
years, other telecommunications operators have also introduced high-quality
services to the segments of the business market in which we operate. Competition
with these operators is intense, and frequently results in declining prices for
some of our services, which adversely affect our revenues. In addition, some of
our competitors do not link their prices to the United States ("US") dollar -
ruble exchange rate, so when the ruble devalues, their prices effectively become
lower in relation to our prices. The ruble exchange rate with the US dollar has
become relatively stable since early 2000, has appreciated during 2003 and price
pressures associated with devaluation have eased considerably. We cannot be
certain that the exchange rate will remain stable in the future and therefore we
may experience additional price pressures.
Since early 2000, we have witnessed a recovery in the Russian market,
but downward pricing pressures persists from increased competition and the
global trend toward lower telecommunications tariffs. In 2001, 2002 and during
2003, our traffic volume increases exceeded the reduction in tariffs on certain
types of voice traffic. This is a contributory factor to the increases in our
revenue in 2001, 2002 and during 2003. We expect that this trend of year over
year increases in traffic volume will continue as long as the Russian economy
continues to develop at its current pace.
42
In order to handle additional traffic volumes, we have expanded and
will continue to expand our fiber optic capacity along our heavy traffic and
high cost routes to mitigate declines in traffic margins, reduce our unit
transmission costs and ensure sufficient capacity to meet the growing demand for
data and Internet services. We expect to and have continued to add additional
transmission capacity, which due to its fixed cost nature can initially depress
margins, but will over time allow us to improve or maintain our margins.
On January 1, 2004, a new law on telecommunications ("New Law") came
into effect in Russia. The New Law sets the legal basis for the
telecommunications business in Russia and defines the status that state bodies
have in the telecommunications sector. We cannot predict with any certainty
how the New Law will affect us. The New Law may increase the regulation of our
operations and until such time as appropriate implementing regulations
consistent with the New Law are promulgated by the Ministry of Communications,
there will be a period of confusion and ambiguity as regulators interpret the
legislation.
In Kiev, Ukraine we have entered into agreements to obtain sufficient
numbering capacity for our business services operations. Our ability to grow our
business services operations in Kiev may become limited if the parties who
provide our numbering capacity and other infrastructure requirements are unable
or unwilling to perform under their contracts with us.
We have entered into an interim arrangement with Ukrtelecom on
allocation of indirect numbering capacity to us, and expect the allocation to be
completed in the beginning of 2004, which will cause us to incur significant
additional costs. This would enable us to participate in sharing profits from
fixed-to-mobile calls termination on a par with other Ukrainian mobile
operators. However, introduction of CPP principle may eventually decrease
average revenue per subscriber in our mobile network in Ukraine.
In 2003 we signed new amendments to the settlement agreement with
Ukrtelecom allowing incoming international traffic termination to Ukrainian
public switched telephone network ("PSTN") via Ukrtelecom's network. Also, we
signed a new agreement with Utel for incoming international traffic termination
to Ukrainian PSTN's. Outgoing international traffic is routed through our
international gateway to international operators using least-cost routing.
A faction within the Parliament introduced a bill which would have
prevented telecommunications operators from charging for incoming calls of any
kind. Although the sponsors of the bill were attempting to expedite the calling
party pays' ("CPP") concept common in other countries, they overlooked the basic
requirements needed to fully support the concept in Ukraine, namely legislation
governing inter-operator settlements and billing functionality enhancements
within the local infrastructure. The bill was defeated in early 2002 after
successful lobbying by the major players in the market, however, in February
2003, the Ukrainian Parliament overrode the President's veto and adopted an
amendment to the Ukrainian Communications law prohibiting all telecommunications
operators from charging their end-user customers for incoming calls, thus
introducing the CPP principle, which entered into effect on September 19, 2003.
State regulated tariffs for calls from the public switched telephone
network to mobile networks were also introduced at this time, thus allowing
mobile operators to receive a share of revenue from calls in to mobile networks.
To effect CPP settlements on our network we entered into an interim agreement
with Ukrtelecom that assigns a national destination code numbering plan to our
mobile customers and reallocates our interconnect numbering capacity in Kiev and
Odessa from our mobile to our fixed network. This agreement became effective in
November 2003 and enabled us to receive a settlement from revenue generated when
a fixed line party calls our mobile customer. This agreement also releases
direct city numbering capacity for future sale to CLEC customers.
In addition to our traditional voice and data service provision, prior
to 2002, we were actively pursuing a strategy of developing non-traditional
telecom service offerings including those related to the Internet, such as
web-hosting, web design, and vertical and horizontal Internet portal
development. In line with experience outside of Russia, we did not see the rapid
development of Internet based services that were expected. Internet based
advertising and e-commerce revenues did not develop to significant levels and we
reviewed our long term strategy for Internet based products. As a result of this
review, we evaluated the future cash flows for this business, and we recorded an
impairment charge of $20.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2001. We expect to
see some growth in Internet based advertising and will continue to offer this
service to support our dial-up Internet service and be in a position to
capitalize on any upturn in demand for this service.
We have seen a significant year-over-year increase in our dial-up
Internet subscriber numbers and we expect the increase to continue, as our base
of regional subscribers expands. As additional dial-up capacity becomes
available in Moscow, we expect to increase our market share in the capital as
well. In June 2001, we completed the purchase of a leading Russian Internet
service provider ("ISP"), Cityline, together with Uralrelcom, another ISP and an
infrastructure company, ZAO First Telecommunications Company ("PTK"), and
together, these entities allowed us to increase our regional dial-up Internet
presence and increase our numbering capacity and access lines in Moscow. The new
Moscow capacity was initially placed into service in July 2002. The Moscow
numbering capacity and some of the access lines provided by PTK are allocated to
support Business and Corporate Services and Carrier and Operator Services
division end-user customers, with the majority of the access lines being
allocated to support planned increases in dial-up Internet subscribers in our
Consumer Internet Services division.
43
We have continued to integrate our acquisitions and improve operational
efficiency while at the same time controlling costs. We expect to incur further
costs in connection with overall streamlining of our operations during 2004. As
of April 15, 2003, all assets, liabilities, rights and obligations of TeleRoss
were transferred to Sovintel as part of the legal merger of these two
wholly-owned subsidiaries.
RECENT ACQUISITIONS
In August 2003, we completed the acquisition of 100% ownership interest
in OOO Sibchallenge ("Sibchallenge"), a telecommunications service provider in
Krasnoyarsk, Russia for cash consideration of approximately $15.4 million. The
acquisition of Sibchallenge establishes our presence in the Krasnoyarsk region.
In addition, Sibchallenge has numbering capacity and interconnect agreements.
In December 2003, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the shares in
Comincom from Nye Telenor East Invest ("Telenor") for a total purchase price
of approximately $195.3 million, consisting of approximately $193.5 million
in GTI's common stock and direct transaction costs of approximately $1.8
million. The acquisition of Comincom further strengthens our position in
the key Moscow and St. Petersburg communications markets, and positions us
to realize future operating and capital expenditure synergies. Comincom
provides telecommunications services, principally to major hotels, business
offices and mobile communication companies through its telecommunications
network in Russia, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Samara and
several other major population centers.
In February 2004, we completed the acquisition of ST-Holdings, a Czech
company that owns slightly over 50% in ZAO Samara-Telecom, a telecommunications
service provider in Samara, Russia from SMARTS and individual owners for
approximately $4.8 million in cash.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The fundamental objective of financial reporting is to provide useful
information that allows a reader to comprehend our business activities. To
assist that understanding, management has identified our "critical accounting
policies". These policies have the potential to have a significant impact on our
financial statements, either because of the significance of the financial
statement item to which they relate, or because they require judgment and
estimation due to the uncertainty involved in measuring, at a specific point in
time, events which are continuous in nature.
Revenue recognition policies; we recognize operating revenues as
services are rendered or as products are delivered to customers and installed.
Under multiple-delivery contracts involving a combination of product delivery,
installation and maintenance, connection and service fees, revenues are
recognized based on the relative fair value of the respective amounts. Elements
are grouped if they are inseparable or objective evidence of fair value does not
exist. Certain revenues, such as connection and installation fees, are deferred.
We also defer direct incremental costs related to connection fees, not exceeding
the revenue deferred. Deferred revenues are subsequently recognized over the
estimated average customer lives, which are periodically reassessed by us, and
such reassessment may impact our future operating results. In determining the
recording of revenue, estimates and assumptions are required in assessing the
expected conversion of the revenue streams to cash collected.
Allowance for doubtful accounts policies; the allowance estimation
process requires management to make assumptions based on historical results,
future expectations, the economic and competitive environment, changes in the
creditworthiness of our customers, and other relevant factors. Changes in the
underlying assumptions may have a significant impact on the results of our
operations. In particular, we have certain amounts due to and from subsidiaries
of a European telecommunications operator who is currently subject to bankruptcy
proceedings. The ultimate resolution of this matter will be affected by a number
of factors including the determination of legal obligations of each party, the
course of the bankruptcy proceedings, and the enforceability of any
determinations. We have recognized provisions based on our preliminary estimate
of net exposure on the resolution of these receivables and payables. If our
assessment proves to be incorrect we may have to recognize an additional
provision of up to $2.1 million, net of tax, although management believes that
the possibility of such an adverse outcome is remote.
Long-lived asset recovery policies; this policy is in relation to
long-lived assets, consisting primarily of property and equipment and
intangibles, which comprise a significant portion of our total assets. Changes
in technology or changes in our intended use of these assets may cause the
estimated period of use or the value of these assets to change. We perform
periodic internal studies to confirm the appropriateness of estimated economic
useful lives for each category of current property and equipment. Additionally,
long-lived assets, including intangibles, are reviewed for impairment whenever
events or changes in circumstances have indicated that their carrying amounts
may not be recoverable. Estimates and assumptions used in both setting useful
lives and testing for recoverability of our long-lived assets require the
exercise of management's judgment and estimation based on certain assumptions
concerning the expected life of any asset and expected future cash flows from
the use of an asset.
Goodwill and assessment of impairment; Commencing from the adoption of
Statement on Financial Accounting Standard ("SFAS") No. 142, "Goodwill and Other
Intangible Assets", on January 1, 2002, we perform goodwill impairment testing
annually as of October 1 or whenever impairment indicators exist. This test
requires a significant degree of judgment about the future events and
44
it includes determination of the reporting units, allocation of goodwill to the
reporting units and comparison of the fair value with the carrying amount of
each reporting unit. Based on the discounted cash flow valuations performed in
2003, we concluded that for all reporting units the fair value is in excess of
the respective carrying amounts.
Valuation allowance for deferred tax asset; we record valuation
allowances related to tax effects of deductible temporary differences and loss
carryforwards when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not
that the respective tax assets will not be realized. Changes in our assessment
of probability of realization of deferred tax assets may impact our effective
income tax rate.
Business segment information; we changed our reporting for business
segments in the second quarter of 2003. Prior to the completion of the
acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership interest in Sovintel and the
subsequent merger of TeleRoss into Sovintel in April 2003, we managed our
business segments based on telecommunications products that we provided. In the
first quarter of 2003, we re-designed our business segments around customer
characteristics. Currently, we report four segments within the
telecommunications industry: Business and Corporate Services, Carrier and
Operator Services, Consumer Internet Services and Mobile Services. A significant
portion of our cost structure, including our investment in infrastructure,
benefits multiple segments. As a result, we perform allocations of certain costs
in order to report business segment information for management and financial
reporting purposes. Applying different allocation techniques and parameters
could impact the reported results of individual business segments.
Functional currency; effective January 1, 2003, Russia is no longer
considered a hyperinflationary economy, therefore the determination of
functional currency for United States generally accepted accounting principles
("US GAAP") reporting purposes should be based on the analysis of the underlying
business transactions for each Russian subsidiary. We have determined in
accordance with the functional currency criteria of SFAS No. 52, "Foreign
Currency Translation", the US dollar should be considered the functional
currency of all Russian subsidiaries. There are subjective elements in this
determination, including a weight given to each specific criteria established by
SFAS No. 52. Changes in the underlying business transactions could lead to
different functional currency determination for a particular subsidiary, which
would have an impact on its reported financial position and results of
operations.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Accounting estimates are an integral part of the financial statements
prepared by management and are based upon management's current judgments.
Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their
significance to the financial statements and because of the possibility that
future events affecting them may differ markedly from management's current
judgment. We believe the following items represent such particularly sensitive
accounting estimates:
Allowance for doubtful accounts; any changes in the underlying
assumptions of recoverability of accounts receivable by respective aging group
or certain specific accounts that are excluded from the specific and general
allowances could have a material effect on our current and future results of
operations. We believe that the allowance for doubtful accounts is adequate to
cover estimated losses in our accounts receivable balances under current
conditions.
Tax provisions; in the course of preparing financial statements in
accordance with US GAAP, we record potential tax loss provisions under the
guidelines of SFAS No. 5, "Accounting for Contingencies". In general SFAS No. 5
requires loss contingencies to be recorded when they are both probable and
reasonably estimable. In addition, we record other deferred tax provisions under
the guidelines of SFAS No. 109, "Accounting for Income Taxes". Significant
judgment is required to determine when such provisions should be recorded, and
when facts and circumstances change, when such provisions should be released.
Useful lives of property and equipment and certain intangible assets;
our network assets and amortizable intangible assets are depreciated and
amortized over periods generally ranging from five to ten years. Any reduction
or increase in the estimated useful lives for a particular category of fixed
assets or intangible assets could have a material effect on our future results
of operations.
Business combinations; SFAS No. 141, "Business Combinations", requires
us to recognize the share in the assets of businesses acquired and respective
liabilities assumed based on their fair values. Our estimates of the fair value
of the identified intangible assets of businesses acquired is based on our
expectations of future results of operations of such businesses. In particular,
our valuation of Comincom's identified intangible assets might change as the
appropriate regulations consistent with the new Russian law on
telecommunications, that came into effect on January 1, 2004, are promulgated
and its effects on the future results of operations of Comincom become known.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
In June 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued
SFAS No. 143, "Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations." This statement
provides the accounting for the cost of legal obligations associated with the
retirement of long-lived
45
assets. SFAS No. 143 requires entities to record the
fair value of a legal liability for an asset retirement obligation in the period
it is incurred. We have reviewed the requirements under SFAS No. 143 and have
determined that no material legal obligations to remove long-lived assets exist.
SFAS No. 143 is effective for years beginning after June 15, 2002. The adoption
of SFAS No. 143 did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated
financial position or results of operations.
In June 2002, the FASB issued SFAS No. 146, "Accounting for Costs
Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities," which requires that a liability
for a cost associated with an exit or disposal activity be recognized when the
liability is incurred. This statement nullifies Emerging Issues Task Force No.
94-3, "Liability Recognition for Certain Employee Termination Benefits and Other
Costs to Exit an Activity (including Certain Costs Incurred in a
Restructuring)," which required that a liability for an exit cost be recognized
upon the entity's commitment to an exit plan. SFAS No. 146 is effective for exit
or disposal activities that are initiated after December 31, 2002. The adoption
of the provisions of SFAS No. 146 did not have an impact on the Company's
results of operations or financial position.
In November 2002, the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force issued its
consensus concerning Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables ("EITF
00-21"). EITF 00-21 addresses how to determine whether a revenue arrangement
involving multiple deliverables should be divided into separate units of
accounting, and, if separation is appropriate, how the arrangement consideration
should be measured and allocated to the identified accounting units. The
guidance in EITF 00-21 is effective for revenue arrangements entered into in
fiscal periods beginning after June 15, 2003. The adoption of EITF 00-21 did not
have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or results of
operations.
In December 2002, the FASB issued SFAS No. 148, "Accounting for
Stock-Based Compensation - Transition and Disclosure," which amends SFAS No.
123, "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation", to provide alternative methods
of transition to SFAS No. 123's fair value method of accounting for stock-based
employee compensation. SFAS No. 148 also amends the disclosure provisions of
SFAS No. 123 and Accounting Principles Board ("APB") No. 28, "Interim Financial
Reporting", to require disclosure in the summary of significant accounting
policies of the effects of an entity's accounting policy with respect to
stock-based employee compensation on reported net income and earnings per share
in annual and interim financial statements. While the Statement does not amend
SFAS No. 123 to require companies to account for employee stock options using
the fair value method, the disclosure provisions of SFAS No. 148 are applicable
to all companies with stock-based employee compensation, regardless of whether
they account for that compensation using the fair value method of SFAS No. 123
or the intrinsic value method of APB No. 25, ". SFAS No. 148 disclosure
provisions are effective for years ending after December 15, 2002. We have
adopted the amendments to SFAS No. 123 disclosure provisions required under SFAS
No. 148 but will continue to use the intrinsic value method under APB No. 25 to
account for stock-based compensation. As such, the adoption of SFAS No. 148 did
not have a significant impact of the Company's consolidated financial position
or results of operations.
The effect of applying SFAS No. 123 on the reported net income (loss),
as disclosed below is not representative of the effects on net income (loss) in
future years due to the vesting period of the stock options and the fair value
of additional stock options in future years.
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
2001 2002 2003
--------- -------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Net income (loss), as reported.............. $ (39,005) $ 29,784 $ 55,435
Deduct: total stock-based employee
compensation expense determined under
fair value based method for all awards,
net of related tax effects 8,278 7,937 3,183
--------- -------- --------
Pro forma net income (loss)................. $ (47,283) $ 21,847 $ 52,252
========= ======== ========
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic - as reported....................... $ (1.65) $ 1.24 $ 1.95
Basic - pro forma......................... (2.00) 0.91 1.84
Diluted - as reported..................... (1.65) 1.21 1.90
Diluted - pro forma....................... (2.00) 0.89 1.80
In November 2002, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No.
45,"Guarantor's Accounting and Disclosure Requirements for Guarantees, Including
Indirect Guarantees of Indebtedness of Others" ("FIN No. 45"). FIN No. 45
requires that upon issuance of a guarantee, the guarantor must recognize a
liability for the fair value of the obligation it assumes under that guarantee.
The disclosure provisions of FIN No. 45 are effective for financial statements
of annual periods that end after December 15, 2002. The provisions for initial
recognition and measurement are effective on a prospective basis for guarantees
that are issued or modified after December 31, 2002. The adoption of the FIN No.
45 did not have an impact on the Company's results of operations or financial
position.
In January 2003, the FASB issued FIN No. 46, "Consolidation of Variable
Interest Entities". FIN No. 46 amended Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51,
"Consolidated Financial Statements", and established standards for determining
under what circumstances a
46
variable interest ("VIE") should be consolidated with its primary beneficiary.
FIN No. 46 also requires disclosure about VIEs that are not required to be
consolidated but in which the reporting entity has a significant variable
interest. In December 2003, the FASB revised certain implementation provisions
of FIN No. 46. The revised interpretation ("FIN No. 46R") substantially retained
the requirements of immediate application of FIN No. 46 to VIEs created after
January 31, 2003. There were no such entities created after January 31, 2003.
With respect to older VIEs, the consolidation requirements under FIN No. 46R
apply not later than for the first financial year or interim period ending after
December 15, 2003, if such a VIE is a special-purpose entity ("SPE"), and no
later than for the first financial year or interim period ending after March 15,
2004, if such a VIE is not an SPE. The adoption of FIN No. 46 did not have an
impact on our results of operations or finanical position and we do not expect
the additional transition provisions will have a significant impact on our 2004
financial position or results of operations.
In April 2003, the FASB issued SFAS No. 149, "Amendment of Statement
133 on Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities". SFAS No. 149 amends and
clarifies accounting for derivative instruments, including certain derivative
instruments embedded in other contracts, and for hedging activities under SFAS
No. 133. SFAS No. 149 is generally effective for contracts entered into or
modified after June 30, 2003. The adoption of the provisions of SFAS No. 149 did
not have an impact on the Company's results of operations or finanical position.
In May 2003, the FASB issued SFAS No. 150, "Accounting for Certain
Financial Instruments with Characteristics of Both Liabilities and Equity". SFAS
No. 150 requires certain financial instruments that embody obligations of the
issuer and have characteristics of both liabilities and equity to be classified
as liabilities. The provisions of SFAS No. 150 are effective for finanical
instruments entered into or modified after May 31, 2003 and to all other
instruments that exist as of the beginning of the first interim financial
reporting period beginning after June 15, 2003. The Company does not have any
financial instruments that meet the provisions of SFAS No. 150, therefore,
adopting the provisions of SFAS No. 150 did not have an impact on the Company's
results of operations or financial position.
47
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
GTI is a leading facilities-based provider of integrated
telecommunications and Internet services to businesses and other high-usage
customers and telecommunications operators in Moscow, Kiev, St. Petersburg,
Nizhny Novgorod, Krasnoyarsk and other major population centers throughout
Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The
results of our four business groups from the operations of our consolidated
entities combined with the non-consolidated entities where we are actively
involved in the day-to-day management, are shown in footnote 14 "Segment
Information - Line of Business Data" to our consolidated financial statements.
Our functional currency is the US dollar, as the majority of our cash
flows are indexed to, or denominated in US dollars. Through December 31, 2002,
Russia has been considered to be a highly inflationary environment. From January
1, 2003, Russia ceased to be considered as a highly inflationary economy. As we
currently believe our functional currency is the US dollar, this change did not
have a material impact on our results of operations or financial position.
According to Russian government estimates, inflation in Russia was 19%
in 2001, 16% in 2002, and 14% in 2003. The Russian government expects inflation
to be approximately 10% in 2004. Although the rate of inflation has been
declining, any return to heavy and sustained inflation could lead to market
instability, new financial crises, reduction in consumer buying power and
erosion of consumer confidence.
We have continued to integrate our acquisitions and improve operational
efficiency while at the same time controlling costs. We expect to incur further
costs in connection with overall streamlining of our operations in 2004. In the
first quarter of 2004, we expect to incur a reorganization charge in the range
of approximately $2.0 million to approximately $3.0 million for headcount
reductions in association with the operational integration of Comincom. As of
April 15, 2003, all assets, liabilities, rights and obligations of TeleRoss were
transferred to Sovintel as part of the legal merger of these two wholly-owned
subsidiaries. This resulted in the reorganization of our operations along the
lines of customer characteristics as opposed to the types of telecommunications
products we provide. Therefore, in accordance with SFAS No. 131, "Disclosures
about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information", we have aligned our
operating segments in the manner that the chief operating decision maker manages
the operations for purposes of making operating decisions and allocating
resources.
The discussion of our results of operations is organized as follows:
- Consolidated Results. Consolidated Results of Operations for the Year
Ended December 31, 2003 compared to the Consolidated Results of
Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2002
- Consolidated Financial Position. Consolidated Financial Position at
December 31, 2003 compared to Consolidated Financial Position at
December 31, 2002
- Consolidated Results. Consolidated Results of Operations for the Year
Ended December 31, 2002 compared to the Consolidated Results of
Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2001
Consolidated Financial Position. Consolidated Financial Position at
December 31, 2002 compared to Consolidated Financial Position at
December 31, 2001
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS -- CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2003 COMPARED TO THE CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2002
REVENUE
Our revenue increased by 81% to $360.5 million for the year ended
December 31, 2003 from $198.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. The
overall increase in revenue was largely due to the consolidation of Sovintel's
results of operations for a full year. The breakdown of revenue by business
group was as follows:
CONSOLIDATED REVENUE CONSOLIDATED REVENUE
FOR THE YEAR FOR THE YEAR
ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2002 ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2003
----------------------- -----------------------
(IN MILLIONS)
REVENUE
Business and Corporate
Services..................... $ 91.7 $188.9
Carrier and Operator Services 73.9 128.5
Consumer Internet Services.... 21.8 30.8
Mobile Services............... 13.0 13.9
Eliminations.................. (1.7) (1.6)
------ ------
TOTAL REVENUE................... $198.7 $360.5
48
Business and Corporate Services. Revenue from Business and Corporate
Services increased by 106% to $188.9 million for the year ended December 31,
2003 from $91.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. The primary reason
for the increase is due to the acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership
interest in Sovintel which was completed in the third quarter of 2002. We began
consolidating Sovintel into our results of operations from September 17, 2002.
In addition, we had increases in our domestic traffic revenues due to adding
approximately 1,600 new corporate customers and signing up 74 new multi-tenant
business centers in the year ended December 31, 2003 along with actively
promoting new services among our client base. In addition, in the fourth quarter
of 2003, we had approximately $5.0 million in customer premises equipment sales,
higher than we have experienced in previous quarters.
The acquisition of 100% ownership interest in Comincom was completed in
the fourth quarter of 2003. We began consolidating Comincom into our results of
operations from December 1, 2003. As a result of consolidating Comincom, revenue
from Business and Corporate Services increased by $6.7 million for the year
ended December 31, 2003.
Revenue from the Business and Corporate Services division of Golden
Telecom (Ukraine) ("GTU") increased by 15% to $19.0 million for the year ended
December 31, 2003 from $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. The
increase in revenue was due to an increase in the total intercity minutes of use
by business and corporate clients and an increase in monthly recurring charges
offset by lower equipment sales.
Carrier and Operator Services. Revenue from Carrier and Operator
Services increased by 74% to $128.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2003
from $73.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. The primary reason for
the increase is due to the acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership interest
in Sovintel, which was completed in the third quarter of 2002. We began
consolidating Sovintel into our results of operations from September 17, 2002.
In addition, we have added a number of new carriers with increased volumes of
traffic, especially voice over IP, and increased the number of services that we
offer to cellular providers, which has more than offset general tariff declines,
although pricing pressures still exist.
The acquisition of 100% ownership interest in Comincom was completed in
the fourth quarter of 2003. We began consolidating Comincom into our results of
operations from December 1, 2003. As a result of consolidating Comincom, revenue
from Carrier and Operator Services increased by $2.0 million for the year ended
December 31, 2003.
Revenue for the Carrier and Operator Services division of GTU increased
by 93% to $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2003 from $6.0 million
for the year ended December 31, 2002. The increase in revenue was due to
increasing volumes of incoming international traffic which we are able to
terminate in a number of cities in Ukraine as well as increasing volumes of
outgoing international traffic.
Consumer Internet Services. Revenue from Consumer Internet Services
increased by 41% to $30.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2003 from
$21.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. The increase is largely the
result of increases in the number of dial-up Internet subscribers from 242,155
at December 31, 2002 to 363,545 at December 31, 2003 and the average revenue per
Internet subscriber increasing from approximately $7.84 per month to
approximately $8.39 per month over the same period.
Mobile Services. Revenue from Mobile Services increased by 7% to $13.9
million for the year ended December 31, 2003 from $13.0 million for the year
ended December 31, 2002. Active subscribers increased from 35,386 at December
31, 2002 to 40,026 at December 31, 2003 and the average revenue per active
subscriber has increased by 8% to approximately $30.74 per month due to an
increasing number of subscribers on a tariff plan which allows for unlimited
local calls for a fixed payment of $99 per month. As a result of the adoption of
the CPP principle by the Ukrainian Parliament on September 17, 2003, we were
unable to charge our mobile customers for incoming calls and our revenues were
reduced accordingly.
49
EXPENSES
The following table shows our principal expenses for the years ended
December 31, 2002 and December 31, 2003:
CONSOLIDATED EXPENSES CONSOLIDATED EXPENSES
FOR THE YEAR ENDED FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2002 DECEMBER 31, 2003
--------------------- ---------------------
(IN MILLIONS)
COST OF REVENUE
Business and Corporate
Services....................... $ 47.9 $ 84.8
Carrier and Operator Services... 27.4 74.9
Consumer Internet Services...... 14.6 20.2
Mobile Services................. 3.0 2.8
Eliminations.................... (1.7) (1.6)
------ ------
TOTAL COST OF REVENUE............. 91.2 181.1
Selling, general and
administrative................... 46.1 64.4
Depreciation and amortization..... 30.0 45.3
Equity in earnings of ventures.... (4.4) (4.7)
Interest income................... (1.6) (1.1)
Interest expense.................. 2.2 2.0
Foreign currency loss............. 1.2 0.2
Provision for income taxes........ $ 4.6 $ 17.4
Cost of Revenue
Our cost of revenue increased by 99% to $181.1 million for the year
ended December 31, 2003 from $91.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2002.
Business and Corporate Services. Cost of revenue from Business and
Corporate Services increased by 77% to $84.8 million, or 45% of revenue, for the
year ended December 31, 2003 from $47.9 million, or 52% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 2002. The increase in cost of revenue and the decrease in
cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue are mainly due to the acquisition of
the remaining 50% ownership interest in Sovintel which was completed in the
third quarter of 2002. We began consolidating Sovintel into our results of
operations from September 17, 2002. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2003,
we had approximately $5.0 million in customer premises equipment sales with
significantly lower margins as part of a strategy to provide a wider range of
communication and Internet technology product to our existing customers.
The acquisition of 100% ownership interest in Comincom was completed in
the fourth quarter of 2003. We began consolidating Comincom into our results of
operations from December 1, 2003. As a result of consolidating Comincom, cost of
revenue from Business and Corporate Services increased by $2.9 million for the
year ended December 31, 2003.
Cost of revenue for the Business and Corporate Services division of GTU
increased by 20% to $9.1 million, or 48% of revenue, for the year ended December
31, 2003 from $7.6 million, or 46% of revenue, for the year ended December 31,
2002.
Carrier and Operator Services. Cost of revenue from Carrier and
Operator Services increased by 173% to $74.9 million, or 58% of revenue, for the
year ended December 31, 2003 from $27.4 million, or 37% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 2002. The increase in cost of revenue and the increase in
cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue was due to the acquisition of the
remaining 50% ownership interest in Sovintel which was completed in the third
quarter of 2002. Sovintel's cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue is
traditionally lower margin bilateral voice. We began consolidating Sovintel into
our results of operations from September 17, 2002.
Cost of revenue for the Carrier and Operator Services division of GTU
increased by 113% to $8.1 million, or 70% of revenue, for the year ended
December 31, 2003 from $3.8 million, or 63% of revenue, for the year ended
December 31, 2002. Cost of revenue increased as a percentage of revenue due to
the increased volumes of lower margin international incoming and outgoing
traffic.
The acquisition of 100% ownership interest in Comincom was completed in
the fourth quarter of 2003. We began consolidating Comincom into our results of
operations from December 1, 2003. As a result of consolidating Comincom, cost of
revenue from Carrier and Operator Services increased by $1.4 million for the
year ended December 31, 2003.
Consumer Internet Services. Cost of revenue from Consumer Internet
Services increased by 38% to $20.2 million, or 66% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 2003 from $14.6 million, or 67% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 2002. The decrease as a percentage of revenue was mainly due
to additional low cost interconnect capacity becoming available in the third
quarter of 2002.
50
Mobile Services. Cost of revenue from Mobile Services decreased by 7%
to $2.8 million, or 20% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2003 from
$3.0 million, or 23% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2002. The cost
of revenue as a percentage of revenue decreased due to the increased number of
subscribers using the unlimited local call tariff plan which does not lead to
additional settlement costs with other operators.
Selling, General and Administrative
Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by 40% to
$64.4 million, or 18% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2003 from
$46.1 million, or 23% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2002. This
increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was mainly due to
increases in employee related costs, advertising, inventory obsolescence, bad
debt expense, consulting costs associated with the operational integration of
Comincom, and other selling, general and administrative expenses arising from
the consolidation of Sovintel from September 17, 2002 and the consolidation of
Comincom from December 1, 2003 into our results of operations.
Depreciation and Amortization
Our depreciation and amortization expenses increased by 51% to $45.3
million for the year ended December 31, 2003 from $30.0 million for the year
ended December 31, 2002. The increase was due in part to depreciation on
continuing capital expenditures of the consolidated entities, but primarily
relates to our acquisition of the remaining 50% of Sovintel and subsequent
consolidation of Sovintel as of September 17, 2002 into our results of
operations. In addition, depreciation and amortization increased by $1.7 million
due to the consolidation of Comincom into our results of operations from
December 1, 2003.
Equity in Earnings of Ventures
The earnings after interest and tax charges from our investments in
non-consolidated ventures increased to $4.7 million for the year ended December
31, 2003 from $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. We recognized
earnings at Sovintel of $9.6 million for the period from January 1, 2002 to
September 16, 2002, which more than offset our recognized losses in MCT of $5.1
million. The increase in equity in earnings was mainly due to receiving a $4.7
million dividend from MCT in the fourth quarter of 2003, an equity investment in
which we have ceased recognition of losses as they exceeded our investment base,
partly offset by the effects of the acquisition of the remaining 50% of Sovintel
and its subsequent consolidation as of September 17, 2002 into our results of
operations.
Interest Income
Our interest income was $1.1 million for the year ended December 31,
2003 down from $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. The decrease
in interest income mainly reflects lower interest rates earned on deposits in
short-term US money market funds.
Interest Expense
Our interest expense was $2.0 million for the year ended December 31,
2003 down from $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. Debt,
excluding capital lease obligations, at December 31, 2003 was $1.2 million
compared to $33.1 million at December 31, 2002. On June 30, 2003, we settled
$30.0 million of outstanding debt plus accrued interest under a credit facility
with ZAO Citibank. There was no penalty for the early settlement of this debt
however an additional $0.2 million of previously capitalized financing costs was
recognized during the second quarter of 2003 which was previously being
recognized over the life of the facility.
Foreign Currency Loss
Our foreign currency loss was $0.2 million for the year ended December
31, 2003, compared to a foreign currency loss of $1.2 million for the year ended
December 31, 2002. The improvement in foreign currency loss is due to the
combination of movements in exchange rates and changes in the amount of net
monetary assets that we have denominated in foreign currencies.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our charge for income taxes was $17.4 million for the year ended
December 31, 2003 compared to $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2002.
Our effective tax rate was 24% for the year ended December 31, 2003 compared to
14% for the year ended December 31, 2002. The increase is primarily due to the
acquisition of the remaining 50% of Sovintel and subsequent consolidation of
Sovintel from September 17, 2002 into our results of operations. In addition,
there were increased levels of taxable profits being incurred in our Russian and
Ukrainian subsidiaries in the year ended December 31, 2003 as compared to the
year ended December 31, 2002. In the fourth quarter of 2002, we recognized the
full benefit of carry-forward tax losses of $2.8 million at our wholly-owned
Russian subsidiary, Teleross, which previously had been recognized on a
quarterly basis and we recognized $0.8 million of current
51
deferred tax assets at GTU. In the fourth quarter of 2003, we recognized the
full benefit of US carry-forward tax losses resulting in a deferred tax benefit
of approximately $1.9 million.
Cumulative Effect of a Change in Accounting Principle
We adopted SFAS No. 142 "Accounting for Goodwill," effective from
January 1, 2002. As a result, we recorded a cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle for negative goodwill (deferred credit) arising on our
equity method investments in the amount of $1.0 million for the year ended
December 31, 2002.
Net Income and Net Income per Share
Our net income for the year ended December 31, 2003 was $55.4 million,
compared to a net income of $29.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2002.
Our net income per share of common stock increased to $1.95 for the
year ended December 31, 2003, compared to a net income per share of $1.24 for
the year ended December 31, 2002. The increase in net income per share of common
stock was due to the increase in net income partly offset by an increase in the
number of weighted average shares to 28,467,677 in the year ended December 31,
2003, compared to 24,101,943 in the year ended December 31, 2002. The increase
in outstanding shares was a direct result of the Comincom acquisition and
employee stock option exercises.
Our net income per share of common stock on a fully diluted basis
increased to $1.90 for the year ended December 31, 2003, compared to a net
income per common share of $1.21 for the year ended December 31, 2002. The
increase in net income per share of common stock on a fully diluted basis was
due to the increase in net income partly offset by an increase in the number of
weighted average shares assuming dilution to 29,106,540 the year ended December
31, 2003, compared to 24,516,803 for the year ended December 31, 2002.
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION -- SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL
POSITION AT DECEMBER 31, 2003 COMPARED TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION AT
DECEMBER 31, 2002
On December 1, 2003, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the shares
of Comincom previously held by Telenor and began consolidating the results of
operations and financial position of Comincom. Significant fluctuations in
certain balance sheet items as of December 31, 2003 as compared to December 31,
2002, were mainly due to the consolidation of Comincom into our financial
position. The most significant fluctuations of certain balance sheet items
include accounts receivable, property and equipment, goodwill and intangible
assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses, deferred tax liabilities and
shareholders' equity. Other significant changes in balance sheet items,
excluding the effect of consolidating Comincom are discussed below.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable increased from December 31, 2002 to December 31,
2003 as a result of increased revenue during the period ended December 31, 2003
and slower collections from customers.
Intangible Assets
Our intangible assets increased at December 31, 2003 as compared to
December 31, 2002 as a result of our acquisition of Sibchallenge in August 2003.
Debt Obligations
Our debt position decreased at December 31, 2003 as compared to
December 31, 2002 as a result of retiring our debt that consisted mainly of the
Citibank Credit Facility of $30.0 million.
Stockholders' Equity
Shareholders' equity increased from December 31, 2002 to December 31,
2003 as a result of our net income of $55.4 million and proceeds of
approximately $23.7 million received from the exercise of employee stock
options.
52
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS -- CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2002 COMPARED TO THE CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001
REVENUE
Our revenue increased by 42% to $198.7 million for the year ended
December 31, 2002 from $140.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. The
breakdown of revenue by business group was as follows:
CONSOLIDATED REVENUE CONSOLIDATED REVENUE
FOR THE YEAR FOR THE YEAR
ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001 ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2002
----------------------- -----------------------
(IN MILLIONS)
REVENUE
Business and Corporate
Services........................ $ 54.1 $ 91.7
Carrier and Operator Services... 58.5 73.9
Consumer Internet Services...... 13.8 21.8
Mobile Services................. 14.4 13.0
Eliminations.................... (0.8) (1.7)
------ ------
TOTAL REVENUE..................... $140.0 $198.7
Business and Corporate Services. Revenue from Business and Corporate
Services increased by 70% to $91.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2002
from $54.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. The primary reason for
the increase was due to the acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership interest
in Sovintel which was completed in the third quarter of 2002. We began
consolidating Sovintel into our results of operations from September 17, 2002.
In addition, we had increases in corporate data and frame relay revenues. In the
twelve months ended December 31, 2002, the business and corporate services
division had increases in local traffic due to adding approximately 600 new
corporate customers and signing up approximately 30 new multi-tenant business
centers.
The Business and Corporate Services division of Golden Telecom BTS
revenue increased by 41% to $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2002
from $11.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. The increase in revenue
was due to increases in the total intercity minutes of use by business and
corporate clients and an increase in monthly recurring charges and equipment
sales.
For ADS, acquired in September 2001, revenue from Business and
Corporate Services was $3.1 million and $1.1 million for the years ended
December 31, 2002 and 2001, respectively.
Carrier and Operator Services. Revenue from Carrier and Operator
Services increased by 26% to $73.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2002
from $58.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. The primary reason for
the increase is due to the acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership interest
in Sovintel which was completed in the third quarter of 2002. We began
consolidating Sovintel into our results of operations from September 17, 2002.
In addition, we had increases in voice over Internet protocol revenues due to
our expanded network coverage in many Russian regions and the CIS and higher
local traffic volumes, partly offset by pricing concessions made to our largest
customer. In the twelve months ended December 31, 2002, we also had lower sales
of international capacity due to the bankruptcy of a European telecommunications
operator.
The Carrier and Operator Services division of Golden Telecom BTS
revenue decreased by 50% to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2002
from $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. The decrease in revenue
was due to the suspension of the termination of certain incoming international
traffic from the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2001 that continued
throughout 2002.
Consumer Internet Services. Revenue from Consumer Internet Services
increased by 58% to $21.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2002 from
$13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. The increase is largely the
result of increases in the number of dial-up Internet subscribers from 185,628
at December 31, 2001 to 242,155 at December 31, 2002 offset by a decrease in
average revenue per dial-up Internet subscriber from approximately $8.74 per
month to approximately $7.84 per month over the same period. Internet revenues
have also increased by the acquisition of Cityline and Uralrelcom on June 1,
2001, however Cityline's subscribers were absorbed into TeleRoss operations
during 2002 so we are not able to identify the incremental impact of this
acquisition on the year ended December 31, 2002. Uralrelcom's revenue was $2.5
million for the year ended December 31, 2002 as compared to $1.0 million for the
year ended December 31, 2001.
Mobile Services. Revenue from Mobile Services decreased by 10% to $13.0
million for the year ended December 31, 2002 from $14.4 million for the year
ended December 31, 2001. Active subscribers declined approximately 13% and the
average revenue per subscriber has declined by 8% to approximately $28.54 per
month.
53
Sovintel. Sovintel's revenue increased by 29% to $149.2 million for the
year ended December 31, 2002 from $115.7 million for the year ended December 31,
2001. Increases in traffic volumes, particularly incoming international traffic
more than offset reductions in tariffs. Also, increases in recurring fees,
equipment sales and other service offerings contributed to the increase.
EXPENSES
The following table shows our principal expenses for the year ended December 31,
2001 and December 31, 2002:
CONSOLIDATED EXPENSES CONSOLIDATED EXPENSES
FOR THE YEAR ENDED FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2001 DECEMBER 31, 2002
----------------- -----------------
(IN MILLIONS)
COST OF REVENUE
Business and Corporate Services ........ $32.1 $47.9
Carrier and Operator Services .......... 16.8 27.4
Consumer Internet Services ............. 11.9 14.6
Mobile Services ........................ 3.7 3.0
Eliminations ........................... (0.8) (1.7)
----- -----
TOTAL COST OF REVENUE .................... 63.7 91.2
Selling, general and administrative ...... 48.9 46.1
Depreciation and amortization ............ 41.4 30.0
Impairment charge ........................ 31.3 --
Equity in earnings of ventures ........... (8.2) (4.4)
Interest income .......................... (3.1) (1.6)
Interest expense ......................... 2.4 2.2
Foreign currency loss .................... 0.6 1.2
Provision for income taxes ............... $ 1.9 $ 4.6
Cost of Revenue
Our cost of revenue increased by 43% to $91.2 million for the year
ended December 31, 2002 from $63.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2001.
Business and Corporate Services. Cost of revenue from Business and
Corporate Services increased to $47.9 million, or 52% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 2002 from $32.1 million, or 59% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 2001. The decrease in cost of revenue as a percentage of
revenue was mainly due to the acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership
interest in Sovintel which was completed in the third quarter of 2002. We began
consolidating Sovintel into our results of operations from September 17, 2002.
In addition, cost of revenue decreased as a percentage of revenue due to
operational improvements in terms of efficient use of available network
resources.
The Business and Corporate Services division of GTU cost of revenue
increased by 25% to $7.6 million, or 46% of revenue, for the year ended December
31, 2002 from $6.1 million, or 52% of revenue, for the year ended December 31,
2001. Cost of revenue decreased as a percentage of revenue due to optimization
of both intercity and international transmission costs.
For ADS, acquired in September 2001, cost of revenue from Business and
Corporate Services was $1.7 million and $0.4 million for the year ended December
31, 2002 and 2001, respectively.
Carrier and Operator Services. Cost of revenue from Carrier and
Operator Services increased by 63% to $27.4 million, or 37% of revenue, for the
year ended December 31, 2002 from $16.8 million, or 29% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 2001. The increase as a percentage of revenue was mainly due
to the acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership interest in Sovintel which was
completed in the third quarter of 2002. We began consolidating Sovintel into our
results of operations from September 17, 2002. Sovintel's cost of revenue as a
percentage of revenue is traditionally lower margin bilateral voice. In
addition, we had increases in lower margin voice over Internet protocol sales
and decreases in high margin international capacity sales due to the bankruptcy
of a European telecommunications operator. We also had operational improvements
in terms of efficient use of available network resources offset by settlements
to other operators not decreasing in line with pricing concessions to customers.
The Carrier and Operator Services division of GTU cost of revenue
decreased by 50% to $3.8 million, or 63% of revenue, for the year ended December
31, 2002 from $7.6 million, or 64% of revenue, for the year ended December 31,
2001. Cost of revenue decreased as a percentage of revenue due to the related
costs of the suspension of the termination of certain incoming international
traffic from the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2001 that continued
throughout 2002.
Consumer Internet Services. Cost of revenue from Consumer Internet
Services increased by 23% to $14.6 million, or 67% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 2002 from $11.9 million, or 86% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 2001. The
54
improvement in cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue was mainly due to the
operational improvements in terms of efficient use of available network
resources.
Mobile Services. Cost of revenue from Mobile Services decreased by 19%
to $3.0 million, or 23% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2002 from
$3.7 million, or 26% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2001. The cost
of revenue decreased as a percentage of revenue, mainly as a result of cost
controls and a change in the revenue mix from handset sales to traffic revenue.
Sovintel. Sovintel's cost of revenue increased by 28% to $81.9 million,
or 55% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2002 from $63.9 million, or
55% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2001. The increase in cost of
revenue of 28% is primarily a result of increases in operator settlements as a
result of increases in traffic related revenue.
Selling, General and Administrative
Our selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by 6% to
$46.1 million, or 23% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2002 from
$48.9 million, or 35% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2001. This
decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was mainly due to
reductions in employee related costs, advertising, and other selling, general
and administrative expenses partially offset by increase in revenue related
taxes. The acquisition of the remaining 50% of Sovintel and subsequent
consolidation contributed $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2002 to
selling, general and administrative expenses.
Sovintel's selling, general and administrative expenses increased by
31% to $17.0 million, or 11% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2002
from $13.0 million, or 11% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2001. The
increase was largely due to a increases in employee related costs, increases in
revenue related taxes, and increases in sales and marketing expenses.
Depreciation and Amortization
Our depreciation and amortization expenses decreased by 28% to $30.0
million for the year ended December 31, 2002 from $41.4 million for the year
ended December 31, 2001. The decrease is in part due to the adoption of SFAS No.
142 which requires that goodwill no longer be amortized effective from January
1, 2002 and which reduced our amortization expense by approximately $11.8
million for the year ended December 31, 2002 and also as a result of the
impairment charges recorded in the fourth quarter of 2001, which in turn reduced
the level of depreciation and amortization recorded for the year ended December
31, 2002 by $7.2 million. These reductions were, in part, offset by depreciation
on continuing capital expenditures of the consolidated entities. The acquisition
of the remaining 50% of Sovintel and subsequent consolidation of Sovintel as of
September 17, 2002 into our results of operations contributed $3.9 to
depreciation and amortization million for the year ended December 31, 2002.
Impairment Charge
In the fourth quarter of 2001 we recorded impairment charges totaling
$31.3 million covering two aspects of our business. Severely reduced
expectations in demand for Internet advertising in Russia, as throughout western
markets, had impacted the value of our Internet portal assets and as a result we
recorded an impairment charge of $20.9 million. Operating difficulties had
impacted our mobile business in Ukraine and as a result we recorded an
impairment charge of $10.4 million. For further details of these charges, refer
to Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. No impairment
charge was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2002.
Equity in Earnings of Ventures
The earnings after interest and tax charges from our investments in
non-consolidated ventures were $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2002
down from earnings of $8.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. We
recognized earnings at Sovintel of $9.6 million for the period from January 1 to
September 16, 2002, which more than offset our recognized losses in MCT of $5.1
million. For the year ended December 31, 2001, our recognized earnings at
Sovintel were $10.7 million, which more than offset our recognized losses in
MCT.
Interest Income
Our interest income was $1.6 million for the year ended December 31,
2002 down from $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. The decrease
in interest income mainly reflects lower interest rates earned on our cash and
cash equivalents.
Interest Expense
Our interest expense was $2.2 million for the year ended December 31,
2002 down from $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. Interest
expense mainly reflects the effect of higher average balances of debt, including
capital leases offset by lower
55
interest rates. Debt, excluding capital lease obligations, at December 31, 2002
was $33.1 million, of this $30.0 million was added in December 2002, compared to
$13.2 million at December 31, 2001.
Foreign Currency Loss
Our foreign currency loss was $1.2 million for the year ended December
31, 2002, compared to a $0.6 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2001.
The increase in foreign currency loss is due to a combination of movements in
exchange rates and changes in the amount of net monetary assets that we have
denominated in foreign currencies. The acquisition of the remaining 50% of
Sovintel and subsequent consolidation of Sovintel from September 17, 2002 into
our results of operations contributed $0.3 million for the year ended December
31, 2002 to foreign currency losses.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our charge for income taxes was $4.6 million for the year ended
December 31, 2002 compared to $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2001.
The acquisition of the remaining 50% of Sovintel and subsequent consolidation of
Sovintel from September 17, 2002 into our results of operations contributed $3.6
million for the year ended December 31, 2002 to income taxes. There were
increased levels of taxable profits being incurred in our Russian and Ukrainian
subsidiaries and a reduction in the income tax rates for the year ended December
31, 2002 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2001. There was a reduction
of deferred tax asset valuation reserves of $2.8 million relating to tax loss
carryforwards at TeleRoss and we recognized $0.8 million of current deferred tax
assets at GTU.
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle
We adopted SFAS No. 142, "Accounting for Goodwill," effective from
January 1, 2002. As a result, we recorded a cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle for negative goodwill (deferred credit) arising on our
equity method investments in the amount of $1.0 million for the year ended
December 31, 2002.
Net Income (Loss) and Net Income (Loss) per Share
Our net income for the year ended December 31, 2002 was $29.8 million,
compared to a net loss of $39.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2001.
Our net income per share of common stock increased to $1.24 for the
year ended December 31, 2002, compared to a net loss per share of $1.65 for the
year ended December 31, 2001. The increase in net income per share of common
stock was due to the increase in net income and offset by an increase in the
number of weighted average shares to 24,101,943 at December 31, 2002, compared
to 23,604,914 at December 31, 2001. The increase in outstanding shares was a
direct result of the Sovintel acquisition and employee stock option exercises.
Our net income per share of common stock on a fully diluted basis
increased to $1.21 for the year ended December 31, 2002, compared to a net loss
per common share of $1.65 in the year ended December 31, 2001. The increase in
net income per share of common stock on a fully diluted basis was due to the
increase in net income and offset by an increase in the number of weighted
average shares assuming dilution to 24,516,803 in the year ended December 31,
2002, compared to 23,604,914 in the year ended December 31, 2001.
56
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION -- SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL
POSITION AT DECEMBER 31, 2002 COMPARED TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION AT
DECEMBER 31, 2001
On September 17, 2002, we completed the acquisition of the remaining
50% of Sovintel previously held by Rostelecom and began consolidating the
results of operations and financial position of Sovintel. Significant
fluctuations in certain balance sheet items as of December 31, 2002 as compared
to December 31, 2001, were mainly due to the consolidation of Sovintel into our
financial position. The most significant fluctuations of certain balance sheet
items include accounts receivable, property and equipment, goodwill and
intangible assets, investments in and advances to ventures, accounts payable and
accrued expenses, deferred tax liabilities and shareholders' equity. Other
significant changes in balance sheet items, excluding the effect of
consolidating Sovintel are discussed below.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
In addition to the effect of the consolidation of Sovintel, our
allowance for doubtful accounts increased from December 31, 2001 as compared to
December 31, 2002 mainly due to provisions we made with respect to our
preliminary estimate of exposure relating to the bankruptcy of a European
telecommunications operator.
Debt Obligations
Our debt position increased from December 31, 2001 as compared to
December 31, 2002 mainly due to the drawing upon the Citibank Credit Facility in
the fourth quarter of 2002 to retire $30.0 million of the $46.0 million
non-interest bearing promissory note issued to Rostelecom in connection with the
acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership interest in Sovintel previously held
by Rostelecom offset by a repayment of the $6.3 million of debt to GTS and
partial repayment of vendor financing to Motorola and Siemens.
Minority Interest
The decrease in minority interest from December 31, 2001 as compared to
December 31, 2002 primarily reflects our acquisition of the remaining 31%
minority interest of GTU in August 2002.
Stockholders' Equity
In addition to the increase in shareholders' equity resulting from
shares issued to acquire Sovintel, shareholders' equity also increased from
December 31, 2001 to 2002 as a result of our net income of $29.8 million and
proceeds of approximately $5.9 million received from the exercise of stock
options.
INCOME TAXES
Our effective rate of income tax differs from the US statutory rate due
to the impact of the following factors (1) different income tax rates and
regulations apply in the countries where we operate; (2) amortization of
goodwill and certain acquired intangible assets is not deductible for income tax
purposes; and (3) in the year ended December 31, 2001 we recorded a $31.3
million impairment charge that was not deductible for income tax purposes. Prior
to 2001 we have not recognized a tax benefit in relation to the deferred tax
assets of our Russian and Ukrainian entities due to uncertainty over the
application and future development of the tax regimes in the two countries.
However, in 2001 and 2002, as a result of our Russian and Ukrainian subsidiaries
profitability for Russian and Ukrainian statutory purposes and reasonable
certainty of future profits, we recorded deferred tax assets in the appropriate
Russian and Ukrainian subsidiaries. In 2003, we recorded the full amount of
deferred tax asset for US loss carry-forwards for income tax purposes. In
respect of the impairment charge, this created additional deferred tax assets,
against which we recorded valuation allowances as a result of the uncertainties
concerning.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our cash and cash equivalents was $65.2 million and $59.6 million as of December
31, 2003 and December 31, 2002, respectively. Our total restricted cash was $1.0
million and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2003, and 2002, respectively. The
restricted cash is maintained in connection with certain of our debt obligations
as described below.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2003, we had net cash
inflows of $87.0 million from our operating activities. During the twelve months
ended December 31, 2002, we had net cash inflows of $50.6 million from our
operating activities. This increase in net cash inflows from operating
activities at December 31, 2003 is mainly due to the increase of net income as a
result of, increased revenues, and the consolidation of Sovintel into our
results of operations and financial position from September 17, 2002
57
and the consolidation of Comincom into our results of operations and financial
position from December 1, 2003, offset by increased payments for trade payables
and slower collections from customers.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2003, we received
approximately $342.8 million in cash from our customers for services and we paid
approximately $237.7 million to suppliers and employees. During the twelve
months ended December 31, 2002, we received approximately $196.2 million in cash
from our customers for services and we paid approximately $133.5 to suppliers
and employees.
We used cash of $68.0 million and $52.2 million for investing
activities for the twelve months ended December 31, 2003 and 2002, respectively,
which were principally attributable to building our telecommunications networks
and acquisitions. Network investing activities totaled $63.7 million for the
twelve months ended December 31, 2003 and included capital expenditures
principally attributable to building out our telecommunications network. Network
investing activities totaled $29.4 million for the twelve months ended December
31, 2002. We used cash of $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2003 for
acquisitions principally attributable to acquiring Sibchallenge and we used cash
of $51.2 million of the year ended December 31, 2002 for acquisitions
principally attributable to acquiring the remaining 50% of Sovintel. For the
year ended December 31, 2001, we used cash of $33.4 million for acquisitions,
principally attributable to the acquisitions of Cityline, PTK and Uralrelcom.
For the year ended December 31, 2002, we recovered funds from escrow of $3.0
million in association with our acquisition of PTK in June 2001. For the year
ended December 31, 2001, we received net proceeds from investments available for
sale of $45.4 million and for the year ended December 31, 2002, we received net
proceeds from investments available for sale of $9.0 million. In October 2003,
MCT declared a cash dividend of $1.90 per common share to holders of record as
of October 27, 2003. Our portion of this cash dividend was approximately $4.7
million and was received in November 2003.
For the year ended December 31, 2003, we received $23.7 million net
proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options and for the year ended
December 31, 2002, we received $5.9 million net proceeds from the exercise of
employee stock options.
We had working capital of $86.3 million as of December 31, 2003 and
$56.5 million as of December 31, 2002. At December 31, 2003, we had total debt,
excluding capital lease obligations, of approximately $1.2 million, of which
$1.0 million were current maturities. At December 31, 2002, we had total debt,
excluding capital lease obligations, of approximately $33.1 million, of which
$9.0 million were current maturities. Total debt included amounts that were
fully collateralized by restricted cash.
In the first quarter of 2000, we entered into a lease for the right to
use fiber optic capacity, including facilities and maintenance, from Moscow to
Stockholm. The lease has an initial term of ten years with an option to renew
for an additional five years. The lease required full prepayments as the
capacity increased from an STM-1 to an STM-4 to full capacity of STM-16. Full
prepayments were made to the lessor in April 2000, August 2000 and February
2001. These prepayments have been offset against the lease obligation in the
financial statements of the Company. We will continue to make payments for
maintenance for the term of the lease.
In September 2001, we entered into a five year lease for the right to
use up to VC-3 fiber optic capacity on major routes within Russia to support the
increase in our interregional traffic and regional expansion strategy. In
December 2001, we issued a $9.1 million loan to the company that provided the
capital lease. The loan has payment terms of 56 months, starting in January
2002, and carries interest at the rate of 7 percent per annum.
In February 2003, our Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of
$0.20 per common share to shareholders of record as of March 18, 2004. The total
amount payable to shareholders is approximately $7.2 million. We believe that
we have reached a level of operating profitability that allows for expansion and
maintenance capital expenditures to be financed entirely from operational cash
flows, and therefore we expect that a dividend will continue to be paid in the
future.
Some of our operating companies have received debt financing through
direct loans from affiliated companies. In addition, certain operating companies
have borrowed funds under a back-to-back, seven-year credit facility for up to
$22.7 million from a Russian subsidiary of Citibank. Under this facility, we
provide full cash collateral, held in London, and recorded on our balance sheet
as restricted cash, for onshore loans made by the bank to our Russian registered
joint ventures. In a second, similar facility, we provide full cash collateral
for a short term back-to-back, revolving, credit facility for up to $10.0
million from the same bank for two of our larger Russian operating companies.
The funding level as of December 31, 2003 for all these facilities totaled $1.0
million, of which $0.2 million was funded to our consolidated subsidiaries and
$0.8 million was funded to our non-consolidated entities.
In order for us to compete successfully, we may require substantial
capital to continue to develop our networks and meet the funding requirements of
our operations and ventures, including possible losses from operations. We may
also require capital for our acquisition and business development initiatives.
The net proceeds from our IPO and our private placement have been applied to
these funding requirements. We also expect to fund these requirements through
our cash flow from operations, proceeds from additional equity and debt
offerings that we may conduct, and debt financing facilities.
58
In September 2002, ROL Holdings Limited ("ROLH"), a wholly-owned
Cypriot subsidiary, entered into a secured $30.0 million credit facility with
ZAO Citibank. ROLH drew upon the Citibank credit facility in the fourth quarter
of 2002 and loaned the funds to TeleRoss to enable TeleRoss to retire $30.0
million of the $46.0 million non-interest bearing promissory note issued to
Rostelecom in connection with the acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership
interest in Sovintel previously held by Rostelecom. In June 2003, we settled
early the $30.0 million of outstanding debt plus accrued interest. There was no
penalty for early settlement of this debt however an additional $0.2 million of
previously capitalized financing costs was recognized as interest expense which
was previously being recognized over the life of the facility.
In the future, we may execute especially large or numerous
acquisitions, which may require us to raise additional funds through a dilutive
equity issuance, through additional borrowings with collateralization and
through the divestment of non-core assets, or combinations of the above. In the
case especially large or numerous acquisitions do not materialize, we expect our
current sources of funding to finance our capital requirements. The actual
amount and timing of our future capital requirements may differ materially from
our current estimates because of changes or fluctuations in our anticipated
acquisitions, investments, revenue, operating costs and network expansion plans
and access to alternative sources of financing on favorable terms. Further, in
order for us to compete successfully, we may require substantial capital to
continue to develop our networks and meet the funding requirements of our
operations and ventures, including losses from operations. We will also require
capital for other acquisition and business development initiatives. We expect to
fund these requirements through our cash on hand, cash flow from operations,
proceeds from additional equity and debt offerings that we may conduct, and debt
financing facilities.
We may not be able to obtain additional financing on favorable terms.
As a result, we may be subject to additional or more restrictive financial
covenants, our interest obligations may increase significantly and our
shareholders may be adversely diluted. Our failure to generate sufficient funds
in the future, whether from operations or by raising additional debt or equity
capital, may require us to delay or abandon some or all of our anticipated
expenditures, to sell assets, or both, which could have a material adverse
effect on our operations.
As part of our drive to increase our network capacity, reduce costs and
improve the quality of our service, we have leased additional fiber optic and
satellite-based network capacity, the terms of these leases are generally five
years or more and can involve significant advance payments. As demand for our
telecommunication services increases we expect to enter into additional capacity
agreements and may make significant financial commitments, in addition to our
existing commitments.
As of December 31, 2003, we had the following contractual obligations,
including short- and long-term debt arrangements commitments for future payments
under non-cancelable lease arrangements and purchase obligations:
PAYMENTS DUE BY PERIOD
(IN THOUSANDS)
LESS
THAN 1 1 - 3 4 - 5
TOTAL YEAR YEARS YEARS
----- ---- ----- -----
Short- and long-term debt ......... $ 1,150 $ 950 $ 100 $ 100
Capital lease obligations ......... 7,583 3,129 4,454 --
Non-cancelable lease
obligations ..................... 3,900 1,854 2,032 14
Purchase obligations .............. 24,621 20,140 4,481 --
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Total contractual cash
obligations ..................... $ 37,254 $ 26,073 $ 11,067 $ 114
========== ========== ========== ==========
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our treasury function has managed our funding, liquidity and exposure
to interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate risks. Our investment
treasury operations are conducted within guidelines that have been established
and authorized by our audit committee. In accordance with our policy, we do not
enter into any treasury management transactions of a speculative nature.
The ruble and the hryvna are generally non-convertible outside Russia
and Ukraine, respectively, so our ability to hedge against further devaluation
by converting to other currencies is significantly limited. Further, our ability
to convert rubles and hryvna into other currencies in Russia and Ukraine,
respectively, is subject to rules that restrict the purposes for which
conversion and the payment of foreign currencies are allowed.
Given that much of our operating costs are indexed to or denominated in
US dollars, including employee compensation expense, capital expenditure and
interest expense, we have taken specific steps to minimize our exposure to
fluctuations in the appropriate foreign currency. Although local currency
control regulations require us to collect virtually all of our revenue in local
currency, certain ventures generally either price or invoice in US dollars or
index their invoices and collections to the applicable dollar exchange rate.
Customer contracts may include clauses allowing additional invoicing if the
applicable exchange rate changes significantly between
59
the invoice date and the date of payment, favorable terms for early or
pre-payments and heavy penalty clauses for overdue payments. Maintaining the
dollar value of our revenue subjects us to additional tax on exchange gains.
Although we are attempting to match revenue, costs, borrowing and
repayments in terms of their respective currencies, we may experience economic
loss and a negative impact on earnings as a result of foreign currency exchange
rate fluctuations.
Our cash and cash equivalents are held largely in interest bearing
accounts, in US dollars, however we do have bank accounts denominated in Russian
rubles and Ukrainian hryvna. The book value as of such accounts at December 31,
2003 and 2002 approximates their fair value. Cash in excess of our immediate
operating needs is invested in US money market instruments. In accordance with
our investment policy, we maintain a diversified portfolio of low risk, fully
liquid securities.
We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates on our
obligations and we also face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency
exchange rates. We have developed risk management policies that establish
guidelines for managing foreign currency exchange rate risk and we also
periodically evaluate the materiality of foreign currency exchange exposures and
the financial instruments available to mitigate this exposure.
The following table provides information (in thousands) about our cash
equivalents, investments available for sale, convertible loan, and debt
obligations that are sensitive to changes in interest rates.
2003 2002
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 THEREAFTER TOTAL TOTAL
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---------- ----- -----
Cash equivalents .................. $ 5,18 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 65,180 $ 59,625
Note receivable ................... $ 1,972 $ 2,116 $1,494 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 5,582 $ 7,422
Fixed rate .................... 7.00% 7.00% 7.00% -- -- -- 7.00% 7.00%
Long-term debt, including current
portion
Variable rate ................. $ 950 $ -- $ 100 $ 100 $ -- $ -- $ 1,150 $ 33,099
Average interest rate ......... 5.10% -- 2.49% 2.49% -- -- -- --
The following table provides information about our financial
instruments by local currency and where applicable, presents such information in
US dollar equivalents (in thousands). The table summarizes information on
instruments that are sensitive to foreign currency exchange rates, including
foreign currency denominated debt obligations.
2003 2002
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 THEREAFTER TOTAL TOTAL
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---------- ----- -----
ASSETS
Current assets
Russian rubles $ 49,961 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 49,961 $ 18,366
Average foreign currency
exchange rate....................... 29.45 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ukrainian hryvna $ 4,719 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 4,719 $ 3,324
Average foreign currency
exchange rate....................... 5.33 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Kazakhstan Tenge $ 824 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 824 $ 40
Average foreign currency
exchange rate....................... 144.12 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Russian rubles $ 16,283 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 16,283 $ 7,927
Average foreign currency
exchange rate....................... 29.45 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ukrainian hryvna $ 3,053 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 3,053 $ 827
Average foreign currency
exchange rate....................... 5.33 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Kazakhstan Tenge $ 356 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 356 $ 40
Average foreign currency
exchange rate....................... 144.12 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Our interest income and expense are most sensitive to changes in the
general level of U.S. interest rates. In this regard, changes in U.S. interest
rates affect the interest earned on our cash equivalents and short-term
investments as well as interest paid on debt.
60
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements contained in "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and other parts of this
document, including, without limitation, those concerning (i) future
acquisitions and capital expenditures; (ii) projected traffic volumes and other
growth indicators; (iii) anticipated revenues and expenses; (iv) the Company's
competitive environment; (v) the future performance of consolidated and equity
method investments; (vi) our intention to offer our services under the Golden
Telecom brand; (vii) our intentions to expand our fiber optic capacity and add
transmission capacity; (viii) our intention to continue to use the assets of
recently acquired companies in the manner such assets were previously used; and
(ix) the political, regulatory and financial situation in the markets in which
we operate, including the effect of the new law "On Telecommunications", are
forward-looking and concern the Company's projected operations, economic
performance and financial condition. These forward-looking statements are made
pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Securities Litigation Reform Act
of 1995. It is important to note that such statements involve risks and
uncertainties and that actual results may differ materially from those expressed
or implied by such forward-looking statements. Among the key factors that have a
direct bearing on the Company's results of operations, economic performance and
financial condition are the commercial and execution risks associated with
implementing the Company's business plan, our ability to integrate recently
acquired companies into our operations, the political, economic and legal
environment in the markets in which the Company operates, increasing
competitiveness in the telecommunications and Internet-related businesses that
may limit growth opportunities, and increased and intense downward price
pressures on some of the services that we offer. These and other factors are
discussed herein under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations" and elsewhere in this Report.
Additional information concerning factors that could cause results to
differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements are contained in
this Form 10-K.
In addition, any statements that express, or involve discussions as to,
expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or
performance (often, but not always, through the use of words or phrases such as
"will likely result," "are expected to," "estimated," "intends," "plans,"
"projection" and "outlook") are not historical facts and may be forward-looking
and, accordingly, such statements involve estimates, assumptions and
uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ materially from those
expressed in the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, any such statements
are qualified in their entirety by reference to, and are accompanied by, the
factors discussed throughout this Report and investors, therefore, should not
place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements.
Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on
which such statement is made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update
any forward-looking statement or statements to reflect events or circumstances
after the date on which such statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of
unanticipated events. New factors may emerge from time to time, and it is not
possible for management to predict all of such factors. Further, management
cannot assess the impact of each such factor on the Company's business or the
extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results
to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
61
ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR THE
COMPANY.
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
PAGE
----
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Auditors........................................................................... 64
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2002 and 2003............................................. 65
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003............... 67
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003............... 68
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003..... 69
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements............................................................... 70
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Auditors........................................................................... 96
Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2001 and for the period from
January 1 to September 16,2002...................................................................... 97
Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2001 and for the period from
January 1 to September 16, 2002..................................................................... 98
Notes to Financial Statements............................................................................ 99
62
AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001, 2002 AND 2003
WITH REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
63
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Golden Telecom, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Golden
Telecom, Inc. as of December 31, 2002 and 2003, and the related consolidated
statements of operations, cash flows, and shareholders' equity for each of the
three years in the period ended December 31, 2003. Our audits also included the
financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a). These financial
statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and
schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally
accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a
test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and
significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present
fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Golden
Telecom, Inc. at December 31, 2002 and 2003, and the consolidated results of its
operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended
December 31, 2003, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted
in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the related financial
statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial
statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the
information set forth therein.
As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, in 2002 the Company
changed its method of accounting for goodwill.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG (CIS) LIMITED
Moscow, Russia
March 10, 2004
64
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(IN THOUSANDS OF US$, EXCEPT SHARE DATA)
DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------
2002 2003
------------ ------------
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents............................................................... $ 59,625 $ 65,180
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of
$8,686 and $13,896 at December 31, 2002 and 2003, respectively....................... 42,226 74,016
VAT receivable.......................................................................... 3,998 14,819
Prepaid expenses........................................................................ 7,811 12,232
Deferred tax asset...................................................................... 3,681 5,995
Other current assets.................................................................... 10,113 15,909
------------ ------------
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS...................................................................... 127,454 188,151
Property and equipment:
Telecommunications equipment............................................................ 192,638 311,965
Telecommunications network held under capital leases.................................... 23,500 28,712
Furniture, fixtures and equipment....................................................... 17,477 27,245
Other property.......................................................................... 9,977 13,080
Construction in progress................................................................ 22,070 34,234
------------ ------------
265,662 415,236
Accumulated depreciation................................................................ 99,541 132,126
------------ ------------
Net property and equipment............................................................ 166,121 283,110
Goodwill and intangible assets:
Goodwill................................................................................ 71,703 144,008
Telecommunications service contracts, net of accumulated amortization of
$6,775 as of December 31, 2002 and $13,619 as of December 31, 2003................... 41,247 64,616
Contract-based customer relationships, net of accumulated amortization of
$811 as of December 31, 2002 and $2,859 as of December 31, 2003...................... 7,511 32,310
Licenses, net of accumulated amortization of $1,249 as of December 31, 2002
and $1,854 as of December 31, 2003................................................... 1,918 2,103
Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $5,583 as of
December 31, 2002 and $5,492 as of December 31, 2003................................. 5,289 5,806
------------ ------------
Net goodwill and intangible assets.................................................... 127,668 248,843
Restricted cash........................................................................... 1,515 1,005
Other non-current assets.................................................................. 13,052 8,117
------------ ------------
TOTAL ASSETS.............................................................................. $ 435,810 $ 729,226
============ ============
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
65
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(IN THOUSANDS OF US$, EXCEPT SHARE DATA)
DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------
2002 2003
------------ ------------
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses................................................... $ 43,870 $ 67,827
VAT Payable............................................................................. 4,398 10,167
Debt maturing within one year........................................................... 8,988 950
Current capital lease obligation........................................................ 1,775 3,067
Deferred revenue........................................................................ 3,970 6,253
Due to affiliates and related parties................................................... 1,999 3,495
Other current liabilities............................................................... 5,980 8,188
------------ ------------
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES................................................................. 70,980 99,947
Long-term debt, less current portion...................................................... 24,111 200
Long-term deferred tax liability.......................................................... 12,406 24,461
Long-term deferred revenue................................................................ 7,334 13,725
Long-term capital lease obligations....................................................... 5,621 3,763
Other non-current liabilities............................................................. 5,713 4,177
------------ ------------
TOTAL LIABILITIES......................................................................... 126,165 146,273
Minority interest......................................................................... 2,187 2,722
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value (10,000,000 shares
authorized; none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2002 and 2003)............... -- --
Common stock, $0.01 par value (100,000,000 shares authorized;
27,021,415 shares issued and outstanding at December 31,
2002 and 35,948,094 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2003)............. 270 359
Additional paid-in capital.............................................................. 446,215 663,464
Accumulated deficit..................................................................... (139,027) (83,592)
------------ ------------
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY................................................................ 307,458 580,231
------------ ------------
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY................................................ $ 435,810 $ 729,226
============ ============
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
66
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(IN THOUSANDS OF US$, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------------------
2001 2002 2003
------------ ------------ ------------
REVENUE:
Telecommunication services............................... $ 128,407 $ 189,680 $ 358,724
Revenue from affiliates and related parties.............. 11,631 9,047 1,810
------------ ------------ ------------
TOTAL REVENUE.............................................. 140,038 198,727 360,534
OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Access and network services (excluding depreciation
and amortization)..................................... 63,685 91,189 181,085
Selling, general and administrative (excluding
depreciation and amortization)........................ 48,935 46,147 64,384
Depreciation and amortization............................ 41,398 29,961 45,334
Impairment charge........................................ 31,291 -- --
------------ ------------ ------------
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES................................... 185,309 167,297 290,803
INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS.............................. (45,271) 31,430 69,731
------------ ------------ ------------
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE):
Equity in earnings of ventures........................... 8,155 4,375 4,687
Interest income.......................................... 3,161 1,569 1,084
Interest expense......................................... (2,384) (2,236) (1,956)
Foreign currency losses.................................. (647) (1,174) (232)
Minority interest........................................ (117) (527) (480)
------------ ------------ ------------
TOTAL OTHER INCOME......................................... 8,168 2,007 3,103
------------ ------------ ------------
Income (loss) before income taxes.......................... (37,103) 33,437 72,834
Income taxes............................................... 1,902 4,627 17,399
------------ ------------ ------------
Income (loss) before cumulative effect of change in
accounting principle....................................... (39,005) 28,810 55,435
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle -- 974 --
------------ ------------ ------------
NET INCOME (LOSS).......................................... $ (39,005) $ 29,784 55,435
============ ============ ============
Basic earnings (loss) per share of common stock:
Income (loss) before cumulative effect of
a change in accounting principle................. (1.65) 1.20 1.95
Cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle............................. -- 0.04 --
------------ ------------ ------------
Net income (loss) per share - basic................... $ (1.65) $ 1.24 $ 1.95
============ ============ ============
Weighted average common shares
outstanding - basic................................... 23,605 24,102 28,468
============ ============ ============
Diluted earnings (loss) per share of common stock:
Income (loss) before cumulative effect of
a change in accounting principle................. (1.65) 1.17 1.90
Cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle............................. -- 0.04 --
------------ ------------ ------------
Net income (loss) per share - diluted................. $ (1.65) $ 1.21 $ 1.90
============ ============ ============
Weighted average common shares
outstanding - diluted................................. 23,605 24,517 29,107
============ ============ ============
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
67
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(IN THOUSANDS OF US$)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------
2001 2002 2003
-------- -------- --------
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income (loss)........................................................ $(39,005) $ 29,784 $ 55,435
Adjustments to Reconcile net income (loss) to Net Cash Provided by
Operating Activities:
Depreciation............................................................. 18,685 23,560 34,837
Amortization............................................................. 22,713 6,401 10,497
Equity in earnings of ventures........................................... (8,155) (4,375) (4,687)
Impairment charge........................................................ 31,291 -- --
Minority interest........................................................ 117 527 480
Foreign currency losses.................................................. 647 1,174 232
Deferred tax benefit..................................................... (1,656) (4,213) (3,117)
Other.................................................................... 1,274 (196) (96)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable................................................... 905 (3,358) (11,710)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses................................. (1,390) (240) (3,928)
Other assets and liabilities.......................................... (968) 1,582 9,031
-------- -------- --------
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES.................................. 24,458 50,646 86,974
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of property and equipment and intangible assets................ (27,859) (29,431) (63,737)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired....................................... (33,448) (51,214) (12,282)
Loan received from equity investee....................................... -- 9,973 --
Cash received from escrow account........................................ -- 3,000 --
Restricted cash.......................................................... (850) 1,884 510
Purchase of investments available for sale............................... (8,965) (2,000) --
Proceeds from investments available for sale............................ 54,344 10,976 --
Dividend received from affiliated companies.............................. 1,924 1,955 4,775
Loans made............................................................... (9,137) -- --
Other investing.......................................................... 11,359 2,688 2,704
-------- -------- --------
NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES...................................... (12,632) (52,169) (68,030)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from debt....................................................... 3,300 30,000 --
Repayments of debt....................................................... (10,003) (10,107) (35,132)
Purchase of treasury stock............................................... (25,000) -- --
Net proceeds from exercise of employee stock options..................... 382 5,904 23,737
Other financing.......................................................... (761) (1,618) (1,910)
-------- -------- --------
NET CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES........................ (32,082) 24,179 (13,305)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents............... (229) (435) (84)
-------- -------- --------
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents....................... (20,485) 22,221 5,555
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period........................... 57,889 37,404 59,625
-------- -------- --------
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD................................. $ 37,404 $ 59,625 $ 65,180
======== ======== ========
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
68
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001, 2002, AND 2003
(IN THOUSANDS OF US$, EXCEPT SHARE DATA)
COMMON STOCK TREASURY STOCK ADDITIONAL TOTAL
--------------- ----------------- PAID-IN ACCUMULATED SHAREHOLDERS'
SHARES AMOUNT SHARES AMOUNT CAPITAL DEFICIT EQUITY
------ ------ ------- -------- -------- --------- -------------
Balance at December 31, 2000.............. 24,480 $ 245 -- -- $412,754 $(129,806) $ 283,193
Compensatory restricted stock grants.... -- -- -- -- 636 -- 636
Compensatory common stock option
grants.................................. -- -- -- -- 453 -- 453
Issuance of common stock in relation
to restricted stock grants.............. 142 2 -- -- (2) -- --
Exercise of stock options............... 43 -- -- -- 517 -- 517
Exercise of common stock warrants....... 125 1 -- -- (1) -- --
Purchase of treasury shares............. -- -- (2,273) (25,000) -- -- (25,000)
Other equity transactions............... -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50
Net loss................................ -- -- -- -- -- (39,005) (39,005)
------ ----- ------ -------- -------- --------- ------------
Balance at December 31, 2001.............. 24,790 $ 248 (2,273) $(25,000) $414,407 $(168,811) $ 220,844
Compensatory common stock grants........ -- -- -- -- 340 -- 340
Exercise of stock options............... 480 5 -- -- 5,822 -- 5,827
Retirement of treasury shares........... (2,273) (23) 2,273 25,000 (24,977) -- --
Acquisition of EDN Sovintel LLC......... 4,024 40 -- -- 50,623 -- 50,663
Net income.............................. -- -- -- -- -- 29,784 29,784
------ ----- ------ -------- -------- --------- ------------
Balance at December 31, 2002.............. 27,021 $ 270 -- -- $446,215 $(139,027) $ 307,458
Exercise of stock options............... 1,919 19 -- -- 23,834 -- 23,853
Acquisition of OAO Comincom............. 7,008 70 -- -- 193,415 -- 193,485
Net income.............................. -- -- -- -- -- 55,435 55,435
------ ----- ------ -------- -------- --------- ------------
Balance at December 31, 2003.............. 35,948 $ 359 -- -- $663,464 $ (83,592) $ 580,231
====== ===== ====== ======== ======== ========= ============
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
69
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1: NATURE OF BUSINESS OPERATIONS
Golden Telecom, Inc. ("GTI", "Golden Telecom" or the "Company") is a
provider of a broad range of telecommunication services to businesses, other
telecommunications service providers and consumers. The Company provides these
services through its operation of voice, Internet and data networks,
international gateways, local access and various value-added services in the
Commonwealth of Independent States ("CIS"), primarily in Russia, and through its
fixed line and mobile operation in Ukraine. Golden Telecom was incorporated in
Delaware on June 10, 1999 for the purpose of acting as a holding company for
Global TeleSystems, Inc.'s ("GTS") operating entities within the CIS and
supporting non-CIS holding companies (the "CIS Entities"). On September 29,
1999, GTS transferred its ownership rights in the CIS Entities to the Company in
anticipation of the Company's initial public offering which closed on October 5,
1999.
The CIS Entities were subsidiaries of GTS prior to the transfer of
ownership rights of the CIS Entities to the Company, and after the IPO, GTS
retained an approximately 67% interest in the Company. On May 11, 2001, GTS
completed the sale of approximately 12.2 million shares, or approximately 50%,
of GTI's common stock to a group of investors led by Alfa Group, a leading
Russia-based financial and industrial concern ("Alfa"), and two of the Company's
previously existing major shareholders, Capital International Global Emerging
Markets Private Equity Fund L.P. ("Capital") and investment funds managed by
Barings Vostok Capital Partners ("Baring Vostok"). In July 2001, the Company
completed a buy-back of $25.0 million, or approximately 2.3 million shares, of
the Company's common stock from a subsidiary of GTS and in October 2001, GTS
sold the remaining approximately 0.6 million shares of GTI's common stock and
ceased being a shareholder of the Company.
NOTE 2: SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND NEW ACCOUNTING
PRONOUNCEMENTS
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation
Wholly owned subsidiaries and majority owned ventures where the Company has
operating and financial control are consolidated. Those ventures where the
Company exercises significant influence, but does not exercise operating and
financial control are accounted for by the equity method. All significant
inter-company accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation.
The Company recognizes profits and losses in accordance with its underlying
ownership percentage or allocation percentage as specified in the agreements
with its partners; however, the Company recognizes 100% of the losses in
ventures and majority owned subsidiaries where the Company bears all of the
financial risk. When such ventures and subsidiaries become profitable, the
Company recognizes 100% of the profits until such time as the excess losses
previously recognized have been recovered.
Results of subsidiaries acquired and accounted for by the purchase method
have been included in operations from the relevant date of acquisition.
Foreign Currency Translation
The Company's functional currency is the US dollar because the majority of
its revenues, costs, property and equipment purchased, and debt and trade
liabilities are either priced, incurred, payable or otherwise measured in US
dollars. Each of the legal entities domiciled in the CIS maintains its records
and prepares its financial statements in the local currency, principally either
Russian rubles or Ukrainian hryvna, in accordance with the requirements of
domestic accounting and tax legislation. The accompanying financial statements
differ from the financial statements used for statutory purposes in the CIS and
other non-US jurisdictions in that they reflect certain adjustments, recorded on
the entities' books, which are appropriate to present the financial position,
results of operations and cash flows in accordance with accounting principles
generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP"). The principal
adjustments are related to revenue recognition, foreign currency translation,
deferred taxation, consolidation, and depreciation and valuation of property and
equipment and intangible assets.
70
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
The Company follows a translation policy in accordance with Statement of
Financial Accounting Standard ("SFAS") No. 52, "Foreign Currency Translation,"
as amended by SFAS No. 130, "Reporting Comprehensive Income". The temporal
method is used for translating assets and liabilities of the Company's legal
entities domiciled in the CIS and other non-US jurisdictions. Accordingly,
monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current exchange rates while
non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at their historical rates.
Income and expense accounts are translated at average monthly rates of exchange.
The resultant translation adjustments are included in the operations of the
subsidiaries and ventures. Generally, the ruble is not convertible outside of
Russia. The official exchange rate which is established by the Central Bank of
Russia is a reasonable approximation of market rate. The official exchange rates
which are used for translation in the accompanying financial statements at the
balance sheet date were 31.78 and 29.45 rubles per US dollar as of December 31,
2002 and 2003, respectively. Through December 31, 2002, Russia has been
considered to be a highly inflationary environment. From January 1, 2003, Russia
ceased to be considered as a highly inflationary economy. This change had no
impact on the consolidated financial statements.
The translation of local currency denominated assets and liabilities into
US dollars for the purpose of these financial statements does not indicate that
the Company could realize or settle in US dollars the reported values of the
assets and liabilities. Likewise, it does not indicate that the Company could
return or distribute the reported US dollar value of capital to its
shareholders.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The Company classifies cash on hand and deposits in banks, including
commercial paper, money market accounts, and any other investments with an
original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase, that the
Company may hold from time to time, as cash and cash equivalents. Restricted
cash is primarily related to cash held in escrow at a financial institution for
the collateralization of debt obligations that certain of the Company's
consolidated subsidiaries and equity ventures have borrowed from such financial
institution.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are shown at their net realizable value which
approximates their fair value. The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated
by a combination of applying estimated loss percentages against the aging of
accounts receivable and specific identification.
Inventories
Inventories, which are classified as other current assets, are stated at
the lower of cost or market. Cost is computed on either a specific
identification basis or a weighted average basis.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost. Depreciation is calculated on a
straight-line basis over the lesser of the estimated lives, ranging from five to
ten years for telecommunications equipment and three to five years for
furniture, fixtures and equipment and other property, or their contractual term.
Construction in process reflects amounts incurred for the configuration and
build-out of telecommunications equipment not yet placed into service.
Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The Company has
included in property and equipment, capitalized leases in the amount of $23.5
million and $28.7 million at December 31, 2002 and 2003, respectively, with
associated accumulated depreciation of $5.9 million and $9.2 million as of
December 31, 2002 and 2003, respectively. Amortization of assets recorded under
capital leases is included with depreciation expense for the years ended
December 31, 2001, 2002, and 2003.
71
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of acquisition costs over the fair value of
the net assets of acquired businesses, and was amortized on a straight-line
basis over its estimated useful life, five years, until December 31, 2001.
Beginning January 1, 2002, goodwill has been identified as an indefinite lived
asset in accordance with SFAS No. 142, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets",
and accordingly amortization of goodwill ceased as of that date. Intangible
assets, which are stated at cost, consist principally of telecommunications
service contracts, contract based customer relationships, licenses, software and
content and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of their
estimated useful lives, generally five to ten years, or their contractual term.
In accordance with Accounting Principles Board ("APB") Opinion No. 17,
"Intangible Assets" and SFAS No. 142 "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets", the
Company continues to evaluate the amortization period to determine whether
events or circumstances warrant revised amortization periods. Additionally, the
Company considers whether the carrying value of such assets should be reduced
based on the future benefits.
Goodwill Impairment Assessment
Goodwill is reviewed annually, as of the beginning of the fourth quarter,
for impairment or whenever it is determined that impairment indicators exits.
The Company determines whether an impairment has occurred by assigning goodwill
to the reporting units identified in accordance with SFAS No. 142, "Goodwill and
Other Intangible Assets", and comparing the carrying amount of the reporting
unit to the fair value of the reporting unit. If a goodwill impairment has
occurred, the Company recognizes a loss for the difference between the carrying
amount and the implied fair value of goodwill.
Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets to be held and used by the Company are reviewed to
determine whether an event or change in circumstances indicates that the
carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. For long-lived assets to be
held and used, the Company bases its evaluation on such impairment indicators as
the nature of the assets, the future economic benefit of the assets, any
historical or future profitability measurements, as well as other external
market conditions or factors that may be present. If such impairment indicators
are present or other factors exist that indicate that the carrying amount of the
asset may not be recoverable, the Company determines whether an impairment has
occurred through the use of an undiscounted cash flows analysis of assets at the
lowest level for which identifiable cash flows exist. If impairment has
occurred, the Company recognizes a loss for the difference between the carrying
amount and the fair value of the asset. The fair value of the asset is measured
using discounted cash flow analysis or other valuation techniques.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the liability method of accounting for income taxes.
Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the tax bases of
assets and liabilities and the bases as reported in the consolidated financial
statements. The Company does not provide for deferred taxes on the undistributed
earnings of its foreign subsidiaries, as such earnings are generally intended to
be reinvested in those operations permanently. In the case of non-consolidated
entities, except MCT, where our partner requests that a dividend be paid, the
amounts are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's income tax
liability. It is not practical to determine the amount of unrecognized deferred
tax liability for such reinvested earnings.
Revenue Recognition
The Company records as revenue the amount of telecommunications and
Internet services rendered, as measured primarily by the minutes of traffic
processed, after deducting an estimate of the traffic that are partial minutes
and test traffic which will be neither billed nor collected, and the time spent
online using our Internet services. Revenue from service contracts is accounted
for when the services are provided. Billings received in advance of service
being performed are deferred and recognized as revenue as the service is
performed. Revenues are stated net of any value-added taxes charged to
customers. Certain other taxes that are based on revenues earned were incurred
at a rate of 1% during 2001 and 2002, and have been included in operating
expenses since these taxes are incidental to the revenue cycle.
The Company has deferred connection fees and capitalized direct incremental
costs related to connection fees, not exceeding the revenue deferred. The
deferral of revenue and capitalization of cost of revenue will be recognized
over the estimated life of the customer. The total amount of deferred revenue
was $11.3 million and $20.0 million as of December 31, 2002 and 2003,
respectively. The total amount of deferred cost of revenue was $4.4 million and
$5.2 million as of December 31, 2002 and 2003, respectively.
72
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
In the fourth quarter of 2002, the Company re-assessed the average life of
the customer and concluded that the average life of the customer increased from
three to five years except for Golden Telecom (Ukraine) ("GTU") which remained
at two years for customers in the Business and Corporate Services Division and
Operator and Carrier Services Division and eighteen months for customers in the
Mobile Services division. The impact of increasing the average life of the
customer from three to five years was approximately $0.7 million reduction in
revenue and $0.4 million decrease in cost of revenue in the fourth quarter of
2002. The impact of this change in customer life was $0.3 million reduction on
net income and $0.01 per common share - basic for the year ended December 31,
2002.
The Company recognizes revenue from equipment sales when title to the
equipment passes to the customer. The Company defers the revenue on installed
equipment until installation and testing are completed and accepted by the
customer.
In November 2002, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB")
Emerging Issues Task Force issued its consensus concerning Revenue Arrangements
with Multiple Deliverables ("EITF 00-21"). EITF 00-21 addresses how to determine
whether a revenue arrangement involving multiple deliverables should be divided
into separate units of accounting, and, if separation is appropriate, how the
arrangement consideration should be measured and allocated to the identified
accounting units. The guidance in EITF 00-21 is effective for revenue
arrangements entered into in fiscal periods beginning after June 15, 2003. The
adoption of EITF 00-21 did not have a material impact on the Company's
consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Advertising
The Company expenses the cost of advertising as incurred. Advertising
expenses for the year ended December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003 were $4.6 million,
$3.7 million and $5.2 million, respectively.
Government Pension Funds
The Company contributes to the local state pension funds and social funds,
on behalf of all its CIS employees. In Russia, starting from January 1, 2001 all
social contributions, including contributions to the pension fund, were
substituted with a unified social tax ("UST") calculated by the application of a
regressive rate from 35.6% to 5% to the annual gross remuneration of each
employee. The company allocates UST to three social funds, including the pension
fund, where the rate of contributions to the pension fund vary from 28% to 5%,
respectively, depending on the annual gross salary of each employee. The
contributions are expensed as incurred.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable,
accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and short-term debt approximate their
fair value. The fair value of notes receivable, including the long-term portion
that are included in other current and non-current assets, respectively was $7.6
million and $5.6 million at December 31, 2002 and 2003, respectively as
determined by discounting future payments by 5.5%. The fair value of debt to
Citibank approximated the carrying value of $30.0 million at December 31, 2002.
In June 2003, the Company settled early the $30.0 million of outstanding debt to
Citibank. At December 31, 2002 and 2003, the Company held no debt at fixed
rates.
Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business
enterprise during a period from non-owner sources. For the years ended December
31, 2001, 2002 and 2003, comprehensive income for the Company is equal to net
income (loss).
Off Balance Sheet Risk and Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration
of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts and
notes receivable. Of the $65.2 million of cash and cash equivalents held at
December 31, 2003, $50.6 million was held in US money market instruments in US
financial institutions. The remaining balance is being maintained in US-owned
and, to a lesser extent, local financial institutions within the CIS. The
Company extends credit to various customers, principally in Russia and Ukraine,
and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts for specific customers that
it determines to have significant credit risk. The Company generally does not
require collateral to extend credit to its customers. In 2001, the Company
granted an unsecured loan to a party in a lease agreement, as disclosed in Note
8.
73
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company follows the provisions of SFAS No. 123, "Accounting for
Stock-Based Compensation," for its Equity Participation Plan. SFAS No. 123
establishes a fair value method of accounting for employee stock options and
similar equity instruments. The fair value method requires compensation cost to
be measured at the grant date based on the value of the award and to be
recognized over the service period. SFAS No. 123 generally allows companies to
either account for stock-based compensation under the fair value method of SFAS
No. 123 or under the intrinsic value method of APB No. 25, "Accounting for Stock
Issued to Employees." The Company has elected to account for its stock-based
compensation in accordance with the provisions of APB No. 25 and present pro
forma disclosures of results of operations as if the fair value method had been
adopted. The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock options granted
to employees of its equity method investees based on the fair value of options,
as determined using the Black-Sholes valuation model, over the respective option
vesting period.
In December 2002, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued
SFAS No. 148, "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation - Transition and
Disclosure," which amends SFAS No. 123, "Accounting for Stock-Based
Compensation", to provide alternative methods of transition to SFAS No. 123's
fair value method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation. SFAS No.
148 also amends the disclosure provisions of SFAS No. 123 and APB No. 28,
"Interim Financial Reporting", to require disclosure in the summary of
significant accounting policies of the effects of an entity's accounting policy
with respect to stock-based employee compensation on reported net income and
earrings per share in annual and interim financial statements. While SFAS No.
148 does not amend SFAS No. 123 to require companies to account for employee
stock options using the fair value method, the disclosure provisions of SFAS No.
148 are applicable to all companies with stock-based employee compensation,
regardless of whether they account for that compensation using the fair value
method of SFAS No. 123 or the intrinsic value method of APB No. 25. SFAS No. 148
disclosure provisions are effective for years ending after December 15, 2002.
The Company has adopted the amendments to SFAS No. 123 disclosure provisions
required under SFAS No. 148 but will continue to use the intrinsic value method
under APB No. 25 to account for stock-based compensation. As such, the adoption
of SFAS No. 148 did not have a significant impact of the Company's consolidated
financial position or results of operations.
The effect of applying SFAS No. 123 on the reported net income (loss), as
disclosed below is not representative of the effects on net income (loss) in
future years due to the vesting period of the stock options and the fair value
of additional stock options in future years.
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
2001 2002 2003
---------------------------------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Net income (loss), as reported.............................. $ (39,005) $ 29,784 $ 55,435
Deduct: total stock-based employee compensation
expense determined under fair value based method
for all awards, net of related tax effects................ 8,278 7,937 3,183
--------- ----------- -----------
Pro forma net income (loss)................................. $ (47,283) $ 21,847 $ 52,252
========= =========== ===========
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic - as reported....................................... $ (1.65) $ 1.24 $ 1.95
Basic - pro forma......................................... (2.00) 0.91 1.84
Diluted - as reported..................................... (1.65) 1.21 1.90
Diluted - pro forma....................................... (2.00) 0.89 1.80
Asset Retirement Obligations
In June 2001, the FASB issued SFAS No. 143, "Accounting for Asset
Retirement Obligations." This statement provides the accounting for the cost of
legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets. SFAS No.
143 requires entities to record the fair value of a legal liability for an asset
retirement obligation in the period it is incurred. The Company reviewed the
requirements under SFAS No. 143 and has determined that no material legal
obligations to remove long-lived assets exist. SFAS No. 143 is effective for
years beginning after June 15, 2002. The adoption of SFAS No. 143 did not have a
material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or results of
operations.
74
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Exit or Disposal Activities
In June 2002, the FASB issued SFAS No. 146, "Accounting for Costs
Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities," which requires that a liability
for a cost associated with an exit or disposal activity be recognized when the
liability is incurred. This statement nullifies Emerging Issues Task Force No.
94-3, "Liability Recognition for Certain Employee Termination Benefits and Other
Costs to Exit an Activity (including Certain Costs Incurred in a
Restructuring)," which required that a liability for an exit cost be recognized
upon the entity's commitment to an exit plan. SFAS No. 146 is effective for exit
or disposal activities that are initiated after December 31, 2002. The adoption
of the provisions of SFAS No. 146 did not have an impact on the Company's
results of operations or financial position.
Financial Guarantees
In November 2002, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 45, "Guarantor's
Accounting and Disclosure Requirements for Guarantees, Including Indirect
Guarantees of Indebtedness of Others" ("FIN No. 45"). FIN No. 45 requires that
upon issuance of a guarantee, the guarantor must recognize a liability for the
fair value of the obligation it assumes under that guarantee. The disclosure
provisions of FIN No. 45 are effective for financial statements of annual
periods that end after December 15, 2002. The provisions for initial recognition
and measurement are effective on a prospective basis for guarantees that are
issued or modified after December 31, 2002. The adoption of the FIN No. 45 did
not have an impact on the Company's results of operations or financial position.
Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities
In January 2003, the FASB issued FIN No. 46, "Consolidation of Variable
Interest Entities". FIN No. 46 amended Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51,
"Consolidated Financial Statements", and established standards for determining
under what circumstances a variable interest ("VIE") should be consolidated with
its primary beneficiary. FIN No. 46 also requires disclosure about VIEs that are
not required to be consolidated but in which the reporting entity has a
significant variable interest. In December 2003, the FASB revised certain
implementation provisions of FIN No. 46. The revised interpretation ("FIN No.
46R") substantially retained the requirements of immediate application of FIN
No. 46 to VIEs created after January 31, 2003. There were no such entities
created after January 31, 2003. With respect to older VIEs, the consolidation
requirements under FIN No. 46R apply not later than for the first financial year
or interim period ending after December 15, 2003, if such a VIE is a
special-purpose entity ("SPE"), and no later than for the first financial year
or interim period ending after March 15, 2004, if such a VIE is not a SPE. The
Company did not identify any previously formed SPEs that are VIEs. Therefore the
adoption of FIN No. 46R did not have a significant impact on the financial
position or results of operations.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
In April 2003, the FASB issued SFAS No. 149, "Amendment of Statement 133 on
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities". SFAS No. 149 amends and
clarifies accounting for derivative instruments, including certain derivative
instruments embedded in other contracts, and for hedging activities under SFAS
No. 133. SFAS No. 149 is generally effective for contracts entered into or
modified after June 30, 2003. The adoption of the provisions of SFAS No. 149 did
not have an impact on the Company's results of operations or financial position.
Financial Instruments
In May 2003, the FASB issued SFAS No. 150, "Accounting for Certain
Financial Instruments with Characteristics of Both Liabilities and Equity". SFAS
No. 150 requires certain financial instruments that embody obligations of the
issuer and have characteristics of both liabilities and equity to be classified
as liabilities. The provisions of SFAS No. 150 are effective for financial
instruments entered into or modified after May 31, 2003 and to all other
instruments that exist as of the beginning of the first interim financial
reporting period beginning after June 15, 2003. The Company does not have any
financial instruments that meet the provisions of SFAS No. 150, therefore,
adopting the provisions of SFAS No. 150 did not have an impact on the Company's
results of operations or financial position.
75
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Use of Estimates in Preparation of Financial Statements
The preparation of these consolidated financial statements, in conformity
with US generally accepted accounting principles, requires management to make
estimates and assumptions that affect amounts in the financial statements and
accompanying notes and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the
reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Comparative Figures
Certain 2001 and 2002 amounts have been reclassified to conform to the
presentation adopted in the current year. Such reclassifications did not affect
the consolidated statements of operations.
NOTE 3: NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE
The Company's net loss per share calculation (basic and diluted) at
December 31, 2001 is based upon the Company's weighted average common shares
outstanding. There are no reconciling items in the numerator or denominator of
the Company's net loss per share calculation at December 31, 2001. Warrants and
stock options have been excluded from the net loss per share calculation at
December 31, 2001 because their effect would have been antidilutive.
Basic earnings per share at December 31, 2002 and 2003 is computed on the
basis of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted
earnings per share at December 31, 2002 and 2003 is computed on the basis of the
weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the effect of
outstanding employee stock options using the "treasury stock" method. The number
of stock options excluded from the diluted earnings per share computation,
because their effect was antidilutive for the twelve months ended December 31,
2002 and 2003 was 352,261 and 10,000 stock options, respectively.
The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows:
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
----------------------
2002 2003
-------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT
PER SHARE DATA)
Income before cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle................................... $ 28,810 $ 55,435
======== ========
Weighted average shares outstanding of:
Common stock.............................................. 24,102 28,468
Dilutive effect of:
Employee stock options.................................... 415 639
-------- --------
Common stock and common stock equivalents................... 24,517 29,107
======== ========
Earnings per share before cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle:
Basic..................................................... $ 1.20 $ 1.95
======== ========
Diluted................................................... $ 1.17 $ 1.90
======== ========
NOTE 4: GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
In June 2001, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141, "Business Combinations", and
No. 142, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets", effective for fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2001.
76
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Upon the adoption of SFAS No. 142, the Company recorded a cumulative effect
of a change in accounting principle for negative goodwill (deferred credit)
arising on the Company's equity method investments in the amount of $1.0
million. The impact of non-amortization of goodwill on the Company's net income
for the twelve months ended December 31, 2002 was approximately $15.0 million
increase, or $0.62 per share of common stock - basic.
Amortization expense for intangible assets for the twelve months ended
December 31, 2002 and 2003 was $6.4 million and $10.5 million, respectively.
Amortization expense for the succeeding five years is expected to be as follows:
2004 - $17.3 million, 2005 - $16.2 million, 2006 - $15.2 million, 2007 - $14.3
million, and 2008 - $12.7 million. The total gross carrying value and
accumulated amortization of the Company's intangible assets by major intangible
asset class is as follows:
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2002 AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2003
----------------------- -----------------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
ACCUMULATED ACCUMULATED
COST AMORTIZATION COST AMORTIZATION
---------- ------------ --------- ------------
Amortized intangible assets:
Telecommunications service contracts................ $ 48,022 $ (6,775) $ 78,235 $ (13,619)
Contract-based customer relationships............... 8,322 (811) 35,169 (2,859)
Licenses............................................ 3,167 (1,249) 3,957 (1,854)
Other intangible assets............................. 10,872 (5,583) 11,298 (5,492)
---------- ---------- --------- ----------
Total............................................. $ 70,383 $ (14,418) $ 128,659 $ (23,824)
========== ========== ========= ==========
Other intangible assets include software, Internet software and related
content, as well as other intangible assets.
The changes on the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December
31, 2002 and 2003, respectively, are as follows:
BUSINESS & CARRIER &
CORPORATE OPERATOR
SEGMENT SEGMENT TOTAL
---------- ---------- ---------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Balance as of December 31, 2001...................... $ 3,332 $ 15,391 $ 18,723
Goodwill acquired during the year.................... 26,083 28,216 54,299
Goodwill reclassified to intangible assets........... (1,319) -- (1,319)
--------- ---------- ---------
Balance as of December 31, 2002...................... 28,096 43,607 71,703
Goodwill acquired during the year.................... 56,796 15,509 72,305
--------- ---------- ---------
Balance as of December 31, 2003...................... $ 84,892 $ 59,116 $ 144,008
========= ========== =========
The pro forma impact of the change in accounting method for goodwill on net
loss and net loss per share for the twelve months ended December 31, 2001
compared to actual results for each of the twelve months ended December 31, 2002
and 2003, respectively, is as follows:
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------------
2001 2002 2003
-------------- ---------------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Net income (loss), as reported.............................. $ (39,005) $ 29,784 $ 55,435
Goodwill amortization....................................... 13,846 -- --
Negative goodwill amortization on equity investee........... (243) -- --
---------- -------- ---------
Adjusted net income (loss).................................. $ (25,402) $ 21,847 $ 55,435
========== ======== =========
Basic net income (loss) per share:
Reported net income (loss)................................ $ (1.65) $ 1.24 $ 1.95
Goodwill amortization..................................... 0.58 -- --
Negative goodwill amortization............................ (0.01) -- --
---------- -------- ---------
Adjusted net income (loss) per share...................... $ (1.08) $ 1.24 $ 1.95
========== ======== =========
Diluted net income (loss) per share:
Reported net income (loss)................................ $ (1.65) $ 1.21 $ 1.90
Goodwill amortization..................................... 0.58 -- --
Negative goodwill amortization............................ (0.01) -- --
---------- -------- ---------
Adjusted net income (loss) per share...................... $ (1.08) $ 1.21 $ 1.90
========== ======== =========
77
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
NOTE 5: BUSINESS COMBINATIONS AND VENTURE TRANSACTIONS
ACQUISITIONS IN 2001
In June 2001, the Company acquired Internet service provider ("ISP") ZAO
Cityline ("Cityline"), 51% of ISP OOO Uralrelcom ("Uralrelcom") and
infrastructure company ZAO First Telecommunications Company ("PTK") for cash
consideration of approximately $29.0 million, including $6.0 million that was
held in escrow. At the time of acquisition, local access capacity to be
delivered by a third party to PTK was not yet operational nor placed in service.
The purchase and sale agreement provided that until such capacity became fully
operational, $6.0 million of purchase consideration would be held in escrow. In
the fourth quarter of 2001, the Company became aware that such original local
access capacity would not become available. As a result, the Company negotiated
a full recovery of the funds held in escrow and the Company received alternative
local access capacity pursuant to the original terms of the PTK third-party
contract. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2001, the recovery of the funds held
in escrow of $6.0 million was recorded as a reduction in the carrying amount of
the acquired intangible assets. In addition, the Company incurred approximately
$0.9 million in consulting fees related to these investment transactions from an
affiliate of Alfa, a shareholder of the Company.
The following unaudited pro forma combined results of operations for the
Company give effect to the Cityline, Uralrelcom and PTK business combinations as
if they had occurred at the beginning of 2001. For the twelve months ended
December 31, 2001, pro forma revenue would have been approximately $142.9
million and the pro forma net loss would have been approximately $40.9 million,
or $1.73 per common share. These pro forma amounts are provided for
informational purposes only and do not purport to present the results of
operations of the Company had the transactions assumed therein occurred on or as
of the date indicated, nor is it necessarily indicative of the results of
operations which may be achieved in the future.
In September 2001, the Company acquired 51% of ADS, a competitive local
exchange carrier, operating primarily in Nizhny Novgorod, for cash consideration
of approximately $2.9 million. The impact of this acquisition was not material.
The results of operations of Cityline, Uralrelcom and PTK have been
included in the Company's consolidated operations since June 1, 2001. The
results of operations of ADS have been included in the Company's consolidated
operations since September 1, 2001.
ACQUISITIONS IN 2002
In August 2002, the Company acquired approximately 31% of Golden Telecom
(Ukraine) ("GTU") for cash consideration of approximately $5.2 million,
including $3.7 million recorded as a liability, net of $0.3 million discount,
determined at the rate of 6.11%. The Company now owns 100% of GTU. The
acquisition was accounted for as a purchase business combination under US GAAP.
The Company has recorded approximately $1.8 million of contract-based customer
relationship intangible assets that will be amortized over a period of
approximately 5 years. There was no goodwill recorded as a result of this
transaction.
In September 2002, subsidiaries of the Company completed the acquisition of
50% of EDN Sovintel LLC ("Sovintel") that the Company did not own from Open
Joint Stock Company Rostelecom ("Rostelecom"), pursuant to an Ownership Interest
Purchase Agreement, dated March 13, 2002, by and among subsidiaries of the
Company and Rostelecom, bringing the Company's ownership in Sovintel to 100%.
The total purchase price of approximately $113.1 million consisted of
approximately $50.7 million in GTI's common stock, representing 4,024,067
shares, $10.0 million in cash consideration, $46.0 million in promissory note
consideration (see discussion below), and direct transaction costs of
approximately $7.1 million, including an investment banking fee of approximately
$3.3 million paid to an affiliate of Alfa, a shareholder of the Company.
Sovintel provides worldwide communications services, principally to major
hotels, business offices and mobile communication companies through its
telecommunications network in Russia. The Company began consolidating the
results of operations of Sovintel on September 17, 2002.
In September 2002, TeleRoss LLC ("TeleRoss"), a wholly-owned Russian
subsidiary of the Company, issued a three month $46.0 million non-interest
bearing note payable to Rostelecom in partial settlement of the acquisition of
the remaining 50% ownership interest in Sovintel previously held by Rostelecom.
TeleRoss was required to and settled the note, in full, in December 2002. This
non-interest bearing note payable was recorded net of $0.7 million discount
representing imputed interest.
78
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
The acquisition of the remaining 50% of Sovintel was accounted for as a
purchase business combination in accordance with SFAS No. 141, "Business
Combinations". As the transaction reflected acquisition of the remaining 50%
interest in Sovintel which was not previously owned by the Company, the Company
has recorded the net assets acquired at 50% of estimated fair value and 50% of
historical US GAAP carrying values. The following is a condensed balance sheet
of Sovintel as of September 17, 2002, reflecting purchase price allocation
to the net assets acquired:
SEPTEMBER 17, 2002
------------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
ASSETS:
Current assets.......................................... $ 43,223
Property and equipment, net............................. 64,124
Telecommunications service contracts
intangible assets, net............................... 14,742
Contract based customer relationship
intangible assets, net............................... 6,350
Licenses, net........................................... 562
Other intangible assets, net............................ 300
Goodwill................................................ 54,262
Other assets............................................ 11,114
-----------
Total assets.......................................... $ 194,677
LIABILITIES:
Current liabilities..................................... $ 23,774
Non-current liabilities................................. 8,514
-----------
Net assets............................................ $ 162,389
Less: previous carrying value of the Company's
equity method investment in Sovintel................. (49,283)
-----------
Total purchase consideration and acquisition costs........ $ 113,106
===========
Consideration and acquisition costs:
Cash consideration...................................... $ 10,000
Promissory note consideration, net of discount.......... 45,307
GTI shares consideration................................ 50,663
Direct transaction costs................................ 7,136
-----------
Total purchase consideration and acquisition costs........ $ 113,106
===========
The Company's financial statements reflect the allocation of the purchase
price based on a fair value assessment of the assets acquired and liabilities
assumed, and as such, the Company has assigned approximately $14.7 million to
telecommunications service contracts intangible assets which will be amortized
over a weighted average period of approximately 9 years, approximately $6.4
million to contract based customer relationship intangible assets which will be
amortized over a weighted average period of approximately 5 years, approximately
$0.6 million to licenses which will be amortized over a weighted average period
of 5 years, and approximately $0.3 million to other identified intangible assets
which will be amortized over 5 years. Property and equipment was adjusted to
fair value using a net current replacement cost valuation method. The excess
purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets
acquired of approximately $54.3 million has been assigned to goodwill and is not
deductible for tax purposes. Approximately $26.1 million of this goodwill has
been assigned to the Business and Corporate Services reportable segment and
approximately $28.2 million of this goodwill has been assigned to the Carrier
and Operator Services reportable segment. In accordance with SFAS No. 141,
"Business Combinations" and SFAS No. 142, "Goodwill and Other Intangible
Assets", the Company will not amortize the goodwill recorded in connection with
the acquisition of the remaining 50% of Sovintel. The goodwill will be tested
for impairment at least annually.
79
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
The following unaudited pro forma combined results of operations for the
Company give effect to the Sovintel business combination as if it had occurred
at the beginning of 2001 and 2002. These pro forma amounts are provided for
informational purposes only and do not purport to present the results of
operations of the Company had the transactions assumed therein occurred on or as
of the date indicated, nor is it necessarily indicative of the results of
operations which may be achieved in the future.
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------
2001 2002
----------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER
SHARE DATA)
Revenue..................................................... $ 239,128 $ 286,998
Income (loss) before cumulative effect of
a change in accounting principle.......................... (30,688) 36,587
Cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle...................................... -- 974
----------- -----------
Net income (loss)........................................... $ (30,688) $ 37,561
=========== ===========
Basic earnings (loss) per share of common stock:
Income (loss) before cumulative effect of
a change in accounting principle.................. $ (1.11) $ 1.36
Cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle.............................. -- 0.04
----------- -----------
Net income (loss) per share - basic................... $ (1.11) $ 1.40
=========== ===========
Weighted average common shares - basic...................... 27,629 26,748
=========== ===========
Diluted earnings (loss) per share of common stock:
Income (loss) before cumulative effect of
a change in accounting principle.................. $ (1.11) $ 1.34
Cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle.............................. -- 0.04
----------- -----------
Net income (loss) per share - diluted.................. $ (1.11) $ 1.38
=========== ===========
Weighted average common shares - diluted.................... 27,629 27,163
=========== ===========
ACQUISITIONS IN 2003
In August 2003, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of OOO
Sibchallenge ("Sibchallenge"), a telecommunications service provider in
Krasnoyarsk, Russia. The total purchase price of approximately $15.4 million
consisted of cash consideration of approximately $15.0 million and approximately
$0.4 million in direct transaction costs, including an investment banking fee of
$0.3 million paid to Belongers Limited, an affiliate of Alfa, a shareholder of
the Company. The acquisition of Sibchallenge establishes GTI's presence in the
Krasnoyarsk region. In addition, Sibchallenge has numbering capacity and
interconnect agreements.
The acquisition of 100% of Sibchallenge was accounted for as a purchase
business combination in accordance with SFAS No. 141, "Business Combinations".
The following is the condensed balance sheet of Sibchallenge as of August 31,
2003 reflecting purchase price allocation to the net assets acquired:
AUGUST 31, 2003
---------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
ASSETS:
Current assets.......................................... $ 1,792
Property and equipment.................................. 7,057
Telecommunications service contracts
intangible assets, net............................... 11,175
-----------
Total assets.......................................... $ 20,024
===========
LIABILITIES:
Current liabilities..................................... $ 1,519
Non-current liabilities................................. 3,121
-----------
Net assets............................................ $ 15,384
===========
Consideration and acquisition costs:
Cash consideration...................................... 15,000
Direct transaction costs................................ 384
-----------
Total purchase consideration and transaction costs........ $ 15,384
===========
80
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
The Company's financial statements reflect the allocation of the purchase
price based on a fair value assessment of the assets acquired and liabilities
assumed and, as such, the Company has assigned approximately $11.2 million to
telecommunications service contracts intangible assets. These identified
intangible assets will be amortized over a period of 10 years. There was no
goodwill recorded as a result of this transaction. The results of operations of
Sibchallenge have been included in the Company's consolidated operations since
August 31, 2003.
In December 2003, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the
shares in OAO Comincom ("Comincom") from Nye Telenor East Invest, pursuant to a
Share Exchange Agreement. The total purchase price of approximately $195.3
million consisted of approximately $193.5 million in GTI's common stock,
representing 7,007,794 shares and direct transaction costs of approximately $1.8
million. The purchase consideration has been determined using the closing date
of the transaction as December 1, 2003. Accordingly, the GTI shares issued in
consideration are valued based on the average closing price of the Company's
common stock for the five consecutive trading days between November 26, 2003 and
December 2, 2003, which was $27.61 per share. Management believes the
acquisition of 100% of Comincom further strengthens the Company's position in
the key Moscow and St. Petersburg communications markets, and positions the
Company to realize future operating and cost synergies. Comincom provides
telecommunications services, principally to major hotels, business offices and
mobile communication companies through its telecommunications network in Russia,
including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Samara and several other major
population centers. The Company began consolidating the results of operations of
Comincom on December 1, 2003.
The acquisition of 100% of the shares in Comincom was accounted for as a
purchase business combination in accordance with SFAS No. 141, "Business
Combinations. The following is the condensed balance sheet of Comincom as of
December 1, 2003 reflecting the preliminary purchase price allocation to the net
assets acquired:
DECEMBER 1, 2003
----------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
ASSETS:
Current assets.......................................... $ 38,191
Property and equipment.................................. 84,749
Telecommunications service contracts
intangible assets, net............................... 17,344
Contract-based customer relationship
intangible assets, net............................... 26,847
Licenses, net........................................... 546
Goodwill................................................ 72,305
Other assets............................................ 1,575
-----------
Total assets.......................................... $ 241,557
===========
LIABILITIES:
Current liabilities..................................... $ 28,678
Non-current liabilities................................. 17,535
-----------
Net assets............................................ $ 195,344
===========
Consideration and acquisition costs:
GTI shares consideration................................ 193,485
Direct transaction costs................................ 1,859
-----------
Total purchase consideration and acquisition costs........ $ 195,344
===========
The Company's financial statements reflect the preliminary allocation of
the purchase price based on a preliminary fair value assessment of the assets
acquired and liabilities assumed, and as such, the Company has assigned
approximately $17.3 million to telecommunications service contracts intangible
assets which will be amortized over a weighted average period of approximately
10 years, approximately $26.8 million to contract-based customer relationship
intangible assets which will be amortized over a weighted average period of
approximately 5 years, and approximately $0.5 million to licenses which will be
amortized over a weighted average period of 4 years. The purchase price
allocation will be finalized when the application of the new Russian
telecommunications law, as discussed in Note 12, becomes clear. Property and
equipment was adjusted to fair value using a net current replacement cost
valuation method. The excess purchase price over the fair value of the net
tangible and intangible assets acquired of approximately $72.3 million has been
assigned to goodwill and is not deductible for tax purposes. Approximately $15.5
million of this goodwill has been assigned to the Carrier and Operator Services
reportable segment and approximately $56.8 million of this goodwill has been
assigned to the Business and Corporate Services reportable segment. In
accordance with SFAS No. 141, "Business Combinations", and SFAS No. 142
"Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets", the Company will not amortize the
goodwill recorded in connection with the acquisition of 100% of the shares in
Comincom. The goodwill will be tested for impairment at least annually.
81
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
The following unaudited pro forma combined results of operations for the
Company give effect to the Sovintel, Sibchallenge and Comincom business
combinations as if they had occurred at the beginning of 2002 and to give effect
to the Sibchallenge and Comincom business combinations as if they had occurred
at the beginning of 2003. These pro forma amounts are provided for informational
purposes only and do not purport to present the results of operations of the
Company had the transactions assumed therein occurred on or as of the date
indicated, nor is it necessarily indicative of the results of operations which
may be achieved in the future.
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
---------------------------
2002 2003
----------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER
SHARE DATA)
Revenue..................................................... $ 371,226 $ 458,276
Income before cumulative effect of
a change in accounting principle.......................... 43,368 61,802
Cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle...................................... 974 --
----------- -----------
Net income.................................................. $ 44,342 $ 61,802
=========== ===========
Basic earnings per share of common stock:
Income before cumulative effect of
a change in accounting principle.................. $ 1.30 $ 1.77
Cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle.............................. 0.03 --
----------- -----------
Net income (loss) per share - basic................... $ 1.33 $ 1.77
=========== ===========
Weighted average common shares - basic...................... 33,454 34,990
=========== ===========
Diluted earnings (loss) per share of common stock:
Income (loss) before cumulative effect of
a change in accounting principle.................. $ 1.28 $ 1.74
Cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle.............................. 0.03 --
----------- -----------
Net income (loss) per share - diluted................. $ 1.31 $ 1.74
=========== ===========
Weighted average common shares - diluted.................... 33,869 35,539
=========== ===========
NOTE 6: INVESTMENTS IN AND ADVANCES TO VENTURES
The Company has various investments in ventures that are accounted for by
the equity method. The Company's ownership percentages in its equity method
investments, in the periods shown, range from approximately 22% to 50%.
The Company has financed the operating and investing cash flow requirements
of several of the Company's ventures in the form of cash advances. The Company
aggregates all of the receivable and payable balances with the ventures in the
Company's investments in and cash advances to the ventures.
For all periods presented through December 31, 2003, the significant
investments accounted for under the equity method and the percentage interest
owned consist of the following:
EQUITY METHOD ENTITIES
------------------------------------------
PERIOD OWNERSHIP
-------------------------- --------
EDN Sovintel.................... Through September 16, 2002 50%
Other Regional Ventures......... All 50%
TeleRoss Nizhny Novgorod........ Through August 2001 50%
TeleRoss Ufa.................... Through March 2001 50%
TeleRoss Samara................. Through June 2002 50%
MCT Corp........................ From December 2000 22%-24%
TeleRoss Nizhny Novgorod, TeleRoss Ufa, TeleRoss Samara, and EDN Sovintel
are all accounted for using the consolidation method subsequent to the dates
indicated above.
82
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
The following table presents summarized income statement information and
balance sheet from the Company's significant equity investee, Sovintel, for the
year ended December 31, 2001 and the period January 1, 2002 to September 16,
2002. Effective September 17, 2002, the Company began consolidating the results
of operations of Sovintel as a result of the acquisition of the 50% interest not
controlled previously.
YEAR ENDED PERIOD FROM JANUARY 1 TO
DECEMBER 31, 2001 SEPTEMBER 16, 2002
------------------ --------------------
(IN THOUSANDS) (IN THOUSANDS)
Revenue................... $ 115,706 $ 101,261
Gross margin.............. 51,797 45,248
Operating income.......... 29,747 25,875
Net income................ 22,211 19,115
Current Assets............ 45,319 --
Total Assets.............. 108,513 --
Current liabilities....... 21,893 --
Total liabilities......... 25,065 --
Net assets 83,448 --
The Company's equity investee, MCT Corp. ("MCT"), is in default on a loan
note to a third party that originally became due on September 29, 2001. In
December 2001, MCT signed a forbearance agreement whereby the holder of the note
agreed to forbear from selling the note or exercising its rights under the
original debt agreements and to extend the terms of repayment until January 31,
2002. MCT did not make payment on the note prior to January 31, 2002 and during
April 2002 the holder of the note foreclosed on the collateral related to the
note and subsequently sold it to a third-party, resulting in a substantial loss
to MCT. The Company recognized the corresponding amount of the Company's equity
in MCT's losses during the second quarter of 2002, not exceeding the carrying
value of the Company's investment in MCT. Total equity in losses recognized by
the Company related to its MCT investment were $3.9 million and $5.1 million for
the year ended December 31, 2001 and 2002, respectively. Management believes
that throughout the remainder of 2002 and 2003, MCT has continued to incur
losses. The Company has no further commitments to provide financial support to
MCT and thus has ceased recording any additional losses. In August 2003, MCT
concluded a binding agreement with OJSC Mobile TeleSystems on the sale of five
of its cellular operators. OJSC Mobile TeleSystems paid MCT approximately $70.0
million and assumed certain guarantees as part of the transaction. In October
2003, MCT declared a cash dividend of $1.90 per common share to shareholders of
record as of October 27, 2003. The Company's portion of this cash dividend was
approximately $4.7 million. This cash dividend was received in November 2003 and
is classified as part of equity in earnings in the consolidated statement of
operations. Consideration has been given to the resumption of equity accounting,
however management does not believe that the Company's share of income resulting
from the sale of assets that MCT has made would exceed losses that had
previously not been recognized once the investment in MCT had been reduced to
zero.
NOTE 7: SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
DECEMBER 31,
-----------------------
2002 2003
--------- ---------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Other current assets consist of:
Inventory............................................... $ 3,401 $ 7,932
Notes receivable........................................ 1,840 1,972
Other current assets.................................... 4,872 6,005
--------- ---------
Total other current assets...................... $ 10,113 $ 15,909
========= =========
Other non-current assets consist of:
Notes receivable........................................ $ 5,582 $ 3,610
Investments in and advances to ventures................. 721 251
Other non-current assets................................ 6,749 4,256
--------- ---------
Total other non- current assets................. $ 13,052 $ 8,117
========= =========
Accounts payable and accrued expenses consists of:
Accounts payable........................................ $ 27,443 $ 47,437
Interest payable........................................ 58 11
Accrued compensation.................................... 1,643 2,241
Accrued other taxes..................................... 5,474 1,092
Accrued access and network services..................... 3,031 9,471
Other accrued expenses.................................. 6,221 7,575
--------- ---------
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses..... $ 43,870 $ 67,827
========= =========
Other current liabilities consists of:
Non-trade liabilities to GTS............................ $ 2,904 $ 2,904
Other current liabilities............................... 3,076 5,284
--------- ---------
Total other current liabilities................. $ 5,980 $ 8,188
========= =========
83
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
NOTE 8: DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND CAPITAL LEASES
Company debt consists of:
DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------
2002 2003
----------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Citibank General Credit Agreement.......... $ 550 $ 200
Citibank Credit Facility................... 30,000 --
Motorola Equipment Agreement............... 849 100
Siemens Loan Agreement.................... 1,700 850
----------- -----------
33,099 1,150
Less: debt maturing within one year........ 8,988 950
----------- -----------
Total long-term debt............. $ 24,111 $ 200
=========== ===========
Aggregate maturities of debt, as of December 31, 2003, are as follows: 2004
-- $1.0 million, 2005 -- none, 2006 -- $0.1 million, 2007 -- $0.1 million, 2008
-- none, and thereafter -- none.
The Company paid interest of $2.2 million, $4.8 million and $2.0 million in
2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively.
Some of the Company's operating companies have received debt financing
through direct loans from affiliated companies. In addition, certain operating
companies have borrowed funds under a $22.7 million back-to-back, seven-year
credit facility from a Russian subsidiary of Citibank. Under this facility, the
Company provides full cash collateral, held in London and recorded on our
balance sheet as restricted cash, for onshore loans made by the bank to the
Company's Russian registered ventures. In a second, similar facility, the
Company provides full cash collateral for a $10.0 million short term
back-to-back, revolving, credit facility from the same bank for the Company's
larger Russian operating companies. The funding level as of December 31, 2003
for all these facilities totaled $1.0 million, of which $0.2 million was funded
to the Company's consolidated subsidiaries and $0.8 million was funded to the
Company's affiliates. The loan facilities carry interest at a rate equal to the
three-month London Inter-Bank Offering Rate ("LIBOR") plus 1.0 percent per annum
(equivalent to approximately 2.49%, on average for loans outstanding, at
December 31, 2003) and mature between December 2006 and January 2007.
In June 1996, GTU entered into an agreement with Motorola Corporation (the
"Motorola equipment agreement") whereby GTU could purchase up to $20.0 million
of certain equipment from Motorola. Through December 31, 2003, the Company had
purchased $13.7 million of equipment under this agreement. GTU is required to
make 15 semiannual payments plus accrued interest beginning six months after
completion of installation of such equipment, starting on June 25, 1997. In June
2004, GTU is required to make the final semiannual payment plus accrued
interest. Amounts outstanding under this agreement totaled $0.1 million at
December 31, 2003. The agreement carries interest at a rate equal to the USD
LIBOR rate plus 3.0 percent per annum (equivalent to 4.02% at December 31,
2003).
In October 2000, GTU entered into a four year supplier loan agreement with
Siemens AG (the "Siemens Loan Agreement") whereby Siemens AG provided to GTU a
loan of $3.4 million for the purchase from Siemens AG of network equipment and
services for use in the GSM 1800 network in Odessa, Ukraine, deployed in the
third quarter of 2000. In accordance with the terms of the Siemens Loan
Agreement, GTU is required to make eight semi-annual payments plus accrued
interest beginning May 15, 2001. Principal outstanding under this agreement
totaled $0.9 million at December 31, 2003. The agreement carries interest at a
rate equal to the six month USD LIBOR plus 4.9% (equivalent to 6.17% at December
31, 2003). The Siemens Loan Agreement became effective with the execution of a
payment guarantee by GTI.
In the first quarter of 2000, the Company entered into a lease for fiber
capacity, including facilities and maintenance, from Moscow to Stockholm. The
lease has a term of ten years with an option to renew for an additional five
years. Prepayments were made to the lessor in April 2000, August 2000 and
February 2001. These prepayments have been offset in the balance sheet against
the capital lease obligation.
84
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
In September 2001, the Company entered into a five year lease for the right
to use up to VC-3 fiber optic capacity on major routes within Russia to support
the increase in the Company's interregional traffic and regional expansion
strategy. The lease is classified as a capital lease in the balance sheet. In
December 2001, GTI issued a $9.1 million loan to the same company that has
provided the lease. The loan has payment terms of 56 months, which started in
January 2002, and carries interest at the rate of 7 percent per annum.
The following table presents minimum lease payments under capital leases:
LEASE PAYMENTS
--------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
2004....................................... $ 3,129
2005....................................... 2,862
2006....................................... 1,592
-----------
7,583
Less: interest............................. 753
-----------
Total principal payments......... $ 6,830
===========
In September 2002, ROL Holdings Limited ("ROLH"), a wholly-owned Cypriot
subsidiary of the Company, entered into a secured $30.0 million credit facility
with ZAO Citibank ("Citibank Credit Facility"). ROLH drew upon the Citibank
Credit Facility in the fourth quarter of 2002 to fund the repayment of $30.0
million of the $46.0 million non-interest bearing promissory note issued to
Rostelecom by TeleRoss in connection with the acquisition of the remaining 50%
ownership interest in Sovintel previously held by Rostelecom. In June 2003, the
Company settled early the $30.0 million of outstanding debt plus accrued
interest. There was no penalty for the early settlement of this debt however an
additional $0.2 million of previously capitalized financing costs was recognized
as interest expense which was previously being recognized over the life of the
facility.
NOTE 9: SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Common Stock
In May 2001, GTS completed the transaction contemplated by the Share
Purchase Agreement (the "Share Purchase Agreement"), entered into in April 2001
with Alfa, Capital, and Baring Vostok, (collectively, the "Purchasers") with
respect to the sale to the Purchasers by GTS of approximately 12.2 million
shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share of GTI. The aggregate purchase
price paid by the Purchasers for the common stock was $125.0 million. In
addition, as specified in the Share Purchase Agreement, at the time of the
consummation of the sale and purchase, the Purchasers entered into separate
stock option agreements with GTS which gave the Purchasers an option to purchase
up to approximately 2.3 million of the remaining approximately 2.9 million
shares of common stock beneficially owned by GTS at the purchase price of $11.00
per share during the 60-day period after the closing of the transaction.
In July 2001, the Company completed a buy-back of $25.0 million, or
approximately 2.3 million shares, of the Company's common stock at $11.00 per
share, from a subsidiary of GTS. In October 2001, GTS sold the remaining
approximately 0.6 million shares of GTI's common stock. Accordingly, GTS is no
longer an affiliate of the Company. In the fourth quarter of 2002, the Company
retired the approximately 2.3 million of the Company's common stock held in
treasury.
In August 2002, the Company issued 4,024,067 shares of common stock to
Rostelecom in partial settlement of the purchase price for the acquisition of
the remaining 50% ownership interest in Sovintel, previously held by Rostelecom.
In December 2003, the Company issued 7,007,794 shares of common stock to
Telenor in settlement of the purchase price for the acquisition of 100%
ownership interest in Comincom, previously held by Telenor.
The Company's outstanding shares of common stock increased by 479,977
shares and 1,918,882 shares in the twelve months ended December 31, 2002 and
2003, respectively issued in connection with the exercise of employee stock
options. The Company has reserved 1,736,077 shares of common stock for issuance
to certain employees and directors in connection with the 1999 Equity
Participation Plan.
85
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Preferred Stock
On May 17, 2000, the Company's shareholders authorized 10 million shares of
preferred stock, none of which have been issued.
NOTE 10: STOCK OPTION PLANS
Prior to the formation of the Company, certain employees participated in
one or more of the stock option plans of GTS. At the time of the IPO certain
employees that had been granted GTS options that would vest during the year
2000, surrendered those options and received restricted shares in GTI, which
vested on the second anniversary of the IPO. The maximum number of restricted
shares to be issued under this arrangement was 141,961. The total cost of this
restricted share program to the Company was $1.7 million (grant date fair value)
of which $0.6 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2001 and $1.1
million was recorded prior to 2001.
The Company has established the 1999 Equity Participation Plan of Golden
Telecom, Inc., (the "Option Plan"). The Company has granted and intends to offer
stock options to key employees, members of the Board of Directors of the
Company, and employees of its equity method investees. The Company recognized
$0.3 million and $0.5 million in compensation expense in the years ended
December 31, 2001 and 2002, respectively in connection with options granted to
employees of the Company's equity investees. Under the Option Plan not more than
4,023,551 shares of common stock (subject to anti-dilution and other adjustment
provisions) were authorized for issuance upon exercise of options or upon
vesting of restricted or deferred stock awards. Options granted under the Option
Plan vest over a three-year term from the date of grant with one-third vesting
after one year and one thirty-sixth vesting each month thereafter and expire ten
years from the date of grant.
When the Option Plan was adopted, the number of shares available for
issuance under the Option Plan was calculated as 15% of the issued and
outstanding shares on a fully diluted basis. In March 2001, the Compensation
Committee of the Board of Directors approved an increase in shares available for
issuance under the Equity Plan from 4,023,551 to 4,320,000 in order to preserve
the 15% ratio referenced above.
In March 2001, in connection with the finalization of the MCT transaction,
the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors adopted a resolution
providing that the Stock Option Award Agreements executed by the Company and
certain terminated employees shall be amended to provide that the term of the
options held by the employees that transferred from GTI to MCT shall be extended
from ninety days after the employees termination date to one year after the
termination date of the employees or until their termination date with MCT,
whichever occurs earlier. The fair value of the options for employees
transferred to MCT was not material at the date of modification. In April 2001,
in accordance with the Equity Plan, the Compensation Committee of the Board of
Directors adopted a resolution whereby the Stock Option Award Agreements issued
by the Company to employees were amended to provide that the term of the options
held by the employees shall be extended from ninety days after the employees
termination date to eighteen months after the termination date. No expense was
recognized as a result of this modification since the intrinsic value of the
outstanding options was zero on the measurement date.
The fair value of options granted under the GTI Option Plan in 2001 are
estimated between $7.31 and $8.89 per common share, in 2002 are estimated to be
$8.77 per common share and in 2003 are estimated to be between $9.39 and $15.05
per common share, on the date of grant using the Black Scholes option pricing
model with the following assumptions:
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------
2001 2002 2003
----- ---- ------------
Risk free interest rate......................... 4.84% 4.71% 2.89 - 3.55%
Dividend yield.................................. 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Expected life (years)........................... 3.0 3.0 3.0
Volatility...................................... 125% 123% 104 - 108%
86
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Additional information with respect to stock options activity is summarized
as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-----------------------
2002 2003
--------------------- -------------------------
WEIGHTED WEIGHTED
AVERAGE AVERAGE
EXERCISE EXERCISE
SHARES PRICE SHARES PRICE
--------- --------- ---------- --------
Outstanding at beginning of year.. 3,241,906 $ 12.75 2,657,073 $ 12.75
Options granted................... 125,000 12.00 195,000 14.56
Options exercised................. (479,977) 12.14 (1,918,882) 12.43
Options expired................... (12,438) 13.00 (20,054) 27.06
Options forfeited................. (217,418) 13.66 (8,865) 15.63
--------- ----------
Outstanding at end of year........ 2,657,073 12.75 904,272 13.48
========= ==========
Options exercisable at end of year 2,230,147 $ 12.72 566,324 $ 13.49
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding:
OPTIONS OUTSTANDING OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
------------------------------------ ------------------------
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE
REMAINING WEIGHTED WEIGHTED
CONTRACTUAL AVERAGE AVERAGE
EXERCISE PRICES NUMBER LIFE EXERCISE NUMBER EXERCISE
AT DECEMBER 31, 2003: OUTSTANDING (IN YEARS) PRICE EXERCISABLE PRICE
---------------------- ----------- ----------- --------- ----------- --------
$ 12.00 525,559 6.6 $ 12.00 382,611 $ 12.00
14.00 175,000 9.1 14.00 -- --
15.63 173,713 6.2 15.63 173,713 15.63
19.45 20,000 4.4 19.45 -- --
33.25 10,000 6.4 33.25 10,000 33.25
NOTE 11: INCOME TAXES
The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method required
by FASB Statement No. 109 "Accounting for Income Taxes".
The components of income (loss) before income taxes and minority interest
were as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------------------
2001 2002 2003
----------- ------------ ------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Pretax income (loss):
Domestic....... $ (16,121) $ 5,823 $ 5,754
Foreign........ (20,865) 28,141 67,560
----------- ------------ ------------
$ (36,986) $ 33,964 $ 73,314
=========== ============ ============
The following is the Company's significant components of the provision for
income taxes attributable to continuing operations:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
---------------------------------
2001 2002 2003
------- -------- ---------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Domestic - current............ $ 193 $ 16 $ --
Domestic - deferred........... -- -- (1,861)
Foreign - current............. 3,365 8,824 20,516
Foreign - deferred............ (1,656) (4,213) (1,256)
------- -------- ---------
$ 1,902 $ 4,627 $ 17,399
======= ======== =========
The Company paid income taxes of $2.7 million, $8.5 million and $17.5
million in 2001, 2002 and 2003, respectively.
87
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
United States ("US") taxable income or losses recorded are reported on the
Company's consolidated US income tax return. The Company was allocated its
proportionate share, $23.6 million, of GTS' US net operating loss carry-forwards
in 1999. As of December 31, 2003, the Company had net operating loss
carry-forwards for US federal income tax purposes of approximately $5.3 million
expiring in fiscal years 2010 through 2019. In the fourth quarter of 2003, the
Company recognized the full amount of US carry-forward tax losses resulting in a
deferred tax benefit of approximately $1.9 million.
The reconciliation of the US statutory federal tax rate of 35.0% to the
Company's effective tax rate is as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
--------------------------
2001 2002 2003
------ ----- -----
Tax benefit (expense) at US statutory rates............................. 35.0% (35.0)% (35.0)%
Non-deductible expenses/non-taxable income:
Amortization.......................................................... (11.4) (0.7) (0.4)
Equity in earnings.................................................... 7.7 5.8 --
Foreign exchange differences............................................ (0.6) (1.2) (0.1)
Different foreign tax rates............................................. (15.6) 7.7 9.3
Change in valuation allowance........................................... (2.2) 15.1 3.8
Other permanent differences............................................. (18.1) (5.3) (1.3)
----- ----- -----
Tax expense............................................................. (5.2)% (13.6)% (23.7)%
===== ===== ======
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on temporary
differences between book bases of assets and liabilities and their bases for
income tax purposes. The following table summarizes major components of the
Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities:
DECEMBER 31,
2002 2003
------------ --------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Deferred Tax Assets:
Net operating loss carry-forwards...... $ 7,534 $ 1,955
Accrued expenses....................... 2,035 2,525
Deferred revenue....................... 3,440 4,800
Fixed assets........................... 4,386 4,778
Other deferred tax assets.............. 1,312 1,117
Valuation allowance.................... (9,380) (6,587)
----------- ----------
Total deferred tax asset................. $ 9,328 $ 8,588
-========== ==========
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Accrued revenue........................ $ 756 $ --
Deferred expenses...................... 1,575 1,306
Intangible assets...................... 10,846 21,489
Other deferred tax liabilities......... 2,916 4,259
----------- ----------
Total deferred tax liability............. $ 16,093 $ 27,054
=========== ==========
Net deferred tax liability........... $ (6,765) $ (18,466)
=========== ==========
The following table presents the Company's deferred tax assets and
liabilities as of December 31, 2002 and 2003 attributable to different tax
paying components in different tax jurisdictions:
DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------
2002 2003
------------ ----------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Deferred Tax Assets:
US tax component....................... $ 4,102 $ 1,861
Foreign tax component.................. 14,606 13,314
Valuation allowance.................... (9,380) (6,587)
---------- ----------
Total deferred tax asset................. $ 9,328 $ 8,588
========== ==========
Deferred Tax Liability:
US tax component....................... $ -- $ --
Foreign tax component.................. 16,093 27,504
---------- ----------
Total deferred tax liability............. $ 16,093 $ 27,504
========== ==========
Net deferred tax liability........... $ (6,765) $ (18,466)
========== ==========
88
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
NOTE 12: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Leases
The Company has various cancelable and non-cancelable operating lease
agreements for equipment and office space with terms ranging from one to five
years. Rental expense for operating leases aggregated $4.2 million, $4.9
million, and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003,
respectively.
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases
with terms of one year or more, as of December 31, 2003, are as follows: 2004 --
$1.9 million, 2005 -- $1.3 million, 2006 -- $0.6 million, 2007 -- $0.1 million,
2008 -- none, and thereafter -- none.
Other Commitments and Contingencies
The Company has future purchase commitments of $8.4 million and $24.6
million as of December 31, 2002 and 2003, respectively.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company has issued financial
guarantees on debt for the benefit of certain of its non-consolidated ventures,
which is all collateralized by cash as described in Note 8. The Company expects
that all the collateralized debt will be repaid by the ventures. In addition,
the Company has issued guarantees for the benefit of certain of its consolidated
subsidiaries. The total amount guaranteed at December 31, 2003 was approximately
$2.4 million.
Major Customers
The Company had one major customer in the Carrier and Operator
reporting segment, representing $18.9 million, or 14%, of total revenues in
2001, $23.1 million, or 12%, of total revenues in 2002 and $27.6 million, or 8%,
of total revenue in 2003.
Tax Matters
The Company's policy is to accrue for contingencies in the accounting
period in which a liability is deemed probable and the amount is reasonably
determinable. In this regard, because of the uncertainties associated with the
Commonwealth of Independent States Taxes ("CIS Taxes"), the Company's final CIS
Taxes may be in excess of the estimated amount expensed to date and accrued at
December 31, 2002 and 2003. It is the opinion of management that the ultimate
resolution of the Company's CIS Tax liability, to the extent not previously
provided for, will not have a material effect on the financial condition of the
Company. However, depending on the amount and timing of an unfavorable
resolution of any contingencies associated with CIS Taxes, it is possible that
the Company's future results of operations or cash flows could be materially
affected in a particular period.
Russian Environment and Current Economic Situation
The Russian economy, while deemed to be of market status beginning in
2002, continues to display certain traits consistent with that of a market in
transition. These characteristics have in the past included higher than normal
historic inflation, lack of liquidity in the capital markets, and the existence
of currency controls which cause the national currency to be illiquid outside of
Russia. The continued success and stability of the Russian economy will be
significantly impacted by the government's continued actions with regard to
supervisory, legal, and economic reforms.
On January 1, 2004, a new law on telecommunications came into effect in
Russia. The law sets the legal basis for the telecommunications business in
Russia and defines the status that state bodies have in the telecommunications
sector. The Company cannot predict with any certainty how the new law will
affect the Company. The new law creates a new interconnect pricing regime in
2004 that should be more transparent and unified and it creates a universal
service charge calculated as a percentage of revenue which will be introduced
from 2005. The new law may increase the regulation of the Company's operations
and until such time as appropriate regulations consistent with the new law are
promulgated, there will be a period of confusion and ambiguity as regulators
interpret the legislation.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be party to various
legal and tax proceedings, and subject to claims, certain of which relate to the
developing markets and evolving fiscal and regulatory environments in which the
Company operates. In the opinion of management, the Company's liability, if any,
in all pending litigation, other legal proceeding or other matters, will not
have a material effect upon the financial condition, results of operations or
liquidity of the Company.
89
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
NOTE 13: RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Transactions with the Company's equity investees, GTS, Alfa affiliates,
Rostelecom, and Telenor were as follows, for the years ended December 31:
2001 2002 2003
------- ------- ------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Revenue from equity investees....................... $ 9,029 $ 7,499 $ 98
Revenue from GTS affiliates......................... 2,475 -- --
Revenue from Rostelecom............................ -- 446 575
Revenue from Telenor............................... -- -- 3
Revenue from Alfa affiliates........................ 127 1,102 1,134
------- ------- -------
$11,631 $ 9,047 $ 1,810
======= ======= =======
Cost of revenue from equity investees............... 10,056 8,527 4,790
Cost of revenue from GTS affiliates................. 850 -- --
Cost of revenue from Telenor........................ -- -- 27
Cost of revenue from Rostelecom..................... -- 5,154 16,860
------- ------- -------
$10,906 $13,681 $21,677
======= ======= ======
The revenue and cost of revenue from GTS affiliates included in the
income statement represents revenue and cost of revenue through October 2001.
GTS ceased to be a shareholder of GTI after this date.
The revenue from Alfa affiliates included in the income statement
represents revenue and cost of revenue from May 2001, the date Alfa became a
shareholder.
The revenue and cost of revenue from Rostelecom included in the income
statement represents revenue and cost of revenue from September 2002, the date
Rostelecom became a shareholder.
The revenue and cost of revenue from Telenor included in the income
statement represents revenue and cost of revenue from December 2003, the date
Telenor became a shareholder.
Included in other current assets at December 31, 2003 is approximately
$0.3 million of accounts receivable from Alfa affiliates, approximately $0.2
million of accounts receivable from Rostelecom, and approximately $0.1 million
of intercompany accounts receivable from Telenor.
The Company maintains bank accounts with Alfa Bank, which act as a
clearing agent for the payroll of the Russian staff of the Company. The balances
at these bank accounts were minimal at December 31, 2002 and 2003. In addition,
certain of the Company's Russian subsidiaries maintain current accounts with
Alfa. The amounts on deposit were approximately $0.7 million at December 31,
2002 and minimal at December 31, 2003.
The Company maintains bank accounts with International Moscow Bank. The
Company's Chief Executive Officer's spouse is a member of the Bank Board of
Directors of International Moscow Bank. The amounts on deposit were
approximately $5.1 million at December 31, 2003.
The Company incurred approximately $0.9 million in consulting costs
from an affiliate of Alfa in relation to investment transactions in Cityline,
Uralrelcom, and PTK during 2001, approximately $3.3 million in consulting costs
from an affiliate of Alfa in relation to the acquisition of the remaining 50% of
Sovintel previously held by Rostelecom in 2002 and approximately $0.3 million in
consulting costs from an affiliate of Alfa in relation to the acquisition of
Sibchallenge in 2003. In addition, the Company incurred approximately $0.1
million in consulting costs from an affiliate of Alfa related to a potential
acquisition that was subsequently withdrawn from the market.
The Company has entered into a consulting services agreement with Alfa
Bank. This consulting services agreement became effective on April 1, 2003 and
will terminate on December 31, 2004, unless terminated earlier pursuant to the
agreement. The agreement provides for compensation for the services, the total
amount of which shall not exceed $1.0 million for the provision of services from
April 1, 2003 to December 31, 2003 and an amount which shall not exceed $1.0
million for the provision of services from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2004.
In 2003, the Company expensed $0.8 million under the consulting services
agreement.
90
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
In September 2002, several Russian subsidiaries of the Company entered
into a one year agreement with OOO Alfa Insurance, an affiliate of Alfa, to
provide the Company's Russian employees with medical and dental insurance
services. The amount payable under this agreement is approximately $0.3 million
per annum. In December 2002, the Company entered into a one year agreement with
OOO Alfa Insurance, an affiliate of Alfa, to provide the Company with property
and equipment liability insurance. The amount payable under this agreement is
approximately $0.2 million per annum.
A member of the Company's executive management is a relative of the
general director of two Russian based telecommunications services providers. The
Company received revenue from these two telecommunications services providers in
the amount of approximately $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2003
and incurred costs to these two telecommunications services providers in the
amount of approximately $1.8 million dollars in the year ended December 31,
2003. At December 31, 2003, the Company had accounts receivable of approximately
$0.5 million and accounts payable of approximately $0.4 million with these two
telecommunications services providers.
The Company provides telecommunications services to a marketing firm
where the Chief Financial Officer's spouse is the Chief Executive Officer. The
Company received revenue of approximately $0.1 million for the year ended
December 31, 2003 from the marketing firm.
The Company issues loans to Russian employees principally to finance
the purchase of apartments in Russia. The amount of loans outstanding was
approximately $0.7 million at December 31, 2002 and approximately $0.6 million
at December 31, 2003. These loans typically have a 4% to 10% rate of interest
per annum and are typically payable over 3 years. In November 2002, the Company
issued an approximately $0.1 million loan to the Finance Director of Sovintel, a
wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.
NOTE 14: SEGMENT INFORMATION
LINE OF BUSINESS DATA
The Company operates in four segments within the telecommunications
industry. The four segments are: (1) Business and Corporate Services; (2)
Carrier and Operator Services; (3) Consumer Internet Services; and (4) Mobile
Services. The following tables present financial information for both
consolidated subsidiaries and equity investee ventures, segmented by the
Company's lines of businesses for the twelve months ended December 31, 2001,
2002 and 2003, respectively. Transfers between lines of businesses are included
in the adjustments to reconcile segment to consolidated results. The Company
evaluates performance based on the operating income (loss) of each strategic
business unit, among other performance measures. Prior to the completion of the
acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership interest in Sovintel and the
subsequent merger of TeleRoss into Sovintel in April 2003, the Company managed
business segments based on telecommunications products the Company provided. In
April 2003, the Company re-designed the business segments around customer
characteristics, and in accordance with SFAS No. 131, "Disclosures about
Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information", the Company has presented
the following four segments consistent with the information used by the chief
operating decision maker to manage the operations for purposes of making
operating decisions and allocating resources. The Company has restated segment
information for prior periods to conform to the presentation adopted in the
current period.
91
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE
BUSINESS SEGMENT TO
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
------------------------
BUSINESS CARRIER BUSINESS EQUITY
AND AND CONSUMER MOBILE CORPORATE & SEGMENT CONSOLIDATED METHOD AFFILIATE
CORPORATE OPERATOR INTERNET SERVICES ELIMINATIONS TOTAL RESULTS VENTURES ADJUSTMENTS
--------- -------- -------- -------- ------------ ----- ------- -------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS)
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2001
Revenue from external
customers ........... $ 123,554 $ 89,265 $13,842 $14,361 $ -- $241,022 $140,038 $(119,958) $ 18,974
Intersegment revenue... 402 382 -- -- (784) -- -- -- --
Impairment charge ..... -- -- 20,886 9,931 474 31,291 31,291 -- --
Operating income
(loss)............... 27,279 25,867 (33,418) (10,915) (23,177) (14,364) (45,271) (30,907) --
Identifiable assets.... 139,796 129,159 35,838 10,264 97,585 412,642 300,384 (112,258) --
Capital expenditures... 32,517 16,722 4,354 1,278 133 55,004 37,359 (17,645) --
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE
BUSINESS SEGMENT TO
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
------------------------
BUSINESS CARRIER BUSINESS EQUITY
AND AND CONSUMER MOBILE CORPORATE & SEGMENT CONSOLIDATED METHOD AFFILIATE
CORPORATE OPERATOR INTERNET SERVICES ELIMINATIONS TOTAL RESULTS VENTURES ADJUSTMENTS
--------- -------- -------- -------- ------------ ----- ------- -------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS)
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2002
Revenue from external
customers............ $ 149,170 $104,609 $21,800 $ 13,001 $ -- $288,580 $ 198,727 $ (105,861) $ 16,008
Intersegment revenue... 502 717 -- -- (1,219) -- -- -- --
Operating income
(loss)................ 36,975 28,620 (4,356) 3,553 (6,511) 58,281 31,430 (26,851) --
Identifiable assets.... 161,635 202,134 41,896 9,383 24,315 439,363 435,810 (3,552) --
Capital expenditures... 29,375 15,417 2,908 449 222 48,371 29,430 (18,941) --
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE
BUSINESS SEGMENT TO
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
------------------------
BUSINESS CARRIER BUSINESS EQUITY
AND AND CONSUMER MOBILE CORPORATE & SEGMENT CONSOLIDATED METHOD AFFILIATE
CORPORATE OPERATOR INTERNET SERVICES ELIMINATIONS TOTAL RESULTS VENTURES ADJUSTMENTS
--------- -------- -------- -------- ------------ ----- ------- -------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS)
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2003
Revenue from external
customers............ $ 188,087 $128,048 $ 30,775 $ 13,895 $ -- $360,805 $ 360,534 $ (4,861) $ 4,590
Intersegment revenue... 649 793 -- -- (1,442) -- -- -- --
Operating income
(loss)................ 47,603 26,503 (2,457) 5,278 (6,976) 69,951 69,731 (220) --
Identifiable assets.... 385,087 236,635 52,584 6,566 52,042 732,914 729,226 (3,688) --
Capital expenditures... 40,231 20,317 2,851 569 90 64,058 63,737 (321) --
92
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
GEOGRAPHIC DATA
Revenues from external customers are based on the location of the
operating company providing the service.
The Company operated within two main geographic regions of the CIS:
Russia and Ukraine. Geographic information as of December 31, 2001, 2002, and
2003 is as follows:
CORPORATE,
OTHER
COUNTRIES & CONSOLIDATED
RUSSIA UKRAINE ELIMINATIONS RESULTS
-------- -------- --------------- ---------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001
Revenue .................. $104,461 $ 37,954 $ (2,377) $ 140,038
Long-lived assets ........ 177,757 26,318 783 204,858
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2002
Revenue .................. $166,319 $ 35,488 $ (3,080) $ 198,727
Long-lived assets ........ 275,209 24,541 1,512 301,262
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2003
Revenue .................. $318,426 $ 44,524 $ (2,416) $ 360,534
Long-lived assets ........ 509,339 24,236 2,886 536,461
NOTE 15: SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
The following table summarizes significant non-cash investing and
financing activities for the Company.
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
-------------------
2002 2003
-------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Issuance of common stock in connection
with acquisitions .................. $ 50,663 $193,485
Amounts payable in connection with
business acquisitions .............. 3,500 --
Capitalized leased assets ............ -- 420
NOTE 16: OTHER TRANSACTIONS
Impairment
In the fourth quarter of 2001, the Company recorded an impairment
charge in the amount of $10.4 million in association with the Company's mobile
operations in Ukraine. In 2001, the mobile operation in Ukraine became subject
to strong competitive and regulatory pressures, the Company's average revenue
per user ("ARPU") declined significantly and the mobile operations business
segment recorded an operating loss for the first time. The undiscounted cash
flow analysis performed by the Company indicated that carrying value of the
mobile long-lived assets was not recoverable. The Company recognized the loss as
an impairment charge, calculated as the difference between the carrying amount
and the fair value of the assets. Fair value was assessed by discounting the
future cash flows associated with the assets. The components of the impairment
charge includes a write-down of net property, plant and equipment by $8.4
million, net licenses by $1.5 million and net goodwill associated with the
mobile operations of $0.5 million. This impairment charge is classified in the
Mobile Services division.
93
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
In addition to the traditional voice and data service provision, GTI
has been actively pursuing a strategy of developing non-traditional telecom
service offerings including those related to the Internet, such as web hosting,
web design, and vertical and horizontal Internet portal development. To this
end, GTI acquired InfoArt Stars and the Agama family of Web properties to add to
the Russia-On-Line Internet portal, which also incorporates some of the other
acquisitions made in the year ended December 31, 2000, referat.ru, Absolute
Games and Fintek. In line with experience outside of Russia, the Company has not
seen the rapid development of Internet based services that was expected. During
2001, Internet based advertising and e-commerce revenues had not developed to
significant levels. The undiscounted cash flow analysis, based on the 5-year
business plan approved in the fourth quarter of 2001, performed by the Company
indicated that carrying value of the long-lived portal assets was impaired. The
Company recognized the loss as an impairment charge, calculated as the
difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the assets. Fair
value was assessed by discounting the future cash flows associated with the
assets. As a result, GTI recorded an impairment charge of $20.9 million. The
impairment charge represents a write-down of Internet Content and Related
Software, which was classified as Other Intangible Assets in the balance sheet
and was included in the operating results of the Company's Consumer Internet
business segment.
NOTE 17: QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
Summarized quarterly financial data is as follows:
ACTUAL
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED
----------------------------------
MARCH 31, JUNE 30, SEPTEMBER 30, DECEMBER 31,
2002 2002 2002 2002
--------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Revenues ............................... $ 36,350 $ 39,217 $ 46,376 $ 76,784
Cost of Revenues ....................... 15,370 17,556 21,617 36,646
Gross Margin ........................... 20,980 21,661 24,759 40,138
Selling, general and administrative .... 9,687 10,237 10,792 15,431
Net income ............................. 6,206 2,754 7,879 12,945
Net income per share - basic(1) ........ $ 0.28 $ 0.12 $ 0.32 $ 0.48
ACTUAL
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED
----------------------------------
MARCH 31, JUNE 30, SEPTEMBER 30, DECEMBER 31,
2003 2003 2003 2003
--------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Revenues ............................... $ 78,376 $ 80,762 $ 90,095 $ 111,301
Cost of Revenues ....................... 37,299 39,436 44,883 59,467
Gross Margin ........................... 41,077 41,326 45,212 51,834
Selling, general and administrative .... 13,438 13,385 15,764 21,797
Net income ............................. 12,820 11,835 12,506 18,274
Net income per share - basic(1) ........ $ 0.47 $ 0.43 $ 0.44 $ 0.59
(1) The sum of the earnings per share for the four quarters will generally not
equal earnings per share for the total year due to changes in the average
number of common shares outstanding.
NOTE 18: SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
In February 2004, the Company completed the acquisition of ST-Holdings,
a Czech company that owns approximately 50% plus one share in ZAO
Samara-Telecom, a telecommunications service provider in Samara, Russia from
SMARTS and individual owners for approximately $4.8 million in cash.
In February 2004, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a cash
dividend of $0.20 per common share to shareholders of record as of March 18,
2004. The total amount payable to shareholders will be approximately $7.2
million.
In the first quarter of 2004, the Company expects to incur a
reorganization charge in the range of approximately $2.0 million to
approximately $3.0 million for headcount reductions in association with the
operational integration of Comincom.
94
AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001 AND THE PERIOD FROM JANUARY 1 TO
SEPTEMBER 16, 2002
WITH REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
95
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
The Board of Directors
EDN Sovintel LLC
We have audited the accompanying statements of income and cash flows of
EDN Sovintel LLC for the year ended December 31, 2001 and for the period from
January 1 to September 16, 2002. These financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally
accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a
test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and
significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present
fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations of EDN Sovintel LLC
and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2001 and for the period from
January 1 to September 16, 2002, in conformity with accounting principles
generally accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG (CIS) LIMITED
Moscow, Russia
March 6, 2003
96
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
STATEMENTS OF INCOME
PERIOD FROM
YEAR ENDED JANUARY 1 TO
DECEMBER 31, SEPTEMBER 16,
2001 2002
--------------- ---------------
(IN THOUSANDS OF US$)
REVENUES:
Telecommunication services ............... $ 108,363 $ 96,610
Revenue from affiliates .................. 7,343 4,651
--------------- ---------------
115,706 101,261
OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Service costs (excluding depreciation) ... 63,909 56,013
Selling, general and administrative
(excluding depreciation).................. 13,025 11,856
Depreciation ............................. 9,025 7,517
--------------- ---------------
TOTAL OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES .......... 85,959 75,386
--------------- ---------------
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS ...................... 29,747 25,875
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE):
Interest income .......................... 321 508
Interest expense ......................... (12) (3)
Foreign currency losses .................. (355) (618)
--------------- ---------------
TOTAL OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) ................ (46) (113)
--------------- ---------------
Net income before taxes ..................... 29,701 25,762
Income taxes ................................ 7,490 6,647
--------------- ---------------
NET INCOME .................................. $ 22,211 $ 19,115
=============== ===============
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
97
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
PERIOD FROM
YEAR ENDED JANUARY 1 TO
DECEMBER 31, SEPTEMBER 16,
2001 2002
------------- -------------
(IN THOUSANDS OF US$)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income ............................................ $ 22,211 $ 19,115
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash
provided by operating activities:
Depreciation ........................................ 9,025 7,517
Deferred income taxes ............................... 1,175 (2,193)
Provision for doubtful accounts ..................... 708 --
Provision for obsolete inventory .................... 200 650
Foreign exchange loss ............................... 355 618
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable ................................. (2,175) (6,407)
Inventories ......................................... (4,220) 2,459
Inventory consigned to others ....................... (1,063) 1,063
Prepaid expenses and other assets ................... (843) 119
VAT receivable, net ................................. 2,185 (26)
Trade payables ...................................... 4,532 5,377
Accrued liabilities and other payables .............. 2,645 1,093
Decrease amounts due to affiliated companies, net ... (607) (1,239)
------------- -------------
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES ............. 34,128 28,146
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of property and equipment ................. (17,059) (18,126)
Loan to affiliated company .......................... -- (9,983)
------------- -------------
NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES ................. (17,059) (28,109)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Payment of debt ..................................... (22) --
Payment of dividends ................................ (4,000) (4,000)
------------- -------------
NET CASH USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES ................. (4,022) (4,000)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash ............... (267) (204)
------------- -------------
Net (decrease) increase in cash ....................... 12,780 (4,167)
Cash at beginning of period ........................... 4,013 16,793
------------- -------------
CASH AT END OF PERIOD ................................. $ 16,793 $ 12,626
============= =============
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
98
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(US$ AMOUNTS EXPRESSED IN THOUSANDS)
NOTE 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
EDN Sovintel LLC (the "Company", "Sovintel"), which became a wholly
owned subsidiary of Golden Telecom, Inc. ("GTI") on September 17, 2002, was
created in 1990 to design, construct, and operate a telecommunications network
in Moscow and later expanded its operations to other regions of Russia,
including St. Petersburg, Pskov and Kaliningrad. This network provides worldwide
communications services, principally to major hotels, business offices and
mobile communication companies.
Effective September 17, 2002, subsidiaries of GTI completed the
acquisition of the remaining 50% of the Company previously held by Open Joint
Stock Company Rostelecom ("Rostelecom"), pursuant to an Ownership Interest
Purchase Agreement, dated March 13, 2002, by and among subsidiaries of GTI and
Rostelecom, bringing GTI's ownership interest in the Company to 100%.
The accompanying financial statements are presented for purposes of
complying with the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
for separate financial statements under Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X. In that
regard, the statements of operations and cash flows for 2002 have been presented
for the period from January 1 to September 16, 2002.
NOTE 2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The Company maintains its records and prepares its financial statements
in Russian rubles in accordance with the requirements of Russian accounting and
tax legislation. The accompanying financial statements differ from the financial
statements used for statutory purposes in Russia in that they reflect certain
adjustments, not recorded on the Company's books, which are appropriate to
present the financial position, results of operations and cash flows in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of
America ("US GAAP"). The principal adjustments are related to revenue
recognition, certain accrued expenses, foreign currency translation, deferred
taxation, and depreciation and valuation of property and equipment.
NOTE 3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with US GAAP,
requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts
reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results
could differ from those estimates.
Foreign Currency Translation
The Company's functional currency is the US dollar because the majority
of its revenues, costs, property and equipment purchased, and debt and trade
liabilities are either priced, incurred, payable or otherwise measured in US
dollars. Accordingly, transactions and balances not already measured in US
dollars (primarily Russian rubles) have been re-measured into US dollars in
accordance with the relevant provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards ("SFAS") No. 52, "Foreign Currency Translation".
Under SFAS No. 52, revenues, costs, capital and non-monetary assets and
liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates prevailing on the
transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities are translated at exchange
rates prevailing on the balance sheet date. Exchange gains and losses arising
from re-measurement of monetary assets and liabilities that are not denominated
in US dollars are credited or charged to operations.
The ruble is not a convertible currency outside the territory of
Russia. Official exchange rates are determined daily by the Central Bank of
Russia ("CBR") and were considered to be a reasonable approximation of market
rates until mid-August 1998. Since that date, liquidity in the CBR currency
trading and inter-bank trading has varied as have bid and offer exchange rates.
As a result, the market rates have fluctuated significantly and have diverged
from the CBR rate. Nonetheless, the various market-related rates are based on
the CBR rate. Accordingly, CBR rates have been used for translation purposes in
these financial statements. The translation of ruble denominated assets and
liabilities into US dollars for the purpose of these financial statements does
not indicate that the Company could realize or settle in US dollars the reported
values of the assets and liabilities. Likewise, it does not indicate that the
Company could return or distribute the reported US dollar values of capital and
retained earnings to its shareholders.
The official exchange rate as of December 31, 2001 and September 16,
2002 was 30.14 and 31.64 rubles per US dollar, respectively.
99
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at their historical cost.
Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method over the following
estimated useful lives:
Network equipment...................................... 10 years
Other property and equipment........................... 3-5 years
There is no depreciation charge for construction-in-progress.
Depreciation commences upon completion of the related project.
Revenue Recognition
The Company records as revenue the amount of telecommunications
rendered, as measured primarily by the minutes of traffic processed, after
deducting an estimate of the traffic that are partial minutes and test traffic
which will be neither billed nor collected. Revenue from service contracts is
accounted for when the services are provided. Billings received in advance of
service being performed are deferred and recognized as revenue as the service is
performed. Revenues are stated net of any value-added-taxes ("VAT") charged to
customers. Certain other taxes that are based on revenues during 2001 and for
the period from January 1 to September 16, 2002, amounted to $1,131 and $1,016,
respectively, and are charged to selling, general and administrative expenses
since these are incidental to the revenue cycle.
The Company has deferred telecommunication connection fees and
capitalized direct incremental costs related to connection fees, not exceeding
the revenue deferred. The deferral of revenue and capitalization of cost of
revenue is recognized over the estimated life of the customer, three years.
The Company recognizes revenue from equipment sales when title to the
equipment passes to the customer. The Company defers the revenue on installed
equipment until installation and testing are completed and accepted by the
customer.
Advertising
The Company expenses the cost of advertising as incurred. Advertising
expenses for the year ended December 31, 2001 and for the period from January 1
to September 16, 2002 were $934 and $1,286, respectively, and are included in
selling, general and administrative expenses.
Income Taxes
The Company computes and records income taxes in accordance with SFAS
No. 109, "Accounting for Income Taxes."
Government Pension Funds
The Company contributes to the Russian Federation state pension fund,
social fund, medical insurance fund, unemployment fund and transport fund on
behalf of all its Russian employees. The contributions are expensed as incurred.
Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business
enterprise during a period from non-owner sources. For the year ended December
31, 2001 and for the period from January 1 to September 16, 2002, comprehensive
income for the Company is equal to net income.
NOTE 4. INCOME TAXES
The Russian Federation was the only tax jurisdiction in which the
Company's income was taxed. The income tax expense reported in the accompanying
statements of income, for the year ended December 31, 2001 and for the period
January 1 to September 16, 2002, represents the provision for current and
deferred taxes.
100
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Significant components of the provision for income taxes for the years
ended December 31, 2001 and for the period ended January 1 to September 16, 2002
are as follows:
2001 2002
------- -------
Current tax expense.......... $ 6,315 $ 8,840
Deferred tax expense
(benefit)................. 1,175 (2,193)
------- -------
Provision for income taxes... $ 7,490 $ 6,647
======= =======
A reconciliation between the statutory rate and the effective income
tax rate is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2001 and for the period
January 1 to September 16, 2002:
2001 2002
-------- -------
Income tax expense at statutory tax rate of 30% from April
1, 1999 through December 31, 2000, 35% in 2001, and
24% from January 1 through September 16, 2002 ................... $ 10,395 $ 6,183
Tax effect of permanent differences:
Effect of change in tax rate .................................. 304 --
Investment incentive deductions ............................... (4,563) --
Depreciation differences due to revaluation of
fixed assets ................................................ 1,010 708
Taxes on local currency exchange gains ........................ 596 358
Other permanent differences ................................... 928 576
Increase (decrease) in the valuation allowance for
deferred tax assets ........................................... (1,180) (1,178)
-------- -------
Income tax expense reported in the financial
statements ................................................... $ 7,490 $ 6,647
======== =======
The Company paid Russian profits tax of $4,572 for 2001 and $9,657 in
for the period from January 1 to September 16, 2002, respectively.
NOTE 5. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Transactions and balances with Rostelecom (one of the Company's members
prior to September 17, 2002) and its affiliates were as follows, as of and for
the years ended December 31, 2001 and for the period from January 1 to September
16, 2002:
2001 2002
-------- --------
Sales.............................. $ 854 $ 155
Telecommunication lease and traffic
costs.......................... 11,723 7,056
Transactions and balances with GTI and its affiliates were as follows,
as of and for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 2001 and the eight and a
half months ended September 16, 2002:
2001 2002
------- -------
Sales............................................... $ 6,489 $ 4,496
Telecommunication services.......................... 8,902 7,387
Management service fees and reimbursements of
expenses of expatriate staff....................... 468 452
The Company held a portion of cash and cash equivalents in Alfa Bank,
which is a major shareholder of GTI. The related amount of cash and cash
equivalents held at Alfa Bank at December 31, 2001 was $6,460.
In July 2002, the Company entered into a short-term loan agreement with
TeleRoss LLC ("TeleRoss"), a wholly owned subsidiary of GTI. Under this
agreement the Company provided TeleRoss with a working capital loan in the
amount of 315.5 million rubles (equal to approximately $9,970, at applicable
exchange rate at September 16, 2002) to be repaid by March 31, 2003. The Company
and TeleRoss have the right to prolong the term of the loan for one month and
the number of such prolongations is not limited. The loan bears an interest rate
of 21% per annum calculated based on the ruble denominated loan principle. The
interest is payable monthly starting October 2002. The Company included the
respective accrued interest income of $70 in the accompanying statement of
income for the period from January 1 to September 16, 2002.
101
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
NOTE 6. CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK AND MAJOR CUSTOMERS
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to
concentration of credit risk consist primarily of temporary cash deposits and
trade accounts receivable. The Company deposits the majority of its available
cash with two foreign-owned financial institutions in Russia and maintains
certain balances with several Russian financial institutions. The Company's
sales and accounts receivable are made to and due from a variety of
international and Russian business customers within Russia. As of December 31,
2001, one customer accounted for 10% of revenues and 6% of accounts receivable
and that same customer accounted for 8% of revenue and 9% of accounts receivable
September 16, 2002. The Company has no other significant concentrations of
credit risk except for transactions with related parties as discussed in Note 7.
NOTE 7. COMMITMENTS
The Company has several cancelable operating leases for office and
warehouse space and telecommunications lines with terms ranging from one to five
years.
Total rent expense for 2001 and the period from January 1 to September
16, 2002 was $2,860 and $2,549, respectively.
NOTE 8. CONTINGENCIES
The tax, legal and banking regulatory system continues to evolve in the
Russian Federation as the Russian government manages the transformation from a
command to a market-oriented economy. There were many new tax and foreign
currency laws and related regulations introduced during 2001, 2002 and previous
years which were not always clearly written and were, at times, conflicting. In
addition, their interpretation is subject to the opinions of a variety of local,
regional and federal tax inspectors, the Central Bank of Russia officials and
the Ministry of Finance. Instances of inconsistent opinions among and between
these authorities are not unusual.
The Company's policy is to accrue contingencies in the accounting
period in which a loss is deemed probable and the amount is reasonably
determinable. In this regard, because of the uncertainties associated with the
Russian tax and legal systems, the ultimate taxes as well as penalties and
interest, if any, assessed may be in excess of the amounts paid to date and
accrued as of September 16, 2002. Management believes, based upon its best
estimates, that the Company has paid or accrued all taxes that are applicable
for the current and prior years, and complied with all essential provisions of
laws and regulations of the Russian Federation. In management's opinion, the
ultimate determination of the Company's overall tax liability and potential loss
contingencies, to the extent not previously provided for, will not have a
material effect on the financial position of the Company.
The Company's operations and financial position will continue to be
affected by Russian political developments including the application of existing
and future legislation and tax regulations, which significantly impact the
Russian economy. The likelihood of such occurrences and their effect on the
Company could have a significant impact on the Company's current activity and
its overall ability to continue operations. The Company does not believe that
these contingencies, as related to its operations, are any more significant than
those of similar enterprises in Russia.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be party to various
legal and tax proceedings, and subject to claims, certain of which relate to the
developing markets and evolving fiscal and regulatory environments in which the
Company operates. In the opinion of the management, the Company's liability, if
any, in all pending litigation, other legal proceeding or other matter other
than what is discussed above, will not have a material effect upon the financial
condition, results of operations or liquidity of the Company.
102
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's Chief
Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness
of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2003.
Based on this evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief
Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and
procedures were effective as of December 31, 2003. There were no material
changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the
fourth quarter of 2003.
103
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
The information required by Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference
to the section entitled "Directors and Executive Officers of the Company" of our
proxy statement for our 2004 Annual Meeting of Shareholders that we will file by
April 30, 2004.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference
to the section entitled "Executive Compensation" of our proxy statement for our
2004 Annual Meeting of Shareholders that we will file by April 30, 2004.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND
RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference
to the section entitled "Security Ownership and Certain Beneficial Owners and
Management" of our proxy statement for our 2004 Annual Meeting of Shareholders
that we will file by April 30, 2004.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
The information required by Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference
to the section entitled "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" of our
proxy statement for our 2004 Annual Meeting of Shareholders that we will file by
April 30, 2004.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference
to the section entitled "Principal Accountant Fees and Services" of our proxy
statement for our 2004 Annual Meeting of Shareholders that we will file by April
30, 2004.
104
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBIT, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K.
a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:
1. Financial Statements
The following consolidated financial statements of the Company are
included as part of this document:
- Report of Independent Auditors
- Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2002 and 2003
- Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended
December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003
- Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended
December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003
- Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for
the years ended December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following financial statements of our significant equity method
investee until September 16, 2002, EDN Sovintel LLC, are included as
part of this document:
- Report of Independent Auditors
- Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2002 and
the period from January 1 to September 16, 2002
- Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2002
and the period from January 1 to September 16, 2002
- Notes to Financial Statements
2. Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules
We have furnished Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts on
Page 108.
All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or not
required, or because the required information is either incorporated
herein by reference or included in the financial statements or notes
thereto included in this report.
b.) Reports on Form 8-K filed in the fourth quarter of 2003:
DATE OF REPORT SUBJECT OF REPORT
-------------- -----------------
October 10, 2003 Update of consents for certain financial
statements.
October 31, 2003 Update of consents for certain financial
statements.
November 4, 2003 Golden Telecom, Inc. announces negotiations with
Hudson Telecom, Inc.
November 5, 2003 Furnished Golden Telecom, Inc. press release
announcing third quarter 2003 results.
November 13, 2003 Announcing that Golden Telecom, Inc.'s designated
representatives will participate in the US-Russian
Investment Symposium.
December 1, 2003 Press release announcing the acquisition of 100%
of
105
OAO Comincom from Telenor.
December 5, 2003 Announcing that Golden Telecom, Inc.'s designated
representatives will participate in a press
conference in Moscow, Russia to discuss the
acquisition of 100% of OAO Comincom.
December 15, 2003 Acquisition of OAO Comincom.
c) Exhibits
Exhibit
Number Description of Exhibit
------ ----------------------
3.1** Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Golden
Telecom, Inc.
3.2** Amended and Restated By-laws of Golden Telecom, Inc.
4.1** Specimen certificate representing shares of Common Stock
10.1*** Shareholders Agreement among Golden Telecom, Inc., Alfa Telecom
Limited, Nye Telenor East Invest AS, OAO Rostelecom, Capital
International Global Emerging Markets Private Equity Fund, L.P.,
Cavendish Nominees Limited and First NIS Regional Fund SICAV.
10.2*** Registration Rights Agreement among Golden Telecom, Inc., Alfa
Telecom Limited, Nye Telenor East Invest AS, OAO Rostelecom,
Capital International Global Emerging Markets Private Equity
Fund, L.P., Cavendish Nominees Limited and First NIS Regional
Fund SICAV.
10.3*** Standstill Agreement among Golden Telecom, Inc., Alfa Telecom
Limited, Nye Telenor East Invest AS, OAO Rostelecom, Capital
International Global Emerging Markets Private Equity Fund, L.P.,
Cavendish Nominees Limited and First NIS Regional Fund SICAV.
10.4(a)***** Golden Telecom, Inc. 1999 Equity Participation Plan.
10.4(b)****** Amendment to the Golden Telecom, Inc. 1999 Equity Participation
Plan.
10.5**** Form of Employment Agreement for the officers of Golden Telecom,
Inc.
10.6* List of officers of Golden Telecom, Inc. as of December 31, 2003
who have signed substantially the same Employment Agreement, re
Exhibit 10.5 above.
21.1* List of subsidiaries of Golden Telecom, Inc.
23.1* Consent of Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, Independent Auditors
(Golden Telecom, Inc.).
23.2* Consent of Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, Independent Auditors
(EDN Sovintel LLC).
24* Powers of Attorney (included on signature page).
31.1* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section
302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section
302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section
906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section
906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
----------
* Filed herewith.
** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibit to the
Company's registration statement on Form S-1 dated July 14, 1999 and
amendments (Commission File No. 333-82791).
*** Incorporated by reference to the Company's current report on Form 8-K dated
August 19, 2003 (Commission File 0-27423).
**** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibit to
the Company's annual report on Form 10-K dated March 21, 2000 (Commission
File No. 0-27423).
***** Incorporated by reference to the Company's definitive proxy statement
on Form DEF-14A dated April 25, 2000 (Commission File No. 0-27423).
****** Incorporated by reference to the Company's definitive proxy statement
on Form DEF-14A dated May 23, 2001 (Commission File No. 0-27423).
106
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this
report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized,
in the City of Moscow, Russian Federation, on this 12th day of March, 2004.
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
By: /s/DAVID STEWART
-----------------------------------------
Name: David Stewart
Title: Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(Principal Financial Officer)
By: /s/MICHAEL WILSON
----------------------------------------
Name: Michael Wilson
Title: Corporate Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)
We, the undersigned officers and directors of Golden Telecom, Inc.
hereby severally constitute and appoint, Jeffrey A. Riddell, and David Stewart
and each of them singly, as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agents with
full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him, and in his name, place
and stead, in any and all capacities to sign any and all amendments and
supplements to this annual report on Form 10-K and all amendments thereto, and
to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all other documents in
connection therewith, in each case, with our names and on our behalf in our
capacities as officers and directors to enable Golden Telecom, Inc. to comply
with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and all
requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and
confirming our signatures as they may be signed by our said attorney to said
annual report on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
this report has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities
indicated on the 12th day of March, 2004.
SIGNATURE TITLE DATE
--------- ----- ----
/s/ALEXANDER VINOGRADOV President, Chief Executive March 12, 2004
--------------------------- Officer and Director
Alexander Vinogradov (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/PETER AVEN Chairman of the Board March 12, 2004
---------------------------------- of Directors
Peter Aven
/s/VLADIMIR ANDROSIK Director March 12, 2004
-----------------------------------
Vladimir Androsik
/s/MICHAEL CALVEY Director March 12, 2004
----------------------------------
Michael Calvey
/s/ASHLEY DUNSTER Director March 12, 2004
----------------------------------
Ashley Dunster
/s/DAVID HERMAN Director March 12, 2004
-----------------------------------
David Herman
/s/KJELL MORTEN JOHNSEN Director March 12, 2004
-----------------------------------
Kjell Morten Johnsen
/s/ANDREI KOSOGOV Director March 12, 2004
-----------------------------------
Andrei Kosogov
/s/MICHAEL NORTH Director March 12, 2004
------------------------------------
Michael North
/s/JAN EDVARD THYGESEN Director March 12, 2004
------------------------------------
Jan Edvard Thygesen
107
SCHEDULE II -- VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
COL. A COL. B COL. C COL. D COL. E
------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ----------- ----------
ADDITIONS
-------------------------
BALANCE AT CHARGED TO RESERVES BALANCE AT
BEGINNING COSTS AND FROM END
DESCRIPTION OF PERIOD EXPENSES ACQUISITIONS DEDUCTIONS OF PERIOD
------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ----------- ----------
Allowance for doubtful accounts
at 12/31/03.................... 8,686 3,592 2,966 (1,348) 13,896
Allowance for doubtful accounts
at 12/31/02.................... 3,800 2,061 4,539 (1,714) 8,686
Allowance for doubtful accounts
at 12/31/01.................... 3,124 2,548 52 (1,924) 3,800
108
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
Number Description of Exhibit
------ ----------------------
3.1** Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Golden
Telecom, Inc.
3.2** Amended and Restated By-laws of Golden Telecom, Inc.
4.1** Specimen certificate representing shares of Common Stock
10.1*** Shareholders Agreement among Golden Telecom, Inc., Alfa Telecom
Limited, Nye Telenor East Invest AS,OAO Rostelecom, Capital
International Global Emerging Markets Private Equity Fund, L.P.,
Cavendish Nominees Limited and First NIS Regional Fund SICAV.
10.2*** Registration Rights Agreement among Golden Telecom, Inc., Alfa
Telecom Limited, Nye Telenor East Invest AS, OAO Rostelecom,
Capital International Global Emerging Markets Private Equity
Fund, L.P., Cavendish Nominees Limited and First NIS Regional
Fund SICAV.
10.3*** Standstill Agreement among Golden Telecom, Inc., Alfa Telecom
Limited, Nye Telenor East Invest AS, OAO Rostelecom, Capital
International Global Emerging Markets Private Equity Fund, L.P.,
Cavendish Nominees Limited and First NIS Regional Fund SICAV.
10.4(a)***** Golden Telecom, Inc. 1999 Equity Participation Plan.
10.4(b)****** Amendment to the Golden Telecom, Inc. 1999 Equity Participation
Plan.
10.5**** Form of Employment Agreement for the officers of Golden Telecom,
Inc.
10.6* List of officers of Golden Telecom, Inc. as of December 31, 2003
who have signed substantially the same Employment Agreement, re
Exhibit 10.5 above.
21.1* List of subsidiaries of Golden Telecom, Inc.
23.1* Consent of Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, Independent Auditors
(Golden Telecom, Inc.).
23.2* Consent of Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, Independent Auditors
(EDN Sovintel LLC).
24* Powers of Attorney (included on signature page).
31.1* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section
302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section
302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section
906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section
906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
----------
* Filed herewith.
** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibit to
the Company's registration statement on Form S-1 dated July 14, 1999
and amendments (Commission File No. 333-82791).
*** Incorporated by reference to the Company's current report on Form 8-K
dated August 19, 2003 (Commission File 0-27423).
**** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibit to
the Company's annual report on Form 10-K dated March 21, 2000
(Commission File No. 0-27423).
***** Incorporated by reference to the Company's definitive proxy statement
on Form DEF-14A dated April 25, 2000 (Commission File No. 0-27423).
****** Incorporated by reference to the Company's definitive proxy statement
on Form DEF-14A dated May 23, 2001 (Commission File No. 0-27423).
109