UNITED
STATES
SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington,
D.C. 20549
____________________
FORM
10-K
(Mark
One)
|
þ
|
ANNUAL
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT
OF 1934
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For
the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007
or
o
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TRANSITION
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT
OF 1934
|
For
the transition period from
to
Commission
file number: 1-9813
GENENTECH,
INC.
(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)
A
Delaware Corporation
(State
or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
|
94-2347624
(I.R.S.
Employer Identification No.)
|
1
DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
(Address
of principal executive offices)
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94080
(Zip
Code)
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(650) 225-1000
(Registrant’s
telephone number, including area code)
Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each
Class
|
Name of Each Exchange
on Which Registered
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Common
Stock, $0.02 par value
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New
York Stock Exchange
|
Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title
of class)
Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in
Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes þ No o
Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to
Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No þ
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to
be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to
such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o
Indicate
by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of
Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements
incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any
amendment to this Form 10-K. þ
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an
accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated
filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check
one):
Large
accelerated filer þ
|
Accelerated
filer o
|
Non-accelerated
filer o
|
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2 of Act). Yes o No þ
The
aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30,
2007 was $35,196,069,756.(A) All
executive officers and directors of the registrant and Roche Holdings, Inc. have
been deemed, solely for the purpose of the foregoing calculation, to be
“affiliates” of the registrant.
Number
of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of February 12,
2008: 1,053,124,320
Documents
incorporated by reference:
Portions
of the Definitive Proxy Statement with respect to the 2008 Annual
Meeting of Stockholders to be filed by Genentech, Inc. with the Securities
and Exchange Commission (hereinafter referred to as “Proxy
Statement”)
|
Part III
|
________________________
(A)
|
Excludes
587,250,021 shares of Common Stock held by directors and executive
officers of Genentech and Roche Holdings,
Inc.
|
GENENTECH,
INC.
2007
Form 10-K Annual Report
Table
of Contents
Page
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Item 1
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1
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Item 1A
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11
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Item 1B
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24
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Item 2
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24
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Item 3
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25
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Item 4
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27
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28
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Item 5
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30
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Item 6
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32
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Item 7
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33
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Item 7A
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64
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Item 8
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67
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Item 9
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107
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Item 9A
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107
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Item 9B
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109
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Item 10
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110
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Item 11
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110
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Item 12
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110
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Item 13
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110
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Item 14
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110
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Item 15
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111
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115
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In
this report, “Genentech,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Genentech,
Inc. “Common Stock” refers to Genentech’s Common Stock, par value $0.02 per
share, “Special Common Stock” refers to Genentech’s callable putable common
stock, par value $0.02 per share, all of which was redeemed by Roche Holdings,
Inc. (RHI) on June 30, 1999.
We
own or have rights to various copyrights, trademarks, and trade names used in
our business, including the following: Activase® (alteplase, recombinant)
tissue-plasminogen activator; Avastin® (bevacizumab) anti-VEGF antibody;
Cathflo® Activase® (alteplase for catheter clearance); Genentech®, Herceptin®
(trastuzumab) anti-HER2 antibody; Lucentis® (ranibizumab) anti-VEGF antibody
fragment; Nutropin® (somatropin [rDNA origin] for injection) growth hormone;
Nutropin AQ® and Nutropin AQ Pen® (somatropin [rDNA origin] for injection)
liquid formulation growth hormone; Pulmozyme® (dornase alfa, recombinant)
inhalation solution; Raptiva® (efalizumab) anti-CD11a antibody; and TNKase®
(tenecteplase) single-bolus thrombolytic agent. Rituxan® (rituximab) anti-CD20
antibody is a registered trademark of Biogen Idec Inc.; Tarceva® (erlotinib) is
a registered trademark of OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and Xolair® (omalizumab)
anti-IgE antibody is a registered trademark of Novartis AG. This report also
includes other trademarks, service marks, and trade names of other
companies.
Overview
Genentech
is a leading biotechnology company that discovers, develops, manufactures, and
commercializes pharmaceutical products to treat patients with significant unmet
medical needs. A number of the currently approved biotechnology products
originated from or are based on Genentech science. We commercialize multiple
biotechnology products and also receive royalties from companies that are
licensed to market products based on our technology. See “Marketed Products” and
“Licensed Products” below. Genentech was organized in 1976 as a California
corporation and was reincorporated in Delaware in 1987.
Marketed
Products
We
commercialize the pharmaceutical products listed below in the United States
(U.S.):
Avastin (bevacizumab) is an
anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) humanized antibody approved for
use in combination with intravenous 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy as a
treatment for patients with first- or second-line metastatic cancer of the colon
or rectum. It is also approved for use in combination with carboplatin and
paclitaxel chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of unresectable, locally
advanced, recurrent or metastatic non-squamous, non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC). On February 22, 2008, we received accelerated approval from the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market Avastin in combination with
paclitaxel chemotherapy for the treatment of patients who have not received
prior chemotherapy for metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer (BC).
Rituxan (rituximab) is an
anti-CD20 antibody that we commercialize with Biogen Idec Inc. It is approved
for first-line treatment of patients with follicular, CD20-positive, B-cell
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine,
and prednisone (CVP) chemotherapy regimens or following CVP chemotherapy in
patients with stable disease or who achieve a partial or complete response
following first-line treatment with CVP chemotherapy. Rituxan is also approved
for treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory, low-grade or follicular,
CD20-positive, B-cell NHL, including retreatment and bulky diseases. Rituxan is
indicated for first-line treatment of patients with diffuse large B-cell,
CD20-positive, NHL in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin,
vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or other anthracycline-based chemotherapy.
Rituxan is also indicated for use in combination with methotrexate to reduce
signs and symptoms and to slow the progression of structural damage in adult
patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an
inadequate response to one or more tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist
therapies.
Herceptin (trastuzumab) is a
humanized anti-HER2 antibody approved for treatment of patients with
node-positive or node-negative BC as part of an adjuvant treatment regimen
containing doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel (for patients who have
tumors that overexpress the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
protein). It is also approved for use as a first-line therapy in combination
with paclitaxel and as a single agent in second- and third-line therapy for
patients with HER2-positive metastatic BC.
Lucentis (ranibizumab) is an
anti-VEGF antibody fragment approved for the treatment of neovascular (wet)
age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Xolair (omalizumab) is a
humanized anti-IgE antibody, which we commercialize with Novartis Pharma
AG (a wholly owned subsidiary of Novartis AG; Novartis Pharma AG and
affiliates are collectively referred to herein as Novartis). Xolair is approved
for adults and adolescents (age 12 or older) with moderate to severe persistent
asthma who have a positive skin test or in vitro reactivity to a perennial
aeroallergen and whose symptoms are inadequately controlled with inhaled
corticosteroids.
Tarceva (erlotinib), which we
commercialize with OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is a small-molecule tyrosine
kinase inhibitor of the HER1/epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Tarceva is approved for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or
metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. It is
also approved, in combination with gemcitabine chemotherapy, for the
first-line treatment of patients with locally advanced, unresectable, or
metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Nutropin (somatropin [rDNA
origin] for injection) and Nutropin AQ are growth
hormone products approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency in
children and adults, growth failure associated with chronic renal insufficiency
prior to kidney transplantation, short stature associated with Turner syndrome,
and long-term treatment of idiopathic short stature.
Activase (alteplase,
recombinant) is a tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) approved for the treatment
of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), acute ischemic stroke (blood
clots in the brain) within three hours of the onset of symptoms, and acute
massive pulmonary embolism (blood clots in the lungs).
TNKase (tenecteplase) is a
modified form of t-PA approved for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction
(heart attack).
Cathflo Activase (alteplase,
recombinant) is a t-PA approved in adult and pediatric patients for the
restoration of function to central venous access devices that have become
occluded due to a blood clot.
Pulmozyme (dornase alfa,
recombinant) is an inhalation solution of deoxyribonuclease I, approved for the
treatment of cystic fibrosis.
Raptiva (efalizumab) is a
humanized anti-CD11a antibody approved for the treatment of chronic
moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in adults age 18 or older who are candidates
for systemic therapy or phototherapy.
See
“Total Product Sales” under “Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this
Form 10-K for a discussion of the sales of each of our products in the last
three years, including those that accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated
revenue.
Licensed
Products
Royalty
Revenue
We
receive royalty revenue under license agreements with companies that sell and/or
manufacture products based on technology developed by us or intellectual
property to which we have rights. These licensed products are sometimes sold
under different trademarks or trade names. Significant licensed products,
including all related party licenses with Roche Holding AG and affiliates
(Roche), representing approximately 89% of our royalty revenue in 2007, are
presented in the following table:
|
|
|
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Trastuzumab
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Herceptin
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Roche
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Worldwide
excluding U.S.
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Rituximab
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Rituxan/MabThera®
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Roche
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Worldwide
excluding U.S. and Japan
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Bevacizumab
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Avastin
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Roche
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Worldwide
excluding U.S.
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Dornase
alfa, recombinant
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Pulmozyme
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Roche
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Worldwide
excluding U.S.
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Alteplase
and Tenecteplase
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Activase
and TNKase
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Roche
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Canada
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Somatropin
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Nutropin
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Roche
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Canada
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Daclizumab
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Zenapax®
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Roche
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Worldwide
excluding U.S.
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Ranibizumab
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Lucentis
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Novartis
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Worldwide
excluding U.S.
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Etanercept
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Enbrel®
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Immunex
Corporation (whose rights were acquired by Amgen Inc.)
|
Worldwide
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Adalimumab
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Humira®
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Abbott
Laboratories
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Worldwide
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Infliximab
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Remicade®
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Celltech
Pharmaceuticals plc (which transferred rights to Centocor, Inc. / Johnson
& Johnson)
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Worldwide
|
See
Item 3, “Legal Proceedings,” below for information regarding certain patent
litigation matters, including recent notification from the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office regarding the Cabilly reexamination.
Other
Revenue
We
have granted a license to Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Zenyaku), a Japanese
pharmaceutical company, for the manufacture, use, and sale of rituximab in
Japan. Zenyaku co-promotes rituximab in Japan with Chugai Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd., a Japanese affiliate of Roche, under the trademark Rituxan. The
revenue earned from our sales of rituximab to Zenyaku is included in product
sales.
Products
in Development
Our
product development efforts, including those of our collaborators, cover a wide
range of medical conditions, including cancer and immune diseases. Below is a
summary of products and current stages of development. For additional
information on our development pipeline, visit our website at
www.gene.com.
|
|
Awaiting
FDA Action
|
|
Herceptin
|
Supplemental
Biologic License Applications (sBLAs) were submitted to the FDA on June 28
and 29, 2007 for the use of Herceptin for the treatment of patients with
early-stage HER2-positive BC based on the BCIRG 006 study to enable a
broader label. This product is being developed in collaboration with
Roche. The FDA action dates for the June 28 and June 29 submissions are
April 28 and May 4, 2008, respectively.
|
Preparing
for Filing
|
|
Avastin
|
We
are preparing to submit an sBLA to the FDA for the use of Avastin in
combination with interferon alpha-2a for the treatment of patients with
previously untreated advanced renal cell carcinoma. This product is being
developed in collaboration with Roche. We expect to
submit an sBLA to the FDA in 2008.
|
Avastin
|
We
are in preliminary discussions with the FDA regarding the submission
requirements for a potential sBLA for the use of Avastin in combination
with CPT-11 or as a single agent in patients with glioblastoma multiforme
(a form of brain cancer) who have progressed following prior
therapy.
|
Phase
III
|
|
2nd
Generation anti-CD20
|
2nd
Generation anti-CD20 is being evaluated in rheumatoid arthritis. This
product is being developed in collaboration with Roche and Biogen
Idec(1).
|
2nd
Generation anti-CD20
|
2nd
Generation anti-CD20 is being evaluated for systematic lupus
erythematosus. This product is being developed in collaboration with Roche
and Biogen Idec(1).
|
Avastin
|
Avastin
is being evaluated in adjuvant colon cancer, second-line metastatic colon
cancer for patients who have progressed following first-line treatment of
Avastin plus chemotherapy, adjuvant HER2-negative BC, adjuvant lung
cancer, first-line HER2-negative and second-line HER2-negative metastatic
breast cancer in combination with several chemotherapy regimens,
first-line non-squamous NSCLC, first-line and platinum-sensitive relapsed
ovarian cancer, and hormone refractory prostate cancer. This product is
being developed in collaboration with Roche.
|
Herceptin
+/- Avastin
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Avastin
is being evaluated in first-line metastatic HER2-positive BC. This product
is being developed in collaboration with Roche.
|
Avastin
+/- Tarceva
|
Avastin
and Tarceva are being evaluated as combination therapy in first-line NSCLC
in combination with several chemotherapy regimens. Tarceva is being
developed in collaboration with OSI and Roche. Avastin is being developed
in collaboration with Roche.
|
Herceptin
|
Herceptin
is being evaluated for the treatment of patients with early-stage
HER2-positive breast cancer to compare one year duration of treatment with
two years duration of treatment. This product is being developed in
collaboration with Roche.
|
Herceptin
+/- Pertuzumab
|
Pertuzumab
is being evaluated in first-line HER2-positve metastatic BC in combination
with Herceptin and chemotherapy. This product is being developed in
collaboration with Roche.
|
Rituxan
|
Rituxan
is being evaluated in follicular NHL patients who achieve a response
following induction with chemotherapy plus Rituxan and in patients with
relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This product is being developed in
collaboration with Roche and Biogen Idec.
|
Rituxan
|
Rituxan
is being evaluated in rheumatoid arthritis (DMARD inadequate responders)
in collaboration with Roche and Biogen Idec. Rituxan is also being
evaluated in primary progressive multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus
erythematosus, lupus nephritis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis in
collaboration with Biogen Idec.
|
Tarceva
|
Tarceva
is being evaluated in adjuvant NSCLC and first-line NSCLC. This product is
being developed in collaboration with OSI.
|
Tarceva
+/- Avastin
|
Tarceva
and Avastin are being evaluated as combination therapy in second-line
NSCLC. Tarceva is being developed in collaboration with OSI and Roche.
Avastin is being developed in collaboration with Roche.
|
TNKase
|
TNKase
is being evaluated in the treatment of dysfunctional hemodialysis and
central venous access catheters.
|
Xolair
|
Xolair
is being evaluated in pediatric asthma. A liquid formulation of Xolair is
also being evaluated for adult asthma. Xolair is being developed in
collaboration with Novartis.
|
Lucentis
|
Lucentis
is being evaluated in the treatment of diabetic macular edema in
collaboration with Novartis Ophthalmics. Lucentis is also being evaluated
in the treatment of retinal vein occlusion.
|
Preparing
for Phase III
|
|
2nd
Generation anti-CD20
|
We
are preparing Phase III clinical trials in lupus nephritis. This product
is being developed in collaboration with Roche and Biogen Idec(1).
|
Avastin
|
We
are preparing for Phase III clinical trials in high-risk carcinoid cancer,
first-line glioblastoma multiforme, head and neck cancer, and
gastro-intestinal stromal tumors.
|
Herceptin
|
We
are preparing for Phase III clinical trials in ductal carcinoma in situ.
This product is being developed in collaboration with Roche.
|
Herceptin
+/- Avastin
|
We
are preparing for a Phase III clinical trial of Herceptin and Avastin as
combination therapy in first-line and adjuvant HER2-positve metastatic BC.
These products are being developed in collaboration with Roche. These are
separate trials from that listed in Phase III above.
|
Phase
II
|
|
Anti-CD40
|
Anti-CD40
is being evaluated as a single agent and in combination with Rituxan plus
chemotherapy for patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell
lymphoma. This product is being developed in collaboration with Seattle
Genetics, Inc.
|
Apo2L/TRAIL
|
Apo2L/TRAIL
is being evaluated in first-line NSCLC in combination with
chemotherapy/Avastin and in NHL in combination with Rituxan. This product
is being developed in collaboration with Amgen.
|
Apomab
|
Apomab
is being evaluated in first-line NSCLC in combination with
chemotherapy/Avastin, and as a single agent in
chondrosarcoma.
|
Avastin
|
Avastin
is being evaluated in multiple myeloma, platinum-sensitive relapsed
ovarian cancer, extensive small cell lung cancer, and NSCLC with
previously treated brain metastasis and squamous cell histology. This
product is being developed in collaboration with Roche.
|
Herceptin
+/- Pertuzumab
|
Pertuzumab
is being evaluated in HER2-positive metastatic BC patients who have
progressed on Herceptin. This product is being developed in collaboration
with Roche.
|
Pertuzumab
|
Pertuzumab
is being evaluated in ovarian cancer in combination with chemotherapy.
This product is being developed in collaboration with Roche.
|
Trastuzumab-DM1
|
Trastuzumab-DM1
is being evaluated in late stage HER2-positive metastatic BC. This product
is being developed in collaboration with Roche.
|
ABT-869
|
ABT-869
is being evaluated for the treatment of several types of tumors. This
product is being developed in collaboration with Abbott.
|
Preparing
for Phase II
|
|
2nd
Generation anti-CD20
|
We
are preparing for a Phase II clinical trial in relapsing remitting
multiple sclerosis. This product is being developed in collaboration with
Roche and Biogen Idec(1).
|
Rituxan
+/- Apomab
|
We
are preparing for a Phase II clinical trial of Apomab and Rituxan as
combination therapy in NHL.
|
Systemic
Hedgehog Antagonist
|
We
are preparing for Phase II clinical trials for solid tumors. This product
is being developed in collaboration with Curis, Inc.
|
Phase
I and Preparing for Phase I
|
We
have multiple new molecular entities in Phase I or Preparing for Phase
I.
|
________________________
(1)
|
Our
collaborator Biogen Idec disagrees with certain of our development
decisions under our 2003 collaboration agreement with them. We continue to
pursue a resolution of our differences with Biogen Idec, and the disputed
issues have been submitted to arbitration. See Part I, Item 3, “Legal
Proceedings,” of this Form 10-K for further
information.
|
Related
Party Arrangements
See
“Relationship with Roche” and “Related Party Transactions” sections below in
Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K for information on our collaboration
arrangements with Roche and Novartis.
Distribution
and Commercialization
We
have a U.S.-based marketing, sales and distribution organization. Our sales
efforts are focused on specialist physicians in private practice or at hospitals
and major medical centers in the U.S. In general, our products are sold largely
to wholesalers, specialty distributors or directly to hospital pharmacies. We
utilize common pharmaceutical company marketing techniques, including sales
representatives calling on individual physicians and distributors,
advertisements, professional symposia, direct mail, and public relations, as
well as other methods.
The
Genentech Access to Care Foundation provides free product to eligible uninsured
patients and those deemed uninsured due to payer denial in the U.S. We have the
Genentech Endowment for Cystic Fibrosis to assist cystic fibrosis patients in
the U.S. with obtaining Pulmozyme. The Genentech Access to Care Foundation and
the Genentech Endowment for Cystic Fibrosis are non-profit entities funded by
Genentech, Inc. We also provide customer service programs related to our
products. We maintain a physician-related product waste replacement program for
Rituxan, Avastin, Herceptin, Activase, TNKase, and Lucentis, that, subject to
specific conditions, gives physicians the right to return these products to us
for replacement. We also maintain expired product programs for
all
of
our products that, subject to certain specific conditions, give customers the
right to return expired products to us for replacement or credit at a price
based on a 12-month rolling average. To further support patient access to
therapies for various diseases we donate to various independent public charities
that offer financial assistance, such as co-pay assistance, to eligible
patients.
In
February 2007, we launched the Avastin Patient Assistance Program, which is a
voluntary program that enables eligible patients who receive greater than 10,000
milligrams of Avastin over a 12-month period to receive free Avastin in excess
of the 10,000 milligrams during the remainder of the 12-month period. Based on
the current wholesale acquisition cost, 10,000 milligrams is valued at $55,000
in gross revenue. Eligible patients include those who are being treated for
an FDA-approved indication and who meet the household income criteria for this
program. The program is available for eligible patients who enroll regardless of
whether they are insured.
As
discussed in Note 13, “Segment, Significant Customer and Geographic
Information,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item
8 of this Form 10-K, our combined sales to three major wholesalers constituted
approximately 86% in 2007, 85% in 2006, and 82% in 2005 of our total net U.S.
product sales. Also discussed in the note are net U.S. product sales and net
foreign revenue in 2007, 2006, and 2005.
Manufacturing
and Raw Materials
Manufacturing
biotechnology products is difficult and complex, and requires facilities
specifically designed and validated for this purpose. It can take longer than
five years to design, construct, validate, and license a new biotechnology
manufacturing facility. Production problems in any of our operations or our
contractors’ manufacturing plants could result in failure to produce adequate
product supplies or could result in product defects which could require us to
delay shipment of products, recall products previously shipped, or be unable to
supply products at all. In addition, we may need to record period charges
associated with manufacturing or inventory failures or other production-related
costs or incur costs to secure additional sources of capacity. Alternatively, we
may have an excess of available capacity, which could lead to an idling of a
portion of our manufacturing facilities and incurring unabsorbed or idle plant
charges, costs associated with the termination of existing contract
manufacturing relationships, or other excess capacity charges, resulting in an
increase in our cost of sales (COS). Furthermore, there are inherent
uncertainties associated with forecasting future demand, especially for newly
introduced products of ours or of those for whom we produce products, and as a
consequence we may have inadequate capacity to meet actual demand.
Raw
materials and supplies required for the production of our principal products are
available, in some instances from one supplier and in other instances, from
multiple suppliers. In those cases for which raw materials are available through
only one supplier, that supplier may be either a sole source (the only
recognized supply source available to us) or a single source (the only approved
supply source for us among other sources). We have adopted policies that
attempt, to the extent feasible, to minimize raw material supply risks to us,
including maintenance of greater levels of raw materials inventory and
coordination with our collaborators to implement raw materials sourcing
strategies.
For
risks associated with manufacturing and raw materials, see “Difficulties or
delays in product manufacturing or in obtaining materials from our suppliers, or
difficulties in accurately forecasting manufacturing capacity needs, could harm
our business and/or negatively affect our financial performance” under “Risk
Factors” below in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
Proprietary
Technology—Patents and Trade Secrets
We
seek patents on inventions originating from our ongoing research and development
(R&D) activities. We have been issued patents and have patent applications
pending that relate to a number of current and potential products, including
products licensed to others. Patents, issued or applied for, cover inventions
ranging from basic recombinant DNA techniques to processes related to specific
products and to the products themselves. Our issued patents extend for varying
periods according to the date of patent application filing or grant and the
legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is
obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent,
which
can vary from country to country, depends upon the type of patent, the scope of
its coverage as determined by the patent office or courts in the country, and
the availability of legal remedies in the country. We consider that in the
aggregate our patent applications, patents and licenses under patents owned by
third parties are of material importance to our operations. For our five highest
selling products, we have identified in the following table the latest-to-expire
U.S. patents that are owned or controlled by or exclusively licensed to
Genentech having claims directed to product-specific compositions of matter
(e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, protein-producing host cells). This table does
not identify all patents that may relate to these products. For example, in
addition to the listed patents, we have patents on platform technologies (that
relate to certain general classes of products or methods), as well patents on
methods of using or administering many of our products, that may confer
additional patent protection. We also have pending patent applications that may
give rise to new patents relating to one or more of these products.
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Latest-to-expire
product-specific U.S. Patent(s)
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Avastin
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6,884,879
7,169,901
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2017
2019
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Rituxan
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5,677,180
5,736,137
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2014
2015
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Herceptin
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6,339,142
6,407,213
7,074,404
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2019
2019
2019
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Lucentis
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6,884,879
7,169,901
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2017
2019
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Xolair
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6,329,509
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2018
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The
information in this table is based on our current assessment of patents that we
own or control or have exclusively licensed and is subject to revision, for
example, in the event of changes in the law or legal rulings affecting our
patents or if we become aware of new information. Significant legal issues
remain to be resolved as to the extent and scope of available patent protection
for biotechnology products and processes in the U.S. and other important markets
outside of the U.S. We expect that litigation will likely be necessary to
determine the validity, enforceability, and scope of certain of our patents and
other proprietary rights. An adverse decision or ruling with respect to one or
more of our patents could result in the loss of patent protection for a product
and, in turn, the introduction of competitor products or follow-on biologics
onto the market, earlier than anticipated, and could force us to either obtain
third-party licenses at a material cost or cease using a technology or
commercializing a product. We are currently involved in a number of legal
proceedings related to the scope of protection and validity of our patents and
those of others. These proceedings may result in a significant commitment of our
resources in the future and, depending on their outcome, may adversely affect
the validity, enforceability, and/or scope of certain of our patent or other
proprietary rights (such as the Cabilly patent discussed in Item 3, “Legal
Proceedings”), and may cause us to incur a material loss of royalties, other
revenue, and/or market exclusivity for one or more of our products. The patents
that we obtain or the unpatented proprietary technology that we hold may not
afford us significant commercial protection.
We
have obtained licenses from various parties that we deem to be necessary or
desirable for the manufacture, use, or sale of our products. These licenses
(both exclusive and non-exclusive) generally require us to pay royalties to the
parties on product sales. In conjunction with these licenses, disputes sometimes
arise regarding whether royalties are owed on certain product sales or the
amount of royalties that are owed. The resolution of such disputes may cause us
to incur significant additional royalty expenses or other expenses.
Our
trademarks—Activase, Avastin, Cathflo, Genentech, Herceptin, Lucentis, Nutropin,
Nutropin AQ, Nutropin AQ Pen, Pulmozyme, Raptiva, Rituxan (licensed from Biogen
Idec), TNKase, Xolair (licensed from Novartis), and Tarceva (licensed from
OSI)—in the aggregate are considered to be of material importance. All are
covered by registrations or pending applications for registration in the U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office and in other countries. Trademark protection
continues in some countries for as long as the mark is used and, in other
countries, for as long as it is registered. Registrations generally are for
fixed, but renewable, terms.
Our
royalty income for patent licenses, know-how, and other related rights amounted
to $1,984 million in 2007, $1,354 million in 2006, and $935 million in 2005.
Royalty expenses were $712 million in 2007, $568 million in 2006, and $462
million in 2005.
Competition
We
face competition from pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies. The
introduction of new competitive products or follow-on biologics, or new
information about existing products or pricing decisions by us or our
competitors, may result in lost market share for us, reduced utilization of our
products, and/or lower prices, even for products protected by patents. For risks
associated with competition, see “We face competition” under “Risk Factors”
below in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
Government
Regulation
Regulation
by governmental authorities in the U.S. and other countries is a significant
factor in the manufacture and marketing of our products and in ongoing research
and product development activities. All of our products require regulatory
approval by governmental agencies prior to commercialization. Our products are
subject to rigorous preclinical and clinical testing and other premarket
approval requirements by the FDA and regulatory authorities in other countries.
Various statutes and regulations also govern or influence the manufacturing,
safety, labeling, storage, record keeping, and marketing of such products. The
lengthy process of seeking these approvals, and the subsequent compliance with
applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial
resources.
The
activities that are required before a pharmaceutical product may be marketed in
the U.S. begin with preclinical testing. Preclinical tests include laboratory
evaluation of product chemistry and required animal studies to assess the
potential safety and efficacy of the product and its formulations. The results
of these studies must be submitted to the FDA as part of an Investigational New
Drug Application, which must be reviewed by the FDA before proposed clinical
testing in humans can begin. Typically, clinical testing involves a three-phase
process. In Phase I, clinical trials are conducted with a small number of
subjects to determine the early safety profile and the pattern of drug
distribution and metabolism. In Phase II, clinical trials are conducted with
groups of patients afflicted with a specified disease in order to provide enough
data to evaluate the preliminary efficacy, optimal dosages, and expanded
evidence of safety. In Phase III, large-scale, multi-center clinical trials are
conducted with patients afflicted with a target disease in order to provide
enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product, as
required by the FDA. The results of the preclinical and clinical testing of a
pharmaceutical product are then submitted to the FDA in the form of a New Drug
Application (NDA), or a Biologics License Application (BLA), for approval to
commence commercial sales. In responding to an NDA or a BLA, the FDA may grant
marketing approval, grant conditional approval, request additional information,
or deny the application if it determines that the application does not provide
an adequate basis for approval. Most R&D projects fail to produce data
sufficiently compelling to enable progression through all of the stages of
development and to obtain FDA approval for commercial sale. See also “The
successful development of pharmaceutical products is highly uncertain and
requires significant expenditures and time” under “Risk Factors” below in Part
I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
Among
the conditions for an NDA or a BLA approval is the requirement that the
prospective manufacturer’s quality control and manufacturing procedures conform
on an ongoing basis with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Before
approval of a BLA, the FDA will usually perform a preapproval inspection of the
facility to determine its compliance with cGMP and other rules and regulations.
Manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of
production and quality control to ensure full compliance with cGMP. After the
establishment is licensed for the manufacture of any product, manufacturers are
subject to periodic inspections by the FDA.
The
requirements that we and our collaborators must satisfy to obtain regulatory
approval by governmental agencies in other countries prior to commercialization
of our products in such countries can be costly and uncertain.
We
are also subject to various laws and regulations related to safe working
conditions, clinical, laboratory and manufacturing practices, the experimental
use of animals and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous
substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, used
in connection with our research.
Our
revenue and profitability may be affected by the continuing efforts of
government and third-party payers to contain or reduce the costs of healthcare
through various means. For example, in certain foreign markets, pricing or
profitability of pharmaceutical products is subject to governmental control. In
the U.S. there have been, and we expect that there will continue to be, a number
of federal and state proposals to implement similar governmental
control.
In
addition, in the U.S. and elsewhere, sales of pharmaceutical products are
dependent in part on the availability of reimbursement to the physician or
consumer from third-party payers, such as the government or private insurance
plans. Government and private third-party payers are increasingly challenging
the prices charged for medical products and services, through class action
litigation and otherwise. New regulations related to hospital and physician
payment continue to be implemented annually. To date, we have not seen any
detectable effects of the new rules on our product sales. See also “Decreases in
third party reimbursement rates may affect our product sales, results of
operations and financial condition” under “Risk Factors” below in Part I, Item
1A of this Form 10-K.
We
are also subject to various federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare
fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback laws and false claims laws. For risks
associated with healthcare fraud and abuse, see “If there is an adverse outcome
in our pending litigation or other legal actions our business may be harmed”
under “Risk Factors” below in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
Research
and Development
A
significant portion of our operating expenses is related to R&D. Generally,
R&D expenses consist of the costs of our own independent R&D efforts and
the costs associated with collaborative R&D and in-licensing arrangements.
R&D costs, including upfront fees and milestones paid to collaborators, are
expensed as incurred, if the underlying assets are determined to have no
alternative future use. R&D expenses, excluding any acquisition-related
in-process research and development charges, were $2,446 million in 2007, $1,773
million in 2006, and $1,262 million in 2005. We also receive reimbursements from
certain collaborators on some of our R&D expenditures, depending on the mix
of spending between us and our collaborators. These R&D expense
reimbursements are included in contract revenue, and were $196 million in 2007,
$187 million in 2006, and $144 million in 2005.
We
intend to maintain our strong commitment to R&D. Biotechnology products
generally take 10 to 15 years to research, develop, and bring to market in the
U.S. As discussed above, clinical development typically involves three phases of
study: Phase I, II, and III. The most significant costs associated with clinical
development are the Phase III trials, as they tend to be the longest and largest
studies conducted during the drug development process. Product completion dates
and completion costs vary significantly by product and are difficult to
predict.
Human
Resources
As
of December 31, 2007, we had 11,174 employees.
Environment
We
have made, and will continue to make, expenditures for environmental compliance
and protection. Expenditures for compliance with environmental laws have not
had, and are not expected to have, a material effect on our capital
expenditures, results of operations, or competitive position.
Available
Information
The
following information can be found on our website at www.gene.com or can be
obtained free of charge by contacting our Investor Relations Department at (650)
225-4150 or by sending an e-mail message to
investor.relations@gene.com:
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Our
annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current
reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports as soon as is
reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with
the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission;
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Our
policies related to corporate governance, including our Principles of
Corporate Governance, Good Operating Principles, and Code of Ethics, which
apply to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and senior
financial officials; and
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The
charters of the Audit Committee and the Compensation Committee of our
Board of Directors.
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This
Form 10-K contains forward-looking information based on our current
expectations. Because our actual results may differ materially from any
forward-looking statements that we make, this section includes a discussion of
important factors that could affect our actual future results, including, but
not limited to, our product sales, royalties, contract revenue, expenses, net
income, and earnings per share.
The
successful development of pharmaceutical products is highly uncertain and
requires significant expenditures and time.
Successful
development of pharmaceutical products is highly uncertain. Products that appear
promising in research or development may be delayed or fail to reach later
stages of development or the market for several reasons, including:
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Preclinical
tests may show the product to be toxic or lack efficacy in animal
models.
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Clinical
trial results may show the product to be less effective than desired or to
have harmful or problematic side
effects.
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Failure
to receive the necessary U.S. and international regulatory approvals or a
delay in receiving such approvals. Among other things, such delays may be
caused by slow enrollment in clinical studies; extended length of time to
achieve study endpoints; additional time requirements for data analysis or
BLA or NDA preparation; discussions with the United States (U.S.) Food and
Drug Administration (FDA); FDA requests for additional preclinical or
clinical data; analyses or changes to study design; or unexpected safety,
efficacy, or manufacturing issues.
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Difficulties
in formulating the product, scaling the manufacturing process, or getting
approval for manufacturing.
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Manufacturing
costs, pricing, or reimbursement issues, or other factors may make the
product uneconomical.
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The
proprietary rights of others and their competing products and technologies
may prevent the product from being developed or
commercialized.
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The
contractual rights of our collaborators or others may prevent the product
from being developed or
commercialized.
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Success
in preclinical and early clinical trials does not ensure that large-scale
clinical trials will be successful. Clinical results are frequently susceptible
to varying interpretations that may delay, limit, or prevent regulatory
approvals. The length of time necessary to complete clinical trials and to
submit an application for marketing approval for a final decision by a
regulatory authority varies significantly and may be difficult to predict. If
our large-scale clinical trials are not successful, we will not recover our
substantial investments in the product.
Factors
affecting our research and development (R&D) productivity and the amount of
our R&D expenses include, but are not limited to:
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The
number of and the outcome of clinical trials currently being conducted by
us and/or our collaborators. For example, our R&D expenses may
increase based on the number of late-stage clinical trials being conducted
by us and/or our collaborators.
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The
number of products entering into development from late-stage research. For
example, there is no guarantee that internal research efforts will succeed
in generating a sufficient number of product candidates that are ready to
move into development or that product candidates will be available for
in-licensing on terms acceptable to us and permitted under the anti-trust
laws.
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Decisions
by Roche Holding AG and affiliates (Roche) whether to exercise its options
to develop and sell our future products in non-U.S. markets, and the
timing and amount of any related development cost
reimbursements.
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Our
ability to in-license projects of interest to us, and the timing and
amount of related development funding or milestone payments for such
licenses. For example, we may enter into agreements requiring us to pay a
significant up-front fee for the purchase of in-process R&D, which we
may record as an R&D expense.
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Participation
in a number of collaborative research arrangements. On many of these
collaborations, our share of expenses recorded in our financial statements
is subject to volatility based on our collaborators’ spending activities
as well as the mix and timing of activities between the
parties.
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Charges
incurred in connection with expanding our product manufacturing
capabilities, as described below in “Difficulties or delays in product
manufacturing or in obtaining materials from our suppliers, or
difficulties in accurately forecasting manufacturing capacity needs, could
harm our business and/or negatively affect our financial
performance.”
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Future
levels of revenue.
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Our
ability to supply product for use in clinical
trials.
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We
may be unable to obtain or maintain regulatory approvals for our
products.
We
are subject to stringent regulation with respect to product safety and efficacy
by various international, federal, state, and local authorities. Of particular
significance are the FDA’s requirements covering R&D, testing,
manufacturing, quality control, labeling, and promotion of drugs for human use.
As a result of these requirements, the length of time, the level of
expenditures, and the laboratory and clinical information required for approval
of a BLA or NDA are substantial and can require a number of years. In addition,
even if our products receive regulatory approval, they remain subject to ongoing
FDA regulations, including, for example, obligations to conduct additional
clinical trials or other testing, changes to the product label, new or revised
regulatory requirements for manufacturing practices, written advisements to
physicians, and/or a product recall or withdrawal.
We
may not obtain necessary regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all, for
any of the products we are developing or manufacturing, or we may not maintain
necessary regulatory approvals for our existing products, and all of the
following could have a material adverse effect on our business:
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Significant
delays in obtaining or failing to obtain approvals, as described above in
“The successful development of pharmaceutical products is highly uncertain
and requires significant expenditures and
time.”
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Loss
of, or changes to, previously obtained approvals or accelerated approvals,
including those resulting from post-approval safety or efficacy issues.
For example, with respect to the FDA’s accelerated approval of Avastin in
combination with paclitaxel chemotherapy for the treatment of patients who
have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic HER2-negative BC, the
FDA may withdraw or modify such approval, or request additional
post-marketing studies.
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Failure
to comply with existing or future regulatory
requirements.
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A
determination by the FDA that any study endpoints used in clinical trials
for our products are not sufficient for product
approval.
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Changes
to manufacturing processes, manufacturing process standards or current
Good Manufacturing Practices following approval or changing
interpretations of these factors.
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In
addition, the current regulatory framework could change or additional
regulations could arise at any stage during our product development or
marketing, which may affect our ability to obtain or maintain approval of our
products or require us to make significant expenditures to obtain or maintain
such approvals.
We
face competition.
We
face competition from pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology
companies.
The
introduction of new competitive products or follow-on biologics, and/or new
information about existing products or pricing decisions by us or our
competitors, may result in lost market share for us, reduced utilization of our
products, lower prices, and/or reduced product sales, even for products
protected by patents.
Avastin: Avastin
competes in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with Erbitux®
(Imclone/Bristol-Myers Squibb), which is an epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) inhibitor approved for the treatment of irinotecan refractory or
intolerant metastatic CRC patients; and with Vectibix™ (Amgen), which is
indicated for the treatment of patients with EGFR-expressing metastatic CRC who
have disease progression on or following fluoropyrimidine–, oxaliplatin–, and
irinotecan–containing regimens. Avastin could also face competition from
Erbitux® in metastatic NSCLC. In the third quarter of 2007, ImClone Systems
Incorporated and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company announced that a Phase III study
of Erbitux® in combination with vinorelbine plus cisplatin met its primary
endpoint of increasing overall survival compared with chemotherapy alone in
patients with advanced NSCLC. Data from this study are expected in 2008. In
addition, Avastin competes with Nexavar® (sorafenib, Bayer Corporation/Onyx
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), Sutent® (sunitinib malate, Pfizer, Inc.), and Torisel®
(Wyeth) for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (an
unapproved use of Avastin).
Avastin
could face competition from products in development that currently do not have
regulatory approval. Sanofi-Aventis is developing a VEGF inhibitor VEGF-Trap in
multiple indications, including metastatic CRC and metastatic NSCLC. There
are also ongoing head-to-head clinical trials comparing both Sutent® and
AZD2171 (AstraZeneca) to Avastin. Likewise, Amgen has initiated
head-to-head clinical trials comparing AMG 706 and Avastin in NSCLC and
metastatic breast cancer (BC). Overall,
there are more than 65 molecules in clinical development that target VEGF
inhibition, and over 130 companies are developing molecules that, if successful
in clinical trials, may compete with Avastin.
Rituxan: Rituxan’s
current competitors in hematology-oncology include Bexxar® (GlaxoSmithKline
[GSK]) and Zevalin® (Cell Therapeutics), both of which are radioimmunotherapies
indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade,
follicular, or transformed B-cell NHL. Other potential competitors include
Campath® (Bayer Corporation/Genzyme) in previously untreated and relapsed
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (an unapproved use of Rituxan); Velcade®
(Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), which is indicated for multiple myeloma and
more recently, mantle cell lymphoma (both unapproved uses of Rituxan); and
Revlimid® (Celgene), which is indicated for multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic
syndromes (both unapproved uses of Rituxan).
Rituxan’s
current competitors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) include Enbrel® (Amgen/Wyeth),
Humira® (Abbott Laboratories), Remicade® (Johnson & Johnson), Orencia®
(Bristol-Myers Squibb), and Kineret® (Amgen). These products are approved for
use in a RA patient population that is broader than the approved population for
Rituxan. In addition, molecules in development that, if approved by the FDA, may
compete with Rituxan in RA include: Actemra™, an anti-interleukin-6
receptor being developed by Chugai and Roche; Cimzia™ (certolizumab pegol), an
anti-TNF antibody being developed by UCB; and CNTO 148 (golimumab), an anti-TNF
antibody being developed by Centocor, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of
Johnson & Johnson).
Rituxan
may face future competition in both hematology-oncology and RA from Humax CD20™
(Ofatumumab), an anti-CD20 antibody being co-developed by Genmab and
GSK. Genmab and GSK announced their plans to file for approval of Humax™ in
2008 for monotherapy use in refractory CLL and to complete a monotherapy trial
for refractory indolent NHL. In addition, we are aware of other anti-CD20
molecules in development that, if successful in clinical trials, may compete
with Rituxan. Rituxan could also face competition from Treanda® (Cephalon,
Inc.), a NHL treatment candidate that showed positive results in Phase III
clinical trials for refractory indolent NHL patients and previously
untreated CLL patients. There are several therapeutic vaccines currently in
development that may seek approval in indolent NHL in the future.
Herceptin: Herceptin
faces competition in the relapsed metastatic setting from Tykerb® (lapatinib
ditosylate), manufactured by GSK. On March 13, 2007, the FDA approved Tykerb®,
in combination with capecitabine, for the treatment of patients with advanced or
metastatic BC whose tumors overexpress HER2 and who have received prior therapy,
including an anthracycline, a taxane, and Herceptin. Market research indicates
that lapatinib use in the fourth quarter was primarily within the later lines of
metastatic BC. We will continue to monitor the clinical development of lapatinib
in early lines of metastatic and adjuvant breast cancer.
Lucentis: We are aware
that retinal specialists are currently using Avastin to treat the wet form of
AMD, an unapproved use for Avastin, which results in significantly less revenue
to us per treatment compared to Lucentis. As of January 1, 2008, we no longer
directly supply Avastin to compounding pharmacies. After discussions with
the leadership of the American Society of Retina Specialists and the
American Academy of Ophthalmology, we expect ocular use of Avastin to
continue as physicians can purchase Avastin from authorized distributors and
ship to the destination of the physicians’ choice. Additionally, an independent
head-to-head trial of Avastin and Lucentis in wet AMD is being partially funded
by the National Eye Institute, who announced that it expects to begin enrollment
in the next few months. Lucentis also competes with Macugen® (Pfizer/OSI
Pharmaceuticals), and with Visudyne® (Novartis) alone, in combination with
Lucentis, in combination with Avastin, or in combination with the off-label
steroid triamcinolone in wet AMD. In addition, VEGF-Trap-Eye, a vascular
endothelial growth factor blocker being developed by Bayer Corporation and
Regeneron, is in Phase III clinical trials for treatment of wet
AMD.
Xolair: Xolair faces
competition from other asthma therapies, including inhaled corticosteroids,
long-acting beta agonists, combination products such as fixed-dose inhaled
corticosteroids/long-acting beta agonists and leukotriene inhibitors, as well as
oral corticosteroids and immunotherapy.
Tarceva: Tarceva
competes with the chemotherapy agents Taxotere® (Sanofi-Aventis) and Alimta®
(Eli Lilly and Company), both of which are indicated for the treatment of
relapsed NSCLC. Astra Zeneca recently announced completion of enrollment in
their Phase III study comparing Zactima™ head-to-head with Tarceva in
second-line NSCLC (ZEST). In September 2007, Astra Zeneca announced comparable
survival data for Iressa® versus Taxotere® for the treatment of relapsed NSCLC
in an international study. The results of this study have not yet
been
published,
and it is unclear whether a re-filing of Iressa® with U.S. regulatory
authorities is pending. Eli Lilly recently announced positive Phase III
maintenance therapy data for Alimta®. Since Alimta® has not yet been approved in
this setting, its potential impact on treatment is uncertain. BMS/ImClone/Merck
KGaA announced positive data on the use of Erbitux® in combination with
chemotherapy for the front-line treatment of NSCLC (an unapproved use of
Tarceva). This may have a material impact on the landscape of treatment options
for the management of patients with relapsed NSCLC. In front-line pancreatic
cancer, Tarceva primarily competes with Gemzar® (Eli Lilly) monotherapy and
Gemzar® in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. Tarceva also faces
competition in the future from products in late-phase development, such as
Erbitux®, in the treatment of relapsed NSCLC and Xeloda® (Roche), in the
treatment of pancreactic cancer; none of these products currently has regulatory
approval for use in NSCLC or pancreatic cancer.
Nutropin: Nutropin faces
competition in the growth hormone market from five (5) branded
competitors:
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Norditropin®
(Novo Nordisk)
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Nutropin
also faces competition from three (3) follow-on biologics:
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Valtropin®
(LG Life Sciences)
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As
a result of this competition, we have experienced and may continue to experience
a loss of patient share and increased competition for managed care product
placement. Obtaining placement on the preferred product lists of managed care
companies may require that we further discount the price of Nutropin. In
addition to managed care placement, patient and healthcare provider services
provided by growth hormone manufacturers are increasingly important to creating
brand preference.
Thrombolytics: Our
thrombolytic products face competition in the acute myocardial infarction
market, with sales of TNKase and Activase affected by the adoption by physicians
of mechanical reperfusion strategies. We expect that the use of mechanical
reperfusion, in lieu of thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of acute
myocardial infarction, will continue to grow. TNKase, for acute myocardial
infarction, also faces competition from Retavase® (PDL BioPharma
Inc.).
Pulmozyme: Pulmozyme
currently faces competition from the use of hypertonic saline, an inexpensive
approach to clearing sputum from the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients.
Approximately 25% of cystic fibrosis patients receive hypertonic saline and it
is estimated that in a small percentage of patients (less than 5%), this use
will impact how a physician may prescribe or a patient may use
Pulmozyme.
Raptiva: Raptiva
competes with established therapies for moderate-to-severe psoriasis, including
oral systemics such as methotrexate and cyclosporin as well as ultraviolet light
therapies. In addition, Raptiva competes with biologic agents Amevive®
(Astellas), Enbrel® (Amgen), and Remicade® (Centocor). Raptiva also competes
with the biologic agent Humira® (Abbott), which was approved by the FDA for use
in moderate-to-severe psoriasis on January 18, 2008, and was used off-label in
psoriasis prior to FDA approval. Raptiva may face future competition from
the biologic Ustekinumab/CNTO-1275 (Centocor), which was filed with the FDA for
approval in the treatment of psoriasis on December 4, 2007.
In
addition to the commercial and late-stage development products listed above,
numerous products are in earlier stages of development at other biotechnology
and pharmaceutical companies that, if successful in clinical trials, may compete
with our products.
Decreases
in third-party reimbursement rates may affect our product sales, results of
operations, and financial condition.
Sales
of our products will depend significantly on the extent to which reimbursement
for the cost of our products and related treatments will be available to
physicians and patients from U.S. and international government health
administration authorities, private health insurers, and other organizations.
Third-party payers and government health administration authorities increasingly
attempt to limit and/or regulate the reimbursement of medical products and
services, including branded prescription drugs. Changes in government
legislation or regulation, such as the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement
and Modernization Act of 2003, the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, and the Food
and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007; changes in Compendia
listing; or changes in private third-party payers’ policies toward reimbursement
for our products may reduce reimbursement of our products’ costs to physicians,
pharmacies, and distributors. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our
products could reduce usage of the products, sales to collaborators, and
royalties, and may have a material adverse effect on our product sales, results
of operations, and financial condition.
Difficulties
or delays in product manufacturing or in obtaining materials from our suppliers,
or difficulties in accurately forecasting manufacturing capacity needs, could
harm our business and/or negatively affect our financial
performance.
Manufacturing
pharmaceutical products is difficult and complex, and requires facilities
specifically designed and validated for this purpose. It can take longer than
five years to design, construct, validate, and license a new biotechnology
manufacturing facility. We currently produce our products at our manufacturing
facilities located in South San Francisco, Vacaville, and Oceanside, California
and through various contract-manufacturing arrangements. Maintaining an adequate
supply to meet demand for our products depends on our ability to execute on our
production plan. Any significant problem in the operations of our or our
contractors’ manufacturing facilities could result in cancellation of shipments;
loss of product in the process of being manufactured; a shortfall, stock-out, or
recall of available product inventory; or unplanned increases in production
costs—any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. A
number of factors could cause significant production problems or interruptions,
including:
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The
inability of a supplier to provide raw materials used to manufacture our
products;
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Equipment
obsolescence, malfunctions, or
failures;
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Product
quality or contamination problems, due to a number of factors included but
not limited to human error;
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Damage
to a facility, including our warehouses and distribution facilities, due
to events such as fires or earthquakes, as our South San Francisco,
Vacaville, and Oceanside facilities are located in areas where earthquakes
and/or fires have occurred;
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Changes
in FDA regulatory requirements or standards that require modifications to
our manufacturing processes;
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Action
by the FDA or by us that results in the halting or slowdown of production
of one or more of our products or products that we make for
others;
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A
contract manufacturer going out of business or failing to produce product
as contractually required;
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Failure
to maintain an adequate state of current Good Manufacturing Practices
compliance; and
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Implementation
and integration of our new enterprise resource planning system, including
the portions related to manufacturing and
distribution.
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In
addition, there are inherent uncertainties associated with forecasting future
demand for our products or those products we produce for others, and as a
consequence we may have inadequate capacity to meet actual demand.
Alternatively, we may have an excess of available capacity, which could lead to
an idling of a portion of our manufacturing facilities and incurring unabsorbed
or idle plant charges, costs associated with the termination of existing
contract manufacturing relationships, costs associated with a reduction in
workforce, or other excess capacity charges, resulting in an increase in our
COS.
Furthermore,
certain of our raw materials and supplies required for the production of our
principal products, or products that we make for others, are available only
through sole-source suppliers (the only recognized supplier available to us) or
single-source suppliers (the only approved supplier for us among other sources),
and we may not be able to obtain such raw materials without significant delay or
at all. If such sole-source or single-source suppliers were to limit or
terminate production or otherwise fail to supply these materials for any reason,
such failures could also have a material adverse effect on our product sales and
our business.
Because
our manufacturing processes and those of our contractors are highly complex and
are subject to a lengthy FDA approval process, alternative qualified production
capacity may not be available on a timely basis or at all. Difficulties or
delays in our or our contractors’ manufacturing and supply of existing or new
products could increase our costs, cause us to lose revenue or market share,
damage our reputation, and result in a material adverse effect on our product
sales, financial condition, and results of operations.
Protecting
our proprietary rights is difficult and costly.
The
patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies can be highly
uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Accordingly, we
cannot predict with certainty the breadth of claims that will be allowed in
companies’ patents. Patent disputes are frequent and may ultimately preclude the
commercialization of products. We have in the past been, are currently, and may
in the future be involved in material litigation and other legal proceedings
related to our proprietary rights, such as the Cabilly reexamination and the
MedImmune lawsuit (discussed in Note 8, “Leases, Commitments and Contingencies,”
in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this
Form 10-K) and disputes in connection with licenses granted to or obtained from
third parties. Such litigation and other legal proceedings are costly in their
own right and could subject us to significant liabilities with third parties,
including the payment of significant royalty expenses, the loss of significant
royalty income, or other expenses or losses. Furthermore, an adverse decision or
ruling could force us to either obtain third-party licenses at a material cost
or cease using the technology or commercializing the product in dispute. An
adverse decision or ruling with respect to one or more of our patents or other
intellectual property rights could cause us to incur a material loss of sales
and/or royalties and other revenue from licensing arrangements that we have with
third parties, and could significantly interfere with our ability to negotiate
future licensing arrangements.
The
presence of patents or other proprietary rights belonging to other parties may
lead to our termination of the R&D of a particular product, or to a loss of
our entire investment in the product and subject us to infringement
claims.
If
there is an adverse outcome in our pending litigation or other legal actions,
our business may be harmed.
Litigation
and other legal actions to which we are currently or have been subjected relate
to, among other things, our patent and other intellectual property rights,
licensing arrangements and other contracts with third parties, and product
liability. We cannot predict with certainty the eventual outcome of pending
proceedings, which may include an injunction against the development,
manufacture, or sale of a product or potential product; a judgment with a
significant monetary award including the possibility of punitive damages; or a
judgment that certain of our patent or other intellectual property rights are
invalid or unenforceable. Furthermore, we may have to incur substantial expense
in these proceedings, and such matters could divert management’s attention from
ongoing business concerns.
Our
activities related to the sale and marketing of our products are subject to
regulation under the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other federal
statutes. Violations of these laws may be punishable by criminal and/or civil
sanctions, including fines and civil monetary penalties, as well as the
possibility of exclusion from federal
healthcare
programs (including Medicare and Medicaid). In 1999, we agreed to pay $50
million to settle a federal investigation related to our past clinical, sales,
and marketing activities associated with human growth hormone. We are currently
being investigated by the Department of Justice with respect to our promotional
practices, and may in the future be investigated for our promotional practices
related to any of our products. If the government were to bring charges against
us or convict us of violating these laws, or if we were subject to third-party
litigation related to the same promotional practices, there could be a material
adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition and results of
operations.
We
are subject to various U.S. federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare
fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback and false claims laws. Anti-kickback
laws make it illegal for a prescription drug manufacturer to solicit, offer,
receive, or pay any remuneration in exchange for, or to induce, the referral of
business, including the purchase or prescription of a particular drug. Due in
part to the breadth of the statutory provisions and the absence of guidance in
the form of regulations or court decisions addressing some of our practices, it
is possible that our practices might be challenged under anti-kickback or
similar laws. False claims laws prohibit anyone from knowingly and willingly
presenting, or causing to be presented for payment to third-party payers
(including Medicare and Medicaid), claims for reimbursed drugs or services that
are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services not provided as claimed,
or claims for medically unnecessary items or services. Violations of fraud and
abuse laws may be punishable by criminal and/or civil sanctions, including fines
and civil monetary penalties, as well as the possibility of exclusion from
federal healthcare programs (including Medicare and Medicaid). If a court were
to find us liable for violating these laws, or if the government were to allege
against us or convict us of violating these laws, there could be a material
adverse effect on our business, including our stock price.
Other
factors could affect our product sales.
Other
factors that could affect our product sales include, but are not limited
to:
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Efficacy
data from clinical studies conducted by any party in the U.S. or
internationally, showing or perceived to show a similar or an improved
treatment benefit at a lower dose or shorter duration of therapy, could
cause the sales of our products to
decrease.
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Our
pricing decisions, including a decision to increase or decrease the price
of a product; the pricing decisions of our competitors; as well as our
Avastin Patient Assistance Program, which is a voluntary program that
enables eligible patients who have received 10,000 milligrams of Avastin
in a 12-month period to receive free Avastin in excess of the 10,000
milligrams during the remainder of the 12-month
period.
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Negative
safety or efficacy data from new clinical studies conducted either in the
U.S. or internationally by any party could cause the sales of our products
to decrease or a product to be recalled or
withdrawn.
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Negative
safety or efficacy data from post-approval marketing experience or
production-quality problems could cause sales of our products to decrease
or a product to be recalled.
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The
degree of patent protection afforded our products by patents granted to us
and by the outcome of litigation involving our
patents.
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The
outcome of litigation involving patents of other companies concerning our
products or processes related to production and formulation of those
products or uses of those products.
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The
increasing use and development of alternate
therapies.
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The
rate of market penetration by competing
products.
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Our
distribution strategy, including the termination of, or change in, an
existing arrangement with any major wholesalers that supply our
products.
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Our
decision to no longer allow compounding pharmacies the ability to purchase
Avastin directly from wholesale distributors, which could have a negative
impact on Lucentis sales as a result of negative reaction by retinal
specialists to our decision.
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Product
returns and allowances greater than expected or historically
experienced.
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The
inability of one or more of our three major customers to meet their
payment obligations to us.
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Any
of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our sales and results
of operations.
Our
results of operations are affected by our royalty and contract revenue, and
sales to collaborators.
Royalty
and contract revenue, and sales to collaborators in future periods, could vary
significantly. Major factors affecting this revenue include, but are not limited
to:
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Roche’s
decisions about whether to exercise its options and option extensions to
develop and sell our future products in non-U.S. markets, and the timing
and amount of any related development cost
reimbursements.
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Variations
in Roche’s sales and other licensees’ sales of licensed
products.
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The
expiration or termination of existing arrangements with other companies
and Roche, which may include development and marketing arrangements for
our products in the U.S., Europe, and other
countries.
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The
timing of non-U.S. approvals, if any, for products licensed to Roche and
other licensees.
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Government
and third-party payer reimbursement and coverage decisions that affect the
utilization of our products and competing
products.
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The
initiation of new contractual arrangements with other
companies.
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Whether
and when contract milestones are
achieved.
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The
failure or refusal of a licensee to pay
royalties.
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The
expiration or invalidation of our patents or licensed intellectual
property. For example, patent litigation, interferences, oppositions, and
other proceedings involving our patents often include claims by third
parties that such patents are invalid, unenforceable, or unpatentable. If
a court, patent office, or other authority were to determine that a patent
(including the Cabilly patent as discussed in Item 3, “Legal Proceedings”)
under which we receive royalties and/or other revenue is invalid,
unenforceable, or unpatentable, that determination could cause us to
suffer a loss of such royalties and/or revenue, and could cause us to
incur other monetary damages.
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Decreases
in licensees’ sales of product due to competition, manufacturing
difficulties, or other factors that affect the sales of
product.
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Fluctuations
in foreign currency exchange rates.
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We
may be unable to manufacture certain of our products if there is BSE
contamination of our bovine source raw material.
Most
biotechnology companies, including Genentech, have historically used, and we
continue to use, bovine source raw materials to support cell growth in certain
production processes. Bovine source raw materials from within or outside the
U.S. are subject to public and regulatory scrutiny because of the perceived risk
of contamination with the
infectious
agent that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Should such BSE
contamination occur, it would likely negatively affect our ability to
manufacture certain products for an indefinite period of time (or at least until
an alternative process is approved); negatively affect our reputation; and could
result in a material adverse effect on our product sales, financial condition,
and results of operations.
We
may be unable to retain skilled personnel and maintain key
relationships.
The
success of our business depends, in large part, on our continued ability to (i)
attract and retain highly qualified management, scientific, manufacturing, and
sales and marketing personnel, (ii) successfully integrate large numbers of new
employees into our corporate culture, and (iii) develop and maintain important
relationships with leading research and medical institutions and key
distributors. Competition for these types of personnel and relationships is
intense. We cannot be sure that we will be able to attract or retain skilled
personnel or maintain key relationships, or that the costs of retaining such
personnel or maintaining such relationships will not materially
increase.
Our
affiliation agreement with Roche Holdings, Inc. could adversely affect our cash
position.
Our
affiliation agreement with Roche Holdings, Inc. (RHI) provides that we establish
a stock repurchase program designed to maintain RHI’s percentage ownership
interest in our Common Stock based on an established Minimum Percentage. For
more information on our stock repurchase program, see “Liquidity and Capital
Resources—Cash Used in or Provided by Financing Activities.” For information on
the Minimum Percentage, see Note 9, “Relationship with Roche Holdings, Inc. and
Related Party Transactions,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
RHI’s
ownership percentage is diluted by the exercise of stock options to purchase
shares of our Common Stock by our employees and the purchase of shares of our
Common Stock through our employee stock purchase plan. See Note 3, “Employee
Stock-Based Compensation,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in
Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for information regarding employee stock
plans. In order to maintain RHI’s Minimum Percentage, we repurchase shares of
our Common Stock under the stock repurchase program. Under our current stock
repurchase program, we repurchased 13 million shares for $1.0 billion in 2007.
As of December 31, 2007, there were approximately 39 million in-the-money
exercisable options. While the dollar amounts associated with future stock
repurchase programs cannot currently be determined, future stock repurchases
could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, credit rating, and
ability to access additional capital in the financial markets.
Our
affiliation agreement with Roche Holdings, Inc. could limit our ability to make
acquisitions or divestitures.
Our
affiliation agreement with RHI contains provisions that:
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Require
the approval of the directors designated by RHI to make any acquisition or
any sale or disposal of all or a portion of our business representing 10
percent or more of our assets, net income, or
revenue.
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Enable
RHI to maintain its percentage ownership interest in our Common
Stock.
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Require
us to establish a stock repurchase program designed to maintain RHI’s
percentage ownership interest in our Common Stock based on an established
Minimum Percentage. For information regarding the Minimum Percentage, see
Note 9, “Relationship with Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party
Transactions,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part
II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
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Future
sales of our Common Stock by Roche Holdings, Inc. could cause the price of our
Common Stock to decline.
As
of December 31, 2007, RHI owned 587,189,380 shares of our Common Stock, or 55.8
percent of our outstanding shares. All of our shares owned by RHI are eligible
for sale in the public market subject to compliance with the applicable
securities laws. We have agreed that, upon RHI’s request, we will file one or
more registration statements
under
the Securities Act of 1933 in order to permit RHI to offer and sell shares of
our Common Stock. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock by
RHI in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our Common
Stock.
Roche
Holdings, Inc., our controlling stockholder, may seek to influence our business
in a manner that is adverse to us or adverse to other stockholders who may be
unable to prevent actions by Roche Holdings, Inc.
As
our majority stockholder, RHI controls the outcome of most actions requiring the
approval of our stockholders. Our bylaws provide, among other things, that the
composition of our Board of Directors shall consist of at least three directors
designated by RHI, three independent directors nominated by the Nominations
Committee, and one Genentech executive officer nominated by the Nominations
Committee. Our bylaws also provide that RHI will have the right to obtain
proportional representation on our Board until such time that RHI owns less than
five percent of our stock. Currently, three of our directors—Mr. William Burns,
Dr. Erich Hunziker, and Dr. Jonathan K. C. Knowles—also serve as officers and
employees of Roche. As long as RHI owns in excess of 50 percent of our Common
Stock, RHI directors will be two of the three members of the Nominations
Committee. Our certificate of incorporation includes provisions related to
competition by RHI affiliates with Genentech, offering of corporate
opportunities, transactions with interested parties, intercompany agreements,
and provisions limiting the liability of specified employees. We cannot assure
that RHI will not seek to influence our business in a manner that is contrary to
our goals or strategies or the interests of other stockholders. Moreover,
persons who are directors of Genentech and who are also directors and/or
officers of RHI may decline to take action in a manner that might be favorable
to us but adverse to RHI.
Additionally,
our certificate of incorporation provides that any person purchasing or
acquiring an interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have
consented to the provisions in the certificate of incorporation related to
competition with RHI, conflicts of interest with RHI, the offer of corporate
opportunities to RHI, and intercompany agreements with RHI. This deemed consent
might restrict our ability to challenge transactions carried out in compliance
with these provisions.
We
may incur material product liability costs.
The
testing and marketing of medical products entail an inherent risk of product
liability. Liability exposures for pharmaceutical products can be extremely
large and pose a material risk. Our business may be materially and adversely
affected by a successful product liability claim or claims in excess of any
insurance coverage that we may have.
Insurance
coverage may be more difficult and costly to obtain or maintain.
We
currently have a limited amount of insurance to minimize our direct exposure to
certain business risks. In the future, we may be exposed to an increase in
premiums and a narrowing of scope of coverage. As a result, we may be required
to assume more risk in the future or make significant expenditures to maintain
our current levels of insurance. If we are subject to third-party claims or
suffer a loss or damages in excess of our insurance coverage, we will incur the
cost of the portion of the retained risk. Furthermore, any claims made on our
insurance policies may affect our ability to obtain or maintain insurance
coverage at reasonable costs.
We
are subject to environmental and other risks.
We
use certain hazardous materials in connection with our research and
manufacturing activities. In the event that such hazardous materials are stored,
handled, or released into the environment in violation of law or any permit, we
could be subject to loss of our permits, government fines, or penalties, and/or
other adverse governmental or private actions. The levy of a substantial fine or
penalty, the payment of significant environmental remediation costs, or the loss
of a permit or other authorization to operate or engage in our ordinary course
of business could materially adversely affect our business.
We
also have acquired, and may continue to acquire in the future, land and
buildings as we expand our operations. Some of these properties are
“brownfields” for which redevelopment or use is complicated by the presence or
potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Certain
events that could occur may require us to pay significant clean-up or other
costs in order to maintain our operations on those properties. Such events
include, but are not limited to, changes in environmental laws, discovery of new
contamination, or unintended exacerbation of existing contamination. The
occurrence of any such event could materially affect our ability to continue our
business operations on those properties.
Fluctuations
in our operating results could affect the price of our Common
Stock.
Our
operating results may vary from period to period for several reasons, including,
but not limited to, the following:
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The
overall competitive environment for our products, as described in “We face
competition” above.
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The
amount and timing of sales to customers in the U.S. For example, sales of
a product may increase or decrease due to pricing changes, fluctuations in
distributor buying patterns, or sales initiatives that we may undertake
from time to time.
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Increased
COS; R&D and marketing, general and administrative expenses;
stock-based compensation expenses; litigation related expenses; asset
impairments; and equity securities
write-downs.
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Changes
in interest rates, and changes in credit ratings and the liquidity of our
interest-bearing investments, and the effects that such changes may have
on the value of those investments.
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Changes
in foreign currency exchange rates and the effects that such changes may
have on our royalty revenue and foreign currency denominated
investments.
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The
amount and timing of our sales to Roche and our other collaborators of
products for sale outside the U.S. and the amount and timing of sales to
their respective customers, which directly affect both our product sales
and royalty revenue.
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The
timing and volume of bulk shipments to
licensees.
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The
availability and extent of government and private third-party
reimbursements for the cost of
therapy.
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The
extent of product discounts extended to
customers.
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The
efficacy and safety of our various products as determined both in clinical
testing and by the accumulation of additional information on each product
after the FDA approves it for sale.
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The
rate of adoption by physicians and the use of our products for approved
indications and additional indications. Among other things, the rate of
adoption by physicians and the use of our products may be affected by the
results of clinical studies reporting on the benefits or risks of a
product.
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The
potential introduction of new products and additional indications for
existing products.
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The
ability to successfully manufacture sufficient quantities of any
particular marketed product.
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Pricing
decisions that we or our competitors have adopted or may adopt, as well as
our Avastin Patient Assistance
Program.
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Our
distribution strategy, including the termination of, or change in, an
existing arrangement with any major wholesalers that supply our
products.
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Our
integration of new information systems could disrupt our internal operations,
which could decrease our revenue and increase our expenses.
Portions
of our information technology infrastructure may experience interruptions,
delays, or cessations of service or produce errors. As part of our enterprise
resource planning efforts, we are implementing new information systems, but we
may not be successful in implementing all of the new systems, and transitioning
data and other aspects of the process could be expensive, time consuming,
disruptive, and resource intensive. Any disruptions that may occur in the
implementation of new systems or any future systems could adversely affect our
ability to report in an accurate and timely manner the results of our
consolidated operations, financial position, and cash flows. Disruptions to
these systems also could adversely affect our ability to fulfill orders and
interrupt other operational processes. Delayed sales, lower margins, or lost
customers resulting from these disruptions could adversely affect our financial
results.
Our
stock price, like that of many biotechnology companies, is
volatile.
The
market prices for securities of biotechnology companies in general have been
highly volatile and may continue to be highly volatile in the future. In
addition, the market price of our Common Stock has been and may continue to be
volatile.
Among
other factors, the following may have a significant effect on the market price
of our Common Stock:
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Announcements
of technological innovations or new commercial products by us or our
competitors.
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Publicity
regarding actual or potential medical results related to products under
development or being commercialized by us or our
competitors.
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Concerns
about our pricing initiatives and distribution strategy, and the potential
effect of such initiatives and strategy on the utilization of our products
or our product sales.
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Developments
or outcomes of litigation, including litigation regarding proprietary and
patent rights (including, for example, the Cabilly patent) and
governmental investigations.
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Regulatory
developments or delays concerning our products in the U.S. and other
countries.
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Issues
concerning the efficacy or safety of our products or of biotechnology
products generally.
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Economic
and other external factors or a disaster or
crisis.
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Period-to-period
fluctuations in our financial
results.
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New
proposals to change or reform the U.S. healthcare system, including, but
not limited to, new regulations concerning reimbursement or follow-on
biologics.
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Our
effective income tax rate may vary significantly.
Various
internal and external factors may have favorable or unfavorable effects on our
future effective income tax rate. These factors include, but are not limited to,
changes in tax laws, regulations, and/or rates, the results of any tax
examinations, changing interpretations of existing tax laws or regulations,
changes in estimates of prior years’ items, past and future levels of R&D
spending, acquisitions, changes in our corporate structure, and changes in
overall levels of income before taxes; all of which may result in periodic
revisions to our effective income tax rate.
To
pay our indebtedness will require a significant amount of cash and may adversely
affect our operations and financial results.
As
of December 31, 2007, we had approximately $2.0 billion of long-term debt
and $600 million of commercial paper notes payable. Our ability to make payments
on or to refinance our indebtedness, and to fund planned capital expenditures,
R&D, as well as stock repurchases and expansion efforts will depend on our
ability to generate cash in the future. This risk, to a certain extent, is
subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory,
and other factors that are and will remain beyond our control. Additionally, our
indebtedness may increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and
industry conditions, and require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our
cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, which would reduce
the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures,
R&D, expansion efforts, and other general corporate purposes, and limit our
flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the
industry in which we operate.
Accounting
pronouncements may affect our future financial position and results of
operations.
Under
Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretation No. 46R (FIN 46R), a
revision to FIN 46, “Consolidation of Variable Interest
Entities,” we are required to assess
new business development collaborations as well as reassess, upon certain
events, some of which are outside our control, the accounting treatment of our
existing business development collaborations based on the nature and extent of
our variable interests in the entities, as well as the extent of our ability to
exercise influence over the entities, with which we have such collaborations.
Our continuing compliance with FIN 46R may result in our consolidation of
companies or related entities with which we have a collaborative arrangement,
and this may have a material effect on our financial condition and/or results of
operations in future periods.
None.
Our
headquarter facilities are located in a research and industrial area in South
San Francisco, California, where we currently occupy 32 owned and 13 leased
buildings that house our R&D, marketing and administrative activities, as
well as bulk manufacturing facilities, a fill and finish facility, and a
warehouse. We have made and will continue to make improvements to these
properties to accommodate our growth. We also have a commitment to lease an
additional three buildings in South San Francisco, California, which we will
occupy beginning in 2008. In addition, we own other properties in South San
Francisco for future expansion.
We
own a manufacturing facility in Vacaville, California, which is licensed to
produce commercial materials for select products. We are expanding our Vacaville
site by constructing an additional manufacturing facility adjacent to the
existing facility as well as office buildings to support the added manufacturing
capacity. We expect qualification and licensure of our new Vacaville plant by
the end of 2009.
In
June 2005, we acquired a biologics manufacturing facility in Oceanside,
California. In 2006, we began manufacturing Avastin bulk product at that plant,
and we received FDA licensure in the first half of 2007.
In
September 2006, we acquired land in Hillsboro, Oregon for the construction of a
new fill/finish, warehousing, distribution and related office facility. We broke
ground on the facility in 2006, and we expect completion in 2008 and FDA
licensure in early 2010.
We
have an agreement with Lonza Group Ltd (Lonza) under which we can elect to
purchase Lonza’s manufacturing facility currently under construction in
Singapore. Such facility is expected to be licensed for the production of
Avastin in 2010.
In
May 2007, we acquired land in Dixon, California and began the construction of a
research support facility. We expect completion in late 2009.
In
June 2007, we began construction of a new E. coli manufacturing facility in
Singapore to produce bulk Lucentis for the U.S. market. We anticipate FDA
licensure of the site in the first half of 2010.
In
connection with our acquisition of Tanox, Inc. in August 2007, we acquired a
lease for a manufacturing plant in San Diego, California that has been certified
by the FDA for clinical use. We currently plan to sublease that
plant.
We
also lease additional office facilities as regional offices for sales and
marketing and other functions in several locations throughout the
U.S.
In
general, our existing facilities, owned or leased, are in good condition and are
adequate for all present and near-term uses, and we believe that our capital
resources are sufficient to purchase, lease, or construct any additional
facilities required to meet our long-term growth needs.
We
are a party to various legal proceedings, including patent litigation and
licensing and contract disputes, and other matters.
On
October 4, 2004, we received a subpoena from the U.S. Department of Justice,
requesting documents related to the promotion of Rituxan, a prescription
treatment now approved for five indications. We are cooperating with the
associated investigation, which is both civil and criminal in nature, and
through counsel we are having discussions with government representatives about
the status of their investigation and Genentech’s views on this matter,
including potential resolution of this matter. The government has called, and
may continue to call, former and current Genentech employees to appear before a
grand jury in connection with this investigation. The outcome of this matter
cannot be determined at this time.
We
and the City of Hope National Medical Center (COH) are parties to a 1976
agreement related to work conducted by two COH employees, Arthur Riggs and
Keiichi Itakura, and patents that resulted from that work, which are referred to
as the “Riggs/Itakura Patents.” Since that time, we have entered into license
agreements with various companies to manufacture, use, and sell the products
covered by the Riggs/Itakura Patents. On August 13, 1999, the COH filed a
complaint against us in the Superior Court in Los Angeles County, California,
alleging that we owe royalties to the COH in connection with these license
agreements, as well as product license agreements that involve the grant of
licenses under the Riggs/Itakura Patents. On June 10, 2002, a jury voted to
award the COH approximately $300 million in compensatory damages. On June 24,
2002, a jury voted to award the COH an additional $200 million in punitive
damages. Such amounts were accrued as an expense in the second quarter of 2002
and are included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets in “accrued
litigation” at December 31, 2007 and 2006. We filed a notice of appeal of the
verdict and damages awards with the California Court of Appeal. On October 21,
2004, the California Court of Appeal affirmed the verdict and damages awards in
all respects. On November 22, 2004, the California Court of Appeal modified its
opinion without changing the verdict and denied Genentech’s request for
rehearing. On November 24, 2004, we filed a petition seeking review by the
California Supreme Court. On February 2, 2005, the California Supreme Court
granted that petition. The California Supreme Court heard our appeal on this
matter on February 5, 2008 and we expect a ruling within 90 days of the hearing
date. The amount of cash paid, if any, or the timing of such payment in
connection with the COH matter will depend on the outcome of the California
Supreme Court’s review of the matter.
We
recorded accrued interest and bond costs related to the COH trial judgment of
$54 million in both 2007 and 2006. In conjunction with the COH judgment, we
posted a surety bond and were required to pledge cash and investments of $788
million at December 31, 2007 and 2006 to secure the bond. These amounts are
reflected in “restricted cash and investments” in the accompanying Consolidated
Balance Sheets. We expect that we will continue to incur interest charges on the
judgment and service fees on the surety bond each quarter through the process of
appealing the COH trial results. Included within current liabilities in
“Accrued litigation” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet at
December 31, 2007 is $776 million, which represents our estimate of the costs
for the current resolution of the COH matter.
On
April 11, 2003, MedImmune, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Genentech, COH, and
Celltech R & D Ltd. in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of
California (Los Angeles). The lawsuit relates to U.S. Patent No. 6,331,415 (the
Cabilly patent) that we co-own with COH and under which MedImmune and other
companies have been licensed and are paying royalties to us. The lawsuit
includes claims for violation of antitrust, patent, and unfair competition laws.
MedImmune is seeking a ruling that the Cabilly patent is invalid and/or
unenforceable, a determination that MedImmune does not owe royalties under the
Cabilly patent on sales of its Synagis® antibody product, an injunction to
prevent us from enforcing the Cabilly patent, an award of actual and exemplary
damages, and other relief. On January 14, 2004 (amending a December 23, 2003
order), the U.S. District Court granted summary judgment in our favor on all of
MedImmune’s antitrust and unfair competition claims. On April 23, 2004, the
District Court granted our motion to dismiss all remaining claims in the case.
On October 18, 2005, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed
the judgment of the District Court in all respects. MedImmune filed a petition
for certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court on November 10, 2005, seeking review
of the decision to dismiss certain of its claims. The Supreme Court granted
MedImmune’s petition, and the oral argument of this case before the Supreme
Court occurred on October 4, 2006. On January 9, 2007, the Supreme Court issued
a decision reversing the Federal Circuit’s decision and remanding the case to
the lower courts for further proceedings in connection with the patent and
contract claims. On August 16, 2007, the U.S. District Court entered a Claim
Construction Order defining several terms used in the Cabilly patent. On October
29, 2007, MedImmune filed a motion for partial summary judgment of
non-infringement, and in connection with that motion MedImmune conceded that its
Synagis product infringes claim 33 of the Cabilly patent. Genentech responded to
this motion in part by granting MedImmune, with respect to the Synagis product
only, a covenant not to sue for infringement under any claim of the
Cabilly patent other than claim 33. Discovery and motion practice are
ongoing and the trial of this matter has been scheduled for June 23, 2008. The
outcome of this matter cannot be determined at this time.
On
May 13, 2005, a request was filed by a third party for reexamination of the
Cabilly patent. The request sought reexamination on the basis of non-statutory
double patenting over U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567. On July 7, 2005, the U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office (Patent Office) ordered reexamination of the Cabilly
patent. On September 13, 2005, the Patent Office mailed an initial non-final
Patent Office action rejecting the claims of the Cabilly patent. We filed our
response to the Patent Office action on November 25, 2005. On December 23, 2005,
a second request for reexamination of the Cabilly patent was filed by another
third party, and on January 23, 2006, the Patent Office granted that request. On
June 6, 2006, the two reexaminations were merged into one proceeding. On August
16, 2006, the Patent Office mailed a non-final Patent Office action in the
merged proceeding, rejecting the claims of the Cabilly patent based on issues
raised in the two reexamination requests. We filed our response to the Patent
Office action on October 30, 2006. On February 16, 2007, the Patent Office
mailed a final Patent Office action rejecting all 36 claims of the Cabilly
patent. We responded to the final Patent Office action on May 21, 2007 and
requested continued reexamination. On May 31, 2007, the Patent Office granted
the request for continued reexamination, and in doing so withdrew the finality
of the February 2007 Patent Office action and agreed to treat our May 21, 2007
filing as a response to a first Patent Office action. On February 25, 2008, we
received notification from the Patent Office that a final Office action
rejecting claims of the Cabilly patent has been issued and mailed. We intend to
file a response to the final Office action and, if necessary, appeal the
rejection. The Cabilly patent, which expires in 2018, relates to methods that we
and others use to make certain antibodies or antibody fragments, as well as
cells and DNA used in these methods. We have licensed the Cabilly patent to
other companies and derive significant royalties from those licenses. The claims
of the Cabilly patent remain valid and enforceable throughout the reexamination
and appeals processes. Because the above-described proceeding is ongoing, the
outcome of this matter cannot be determined at this time.
In
2006, we made development decisions involving our humanized anti-CD20 program,
and our collaborator, Biogen Idec, disagreed with certain of our development
decisions related to humanized anti-CD20 products. Under our 2003 collaboration
agreement with Biogen Idec, we believe that we are permitted under the agreement
to proceed with further trials of certain humanized anti-CD20 antibodies, and
Biogen Idec disagreed with our position. The disputed issues have been submitted
to arbitration. In the arbitration, Biogen Idec filed motions for a preliminary
injunction and summary judgment seeking to stop us from proceeding with certain
development activities, including planned clinical trials. On April 20, 2007,
the arbitration panel denied both Biogen Idec’s motion for a preliminary
injunction and Biogen Idec’s motion for summary judgment. Resolution of the
arbitration could require that both parties agree to certain development
decisions before moving forward with humanized anti-CD20 antibody clinical
trials, and possibly clinical trials of other collaboration products, including
Rituxan, in which case we may have to alter or cancel planned trials in order to
obtain Biogen Idec’s approval. The hearing of this matter is scheduled to begin
in June 2008. We expect a final decision within six months of the hearing,
unless the parties are able to resolve the matter earlier through settlement
discussions or otherwise. The outcome of this matter cannot be determined at
this time.
On
June 28, 2003, Mr. Ubaldo Bao Martinez filed a lawsuit against Porriño Town
Council and Genentech España S.L. in the Contentious Administrative Court
Number One of Pontevedra, Spain. The lawsuit challenges the Town
Council's decision to grant licenses to Genentech España S.L. for the
construction and operation of a warehouse and biopharmaceutical
manufacturing facility in Porriño, Spain. On January 21, 2008 the Administrative
Court ruled in favor of Mr. Bao on one of the claims in the lawsuit and
ordered the closing and demolition of the facility, subject to certain further
legal proceedings. On February 12, 2008, we and the Town Council filed appeals
of the Administrative Court decision at the High Court in Galicia, Spain. In
addition, we are evaluating with legal counsel in Spain whether there may be
other administrative remedies available to overcome the Administrative Court’s
ruling. We sold the assets of Genentech España S.L., including the Porriño
facility, to Lonza Group Ltd. in December 2006, and Lonza has operated the
facility since that time. Under the terms of that sale, we retained control of
the defense of this lawsuit and agreed to indemnify Lonza against certain
contractually defined liabilities up to a specified limit, which is currently
estimated to be approximately $100 million. The outcome of this matter, and our
indemnification obligation to Lonza, if any, cannot be determined at this
time.
Not
applicable.
Executive
Officers of the Company
The
executive officers of the Company and their respective ages (as of December 31,
2007) and positions with the Company are as follows:
Name
|
Age
|
|
Position
|
Arthur
D. Levinson, Ph.D.*
|
57
|
|
Chairman
and Chief Executive Officer
|
Susan
D. Desmond-Hellmann, M.D., M.P.H.*
|
50
|
|
President,
Product Development
|
Ian
T. Clark*
|
47
|
|
Executive
Vice President, Commercial Operations
|
David
A. Ebersman*
|
38
|
|
Executive
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|
Stephen
G. Juelsgaard, D.V.M., J.D.*
|
59
|
|
Executive
Vice President, Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer
|
Richard
H. Scheller, Ph.D.*
|
54
|
|
Executive
Vice President, Research
|
Patrick
Y. Yang, Ph.D.*
|
59
|
|
Executive
Vice President, Product Operations
|
Robert
E. Andreatta
|
46
|
|
Controller
and Chief Accounting Officer
|
Hal
Barron, M.D., F.A.C.C.
|
45
|
|
Senior
Vice President, Development, and Chief Medical Officer
|
________________________
* Members
of the Executive Committee of the Company.
The
Board of Directors appoints all executive officers annually. There is no family
relationship between or among any of the executive officers or
directors.
Business
Experience
Arthur D. Levinson, Ph.D. was
appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors of Genentech, Inc. in September
1999 and was elected its Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Company
in July 1995. Since joining the Company in 1980, Dr. Levinson has been a Senior
Scientist, Staff Scientist and the Director of the Company’s Cell Genetics
Department. Dr. Levinson was appointed Vice President of Research Technology in
April 1989, Vice President of Research in May 1990, Senior Vice President of
Research in December 1992, Senior Vice President of Research and Development in
March 1993 and President in July 1995. Dr. Levinson also serves as a member of
the Board of Directors of Apple Computer, Inc. and Google, Inc.
Susan D. Desmond-Hellmann, M.D.,
M.P.H. was appointed President, Product Development of Genentech in March
2004. She previously served as Executive Vice President, Development and Product
Operations from September 1999 to March 2004, Chief Medical Officer from
December 1996 to March 2004, and as Senior Vice President, Development from
December 1997 to September 1999, among other positions, since joining Genentech
in March 1995 as a Clinical Scientist. Prior to joining Genentech, she held the
position of Associate Director at Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Ian T. Clark was appointed
Executive Vice President, Commercial Operations of Genentech in December 2005.
He previously served as Senior Vice President, Commercial Operations of
Genentech from August 2005 to December 2005 and joined Genentech as Senior Vice
President and General Manager, BioOncology and served in that role from January
2003 through August 2005. Prior to joining Genentech, he served as president for
Novartis Canada from 2001 to 2003. Before assuming his post in Canada, he served
as chief operating officer for Novartis United Kingdom from 1999 to
2001.
David A. Ebersman was
appointed Executive Vice President of Genentech in December 2005 and Chief
Financial Officer in March 2005. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President,
Finance from January 2005 through March 2005 and Senior Vice President, Product
Operations from May 2001 through January 2005. He joined Genentech
in
February
1994 as a Business Development Analyst and subsequently served as Manager,
Business Development from February 1995 to February 1996, Director, Business
Development from February 1996 to March 1998, Senior Director, Product
Development from March 1998 to February 1999 and Vice President, Product
Development from February 1999 to May 2001. Prior to joining Genentech, he held
the position of Research Analyst at Oppenheimer & Company, Inc.
Stephen G. Juelsgaard, D.V.M.,
J.D. was appointed Chief Compliance Officer of Genentech in June 2005,
Executive Vice President in September 2002, and Secretary in April 1997. He
joined Genentech in July 1985 as Corporate Counsel and subsequently served as
Senior Corporate Counsel from 1988 to 1990, Chief Corporate Counsel from 1990 to
1993, Vice President, Corporate Law from 1993 to 1994, Assistant Secretary from
1994 to 1997, Senior Vice President from 1998 to 2002, and General Counsel
from 1994 to January 2007.
Richard H. Scheller, Ph.D.
was appointed Executive Vice President, Research of Genentech in September 2003.
Previously, he served as Senior Vice President, Research from March 2001 to
September 2003. Prior to joining Genentech, he served as Professor of Molecular
and Cellular Physiology and of Biological Sciences at
Stanford University Medical Center from September 1982 to
February 2001 and as an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute from
September 1990 to February 2001. He received his first academic appointment to
Stanford University in 1982. He was appointed to the position of Professor
of Molecular and Cellular Physiology in 1993 and as an Investigator in the
Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1994.
Patrick Y. Yang, Ph.D. was
appointed Executive Vice President, Product Operations of Genentech in December
2005. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President, Product Operations from
January 2005 through December 2005 and Vice President, South San Francisco
Manufacturing and Engineering from December 2003 to January 2005. Prior to
joining Genentech, he worked for General Electric from 1980 to 1992 in
manufacturing and technology and for Merck & Co. Inc. from 1992 to 2003 in
manufacturing. At Merck, he held several executive positions including Vice
President, Supply Chain Management from 2001 to 2003 and Vice President,
Asia/Pacific Manufacturing Operations from 1997 to 2000.
Robert E. Andreatta, was appointed
Controller of Genentech in June 2006 and Chief Accounting Officer in April 2007.
Previously at Genentech, he served as Assistant Controller and Senior Director,
Corporate Finance from May 2005 to June 2006, Director of Corporate Accounting
and Reporting from September 2004 to May 2005, and Director of Collaboration
Finance from June 2003 to September 2004. Prior to joining Genentech, he held
various officer positions at HopeLink Corporation, a healthcare information
technology company, from 2000 to 2003 and was a member of the Board of Directors
of HopeLink from 2002 to 2003. Mr. Andreatta worked for KPMG from 1983 to 2000,
including service as an audit partner from 1995 to 2000.
Hal Barron, M.D., F.A.C.C.
was appointed Senior Vice President, Development in December 2003 and Chief
Medical Officer in March 2004. Dr. Barron joined Genentech in 1996 as a Clinical
Scientist. During the next several years, he held positions as Associate
Director and Director of Cardiovascular Research. In 2001, he was named senior
director of Specialty BioTherapeutics. In 2002, Dr. Barron was promoted to Vice
President of Medical Affairs.
PART
II
See
“Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cash Used in or Provided by Financing
Activities” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K; Note 1,
“Description of Business—Redemption of Our Special Common Stock”; Note 9,
“Relationship with Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party Transactions”; and
Note 11, “Capital Stock,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in
Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Stock
Exchange Listing
Our
Common Stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “DNA.” No
dividends have been paid on the Common Stock. We currently intend to retain all
future income for use in the operation of our business and for future stock
repurchases and, therefore, do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the
near future.
Common
Stockholders
As
of December 31, 2007, there were approximately 2,500 stockholders of record of
our Common Stock, one of which is Cede & Co., a nominee for Depository Trust
Company (DTC). All of the shares of Common Stock held by brokerage firms, banks
and other financial institutions as nominees for beneficial owners are deposited
into participant accounts at DTC, and are therefore considered to be held of
record by Cede & Co. as one stockholder.
Stock
Prices
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4th
Quarter
|
|
$ |
78.61 |
|
|
$ |
65.35 |
|
|
$ |
86.93 |
|
|
$ |
79.65 |
|
3rd
Quarter
|
|
|
80.57 |
|
|
|
71.43 |
|
|
|
86.65 |
|
|
|
76.80 |
|
2nd
Quarter
|
|
|
83.65 |
|
|
|
72.31 |
|
|
|
84.72 |
|
|
|
75.58 |
|
1st
Quarter
|
|
|
89.73 |
|
|
|
80.12 |
|
|
|
95.16 |
|
|
|
81.15 |
|
Stock
Repurchases
See
“Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cash Used in or Provided by Financing
Activities” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K for information
on our stock repurchases.
Performance
Graph
Below
is a graph showing the cumulative total return to our stockholders during the
period from December 31, 2002 through December 31, 2007 in comparison to the
cumulative return on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, the Standard &
Poor’s 500 Pharmaceuticals Index, and the Standard & Poor’s 500
Biotechnology Index during that same period.(1) The
results assume that $100 was invested on December 31, 2002.
|
|
Base
Period
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Genentech,
Inc
|
|
$ |
100 |
|
|
$ |
282.18 |
|
|
$ |
328.35 |
|
|
$ |
557.90 |
|
|
$ |
489.32 |
|
|
$ |
404.52 |
|
S&P
500 Index
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
128.68 |
|
|
|
142.69 |
|
|
|
149.70 |
|
|
|
173.34 |
|
|
|
182.86 |
|
S&P
500 Pharmaceuticals Index
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
108.78 |
|
|
|
100.69 |
|
|
|
97.31 |
|
|
|
112.74 |
|
|
|
117.99 |
|
S&P
Biotechnology Index
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
128.86 |
|
|
|
138.66 |
|
|
|
164.00 |
|
|
|
159.50 |
|
|
|
154.04 |
|
________________________
(1)
|
The
total return on investment (change in year end stock price plus reinvested
dividends) assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2002 in our Common Stock,
the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, the Standard & Poor’s 500
Pharmaceuticals Index and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Biotechnology
Index. At December 31, 2007, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Pharmaceuticals
Index comprised Abbott Laboratories; Allergan, Inc.; Barr
Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Forest
Laboratories, Inc.; Johnson & Johnson; King Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;
Merck & Co., Inc.; Mylan Laboratories Inc.; Lilly (Eli) and Company;
Pfizer Inc.; Schering-Plough Corporation; Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;
and Wyeth. At December 31, 2007, the Standard & Poor’s 500
Biotechnology Index comprised Amgen Inc.; Biogen Idec Inc.; Celgene
Corporation; Genzyme Corporation; and Gilead Sciences, Inc.
|
The
information under “Performance Graph” is not deemed filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by
reference in any filing of Genentech under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made
before or after the date of this 10-K and irrespective of any general
incorporation language in those
filings.
|
The
following selected consolidated financial information has been derived from our
audited consolidated financial statements. The information below is not
necessarily indicative of the results of future operations and should be read in
conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations,” and Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Form
10-K, and the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto
included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K, in order to fully understand factors that
may affect the comparability of the information presented below.
SELECTED
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
(In
millions, except per share amounts)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
operating revenue
|
|
$ |
11,724 |
|
|
$ |
9,284 |
|
|
$ |
6,633 |
|
|
$ |
4,621 |
|
|
$ |
3,300 |
|
Product
sales
|
|
|
9,443 |
|
|
|
7,640 |
|
|
|
5,488 |
|
|
|
3,749 |
|
|
|
2,621 |
|
Royalties
|
|
|
1,984 |
|
|
|
1,354 |
|
|
|
935 |
|
|
|
641 |
|
|
|
501 |
|
Contract
revenue
|
|
|
297 |
|
|
|
290 |
|
|
|
210 |
|
|
|
231 |
|
|
|
178 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income
before cumulative effect of accounting change
|
|
$ |
2,769 |
|
|
$ |
2,113 |
|
|
$ |
1,279 |
|
|
$ |
785 |
|
|
$ |
610 |
|
Cumulative
effect of accounting change, net of tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(47 |
)(3) |
Net
income
|
|
$ |
2,769 |
(1) |
|
$ |
2,113 |
(1) |
|
$ |
1,279 |
|
|
$ |
785 |
|
|
$ |
563 |
(3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
earnings per share
|
|
$ |
2.63 |
|
|
$ |
2.01 |
|
|
$ |
1.21 |
|
|
$ |
0.74 |
|
|
$ |
0.54 |
|
Diluted
earnings per share
|
|
|
2.59 |
|
|
|
1.97 |
|
|
|
1.18 |
|
|
|
0.73 |
|
|
|
0.53 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
assets
|
|
$ |
18,940 |
|
|
$ |
14,842 |
|
|
$ |
12,147 |
|
|
$ |
9,403 |
(2) |
|
$ |
8,759 |
(2) |
Long-term
debt
|
|
|
2,402 |
(2) |
|
|
2,204 |
(2) |
|
|
2,083 |
(2) |
|
|
412 |
(2) |
|
|
412 |
(2) |
Stockholders’
equity
|
|
|
11,905 |
|
|
|
9,478 |
|
|
|
7,470 |
|
|
|
6,782 |
|
|
|
6,520 |
|
________________________
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We
have paid no dividends.
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All
per share amounts reflect the two-for-one stock split that was effected in
2004.
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Certain
prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year
presentation.
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(1)
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Net
income in 2007 and 2006 included employee stock-based compensation costs
of $260 million and $182 million, net of tax, respectively, due to our
adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123(R), “Share-Based Payment,”
on a modified prospective basis on January 1, 2006. No employee
stock-based compensation expense was recognized in reported amounts in any
period prior to January 1, 2006. Net income in 2007
also included certain items associated with the acquisition of Tanox,
Inc., including the recognition of deferred royalty revenue of $4 million,
net of tax, a charge for in-process research and development expense of
$77 million, a gain pursuant to Emerging Issues Task Force Issue No. 04-1
of $73 million, net of tax, and amortization of intangible assets of $17
million, net of tax.
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(2)
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Long-term
debt in 2007, 2006, and 2005 included $2 billion related to our debt
issuance in July 2005, and included $399 million in 2007, $216 million in
2006, and $94 million in 2005 in construction financing obligations
related to our agreements with Health Care Properties (formerly Slough)
and Lonza. Long-term debt in 2005 also reflected the repayment of $425
million to extinguish the consolidated debt and noncontrolling interest of
a synthetic lease obligation related to our manufacturing facility located
in Vacaville, California. Upon adoption of the Financial Accounting
Standards Board Interpretation No. 46 (FIN 46), “Consolidation of Variable
Interest Entities,” in 2003, we consolidated the entity from which
we lease our manufacturing facility located in Vacaville, California.
Accordingly, we included in property, plant and equipment assets with net
book values of $326 million at December 31, 2004 and $348 million at
December 31, 2003. We also consolidated the entity’s debt of $412 million
and noncontrolling interest of $13 million, which amounts are included in
long-term debt and litigation-related and other long-term liabilities,
respectively, at December 31, 2004 and 2003.
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(3)
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Net
income in 2003 included the receipt of $113 million in pretax litigation
settlements with Amgen Inc. and Bayer Inc. Net income in 2003 also
reflected our adoption of FIN 46 on July 1, 2003, which resulted in a $47
million charge, net of $32 million in taxes, (or $0.05 per share) as a
cumulative effect of an accounting change in
2003.
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Overview
The
Company
Genentech
is a leading biotechnology company that discovers, develops, manufactures, and
commercializes pharmaceutical products to treat patients with significant unmet
medical needs. We commercialize multiple biotechnology products and also receive
royalties from companies that are licensed to market products based on our
technology.
Major
Developments in 2007
We
primarily earn revenue and income, and generate cash from product sales and
royalty revenue. Our total operating revenue in 2007 was $11.7 billion, an
increase of 26% from $9.28 billion in 2006. Product sales in 2007 were $9.44
billion, an increase of 24% from $7.64 billion in 2006. Product sales
represented 81% of our operating revenue in 2007 and 82% in 2006. Royalty
revenue was $1.98 billion in 2007, an increase of 47% from $1.35 billion in
2006. Royalty revenue represented 17% of our operating revenue in 2007 and 15%
in 2006. Our net income in 2007 was $2.77 billion, an increase of 31% from $2.11
billion in 2006.
In
2007, we announced our goal to add a total of 30 molecules into development
during the five-year period from the beginning of 2006 through the end of 2010,
an update to our previous goal to add a total of 20 molecules into development
from the beginning of 2006 through the end of 2010. In 2007, we added eight new
molecular entities to the development pipeline, and removed five new
molecules from the development pipeline. We now have 20 new molecules in the
development pipeline, most targeting novel mechanisms based on promising
biology, and five of these new molecules started Phase II clinical trials during
2007.
During
2007, we entered into a number of major new collaborations giving us access
to novel early-stage drug products being developed as potential treatments for
various diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease, including among
others the following: (i) a collaboration agreement with Abbott Laboratories for
the global research, development, and commercialization of two of Abbott’s
investigational anti-cancer, small molecule compounds: ABT-263 and ABT-869.
ABT-263 is currently in Phase I clinical trials and we, in collaboration with
Abbott, initiated Phase II trials with ABT-869 in solid tumor types in 2007,
(ii) an exclusive worldwide license agreement with Seattle Genetics, Inc. for
the development and commercialization of a humanized monoclonal antibody
currently in Phase I clinical trials for multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic
leukemia and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), and a Phase II clinical trial for
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, (iii) a collaboration with BioInvent to
co-develop and commercialize a monoclonal antibody currently in Phase I for the
potential treatment of cardiovascular disease, and (iv) a collaboration
agreement with Altus to develop, manufacture and commercialize a subcutaneously
administered, once-per-week formulation of human growth hormone. The
collaboration with Altus was subsequently terminated in 2007.
On
February 16, 2007, the Patent Office mailed a final Patent Office action
rejecting all 36 claims of the Cabilly patent. We responded to the final Patent
Office action on May 21, 2007 and requested continued reexamination. On May 31,
2007, the Patent Office granted the request for continued reexamination, and in
doing so withdrew the finality of the February 2007 Patent Office action and
agreed to treat our May 21, 2007 filing as a response to a first Patent Office
action. On February 25, 2008, we received notification from the Patent Office
that a final Office action rejecting claims of the Cabilly patent has been
issued and mailed. We intend to file a response to the final Office action and,
if necessary, appeal the rejection.
In
February 2007, we announced that a Roche-sponsored Phase III study evaluating
two different doses of Avastin in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin
chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone met the primary endpoint of
prolonging progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with previously
untreated, advanced non-small
cell
lung cancer (NSCLC). This study evaluated a 15 mg/kg/every-three-weeks dose of
Avastin (the dose approved in the U.S. for use in combination with carboplatin
and paclitaxel) and a 7.5 mg/kg/every-three-weeks dose of Avastin (a dose not
approved for use in the U.S.). Although the study was not designed to compare
the Avastin doses, a similar treatment effect in PFS was observed between the
two arms.
During
the second quarter of 2007, we achieved four manufacturing milestones: (i) we
received United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensure of
our Oceanside, California manufacturing facility to produce bulk Avastin, (ii)
we received approval for a new aseptic fill-finish line in South San Francisco,
California; (iii) we broke ground on our E. coli production facility in
Singapore, and (iv) we achieved mechanical completion of our second
manufacturing facility in Vacaville, California, for which we continue to
anticipate licensure in 2009.
On
August 2, 2007, we acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Tanox, Inc. for
$925 million, plus $8 million in transaction costs. The acquired assets include
$202 million of Tanox’s cash and investments, resulting in a net cash and
investment outlay of $731 million. Included in our operating results for 2007
are items related to our acquisition of Tanox, including a non-recurring
in-process research and development charge of $77 million; a non-recurring gain
of $121 million on a pretax basis pursuant to the Emerging Issues Task Force
(EITF) Issue No. 04-1, “Accounting for Preexisting
Relationships between the Parties to a Business Combination” (EITF 04-1); the
recognition of $6 million of deferred royalty revenue; and amortization of
intangible assets of $28 million. Tanox’s post-acquisition operating results
were not material to our consolidated results for 2007. See “Write-off of
In-process Research and Development Related to Acquisition” and “Gain on
Acquisition” in the “Results of Operations” section for more information on
these items.
On
August 24, 2007, we resubmitted a supplemental Biologics License Application
(sBLA) to the FDA for Avastin, in combination with paclitaxel chemotherapy, for
patients with metastatic HER2-negative BC. On February 12, 2008, we announced
that AVADO, Roche’s study evaluating two doses of Avastin in first-line
metastatic BC, met its primary endpoint of prolonging PFS. Both doses of Avastin
in combination with chemotherapy showed statistically significant improvement in
the time patients lived without their disease advancing compared to chemotherapy
and placebo. On February 22, 2008, we received accelerated approval from the FDA
to market Avastin in combination with paclitaxel chemotherapy for the treatment
of patients who have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic
HER2-negative BC. As a condition of the accelerated approval, we are required to
make future submissions to the FDA, including the final study reports for two
Phase III studies, AVADO and RIBBON, which are ongoing studies of Avastin in
metastatic HER2-negative BC. Based on the FDA’s review of our future
submissions, the FDA may decide to withdraw or modify such approval, request
additional post-marketing studies, or grant full approval.
Our
Strategy and Goals
As
announced in 2006, our business objectives for the years 2006 through 2010
include bringing at least 20 new molecules into clinical development, bringing
at least 15 major new products or indications onto the market, becoming the
number one U.S. oncology company in sales, and achieving certain financial
growth measures. These objectives are reflected in our revised Horizon 2010
strategy and goals summarized on our website at
www.gene.com/gene/about/corporate/growthstrategy.
Economic
and Industry-wide Factors
Our
strategy and goals are challenged by economic and industry-wide factors that
affect our business. Key factors that affect our future growth are discussed
below:
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We
face significant competition in the diseases of interest to us from
pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies. The introduction of
new competitive products or follow-on biologics, and/or new information
about existing products, and/or pricing decisions by us or our
competitors, may result in lost market share for us, reduced utilization
of our products, lower prices, and/or reduced product sales, even for
products protected by patents.
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Our
long-term business growth depends upon our ability to continue to
successfully develop and commercialize important novel therapeutics to
treat unmet medical needs, such as cancer. We recognize that the
successful development of pharmaceutical products is highly difficult and
uncertain, and that it will be challenging for us to continue to discover
and develop innovative treatments. Our business requires significant
investment in research and development (R&D) over many years, often
for products that fail during the R&D process. Once a product receives
FDA approval, it remains subject to ongoing FDA regulation, including
changes to the product label, new or revised regulatory requirements for
manufacturing practices, written advisement to physicians, and/or product
recalls or withdrawals.
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Our
business model requires appropriate pricing and reimbursement for our
products to offset the costs and risks of drug development. The pricing
and distribution of our products have received negative press coverage and
public and governmental scrutiny. We will continue to meet with patient
groups, payers, and other stakeholders in the healthcare system to
understand their issues and concerns. The reimbursement environment for
our products may change in the future and become more
challenging.
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As
the Medicare and Medicaid programs are the largest payers for our
products, rules related to coverage and reimbursement continue to
represent an important issue for our business. New regulations related to
hospital and physician payment continue to be implemented annually. To
date, we have not seen any detectable effects of the new rules on our
product sales. As a result of the Deficit Reduction Act, new regulations
became effective in the fourth quarter of 2007 that will affect the
discounted price for our products paid by Medicaid and
government-affiliated customers.
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Intellectual
property protection of our products is crucial to our business. Loss of
effective intellectual property protection could result in lost sales to
competing products, loss of royalty payments (for example, royalty
income associated with the Cabilly patent) from licensees, and may
negatively affect our sales, royalty revenue, and operating results. We
are often involved in disputes over contracts and intellectual property,
and we work to resolve these disputes in confidential negotiations or
litigation. We expect legal challenges in this area to continue. We plan
to continue to build upon and defend our intellectual property
position.
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Manufacturing
pharmaceutical products is difficult and complex, and requires facilities
specifically designed and validated to run biotechnology production
processes. Difficulties or delays in product manufacturing or in obtaining
materials from our suppliers, or difficulties in accurately forecasting
manufacturing capacity needs or complying with regulatory requirements,
could negatively affect our business. Additionally, we may have an excess
of available capacity, which could lead to an idling of a portion of our
manufacturing facilities and incurring unabsorbed or idle plant charges,
or other excess capacity charges, resulting in an increase in our cost of
sales (COS).
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Our
ability to attract and retain highly qualified and talented people in all
areas of the company, and our ability to maintain our unique culture, will
be critical to our success over the long-term. We are working diligently
across the company to make sure that we successfully hire, train, and
integrate new employees into the Genentech culture and
environment.
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Critical
Accounting Policies and the Use of Estimates
The
accompanying discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of
operations are based on our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related
disclosures, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP). The preparation of these Consolidated Financial
Statements requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments
that affect the reported amounts in our Consolidated Financial Statements and
accompanying notes. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about
the carrying values of assets and liabilities. We base our estimates and
judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we
believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, and we have established
internal controls related to the preparation of these estimates. Actual results
and the timing of the results could differ materially from these
estimates.
We
believe the following policies to be critical to understanding our financial
condition, results of operations, and expectations for 2008, because these
policies require management to make significant estimates, assumptions, and
judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain.
Contingencies
We
are currently, and have been, involved in certain legal proceedings, including
patent infringement litigation. We are also involved in licensing and contract
disputes, and other matters. See Note 8, “Leases, Commitments
and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in
Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more information on these matters. We
assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes for these legal
matters as well as potential ranges of probable losses. We record an estimated
loss as a charge to income if we determine that, based on information available
at the time, the loss is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably
estimated. The nature of these matters is highly uncertain and subject to
change; as a result, the amount of our liability for certain of these matters
could exceed or be less than the amount of our current estimates, depending on
the final outcome of these matters. The outcomes of such matters that are
different from our current estimates could have a material effect on our
financial position or our results of operations in any one
quarter. Included within current liabilities in “Accrued litigation”
in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2007 is $776
million, which represents our estimate of the costs for the current resolution
of the City of Hope National Medical Center (COH) matter. The California
Supreme Court heard our appeal on this matter on February 5, 2008 and we expect
a ruling within 90 days of the hearing date. Therefore, we expect that we will
continue to incur interest charges on the judgment and service fees on the
surety bond up to the second quarter of 2008. The amount of cash paid, if any,
or the timing of such payment in connection with the COH matter will depend on
the outcome of the California Supreme Court’s decision.
Revenue
Recognition–Avastin U.S. Product Sales and Patient Assistance
Program
In
February 2007, we launched the Avastin Patient Assistance Program, which is a
voluntary program that enables eligible patients who have received 10,000
milligrams of Avastin in a 12-month period to receive free Avastin in excess of
the 10,000 milligrams during the remainder of the 12-month period. Based on the
current wholesale acquisition cost, the 10,000 milligrams is valued at $55,000
in gross revenue. Eligible patients include those who are being treated for an
FDA-approved indication and who meet the household income criteria for this
program. The program is available for eligible patients who enroll, regardless
of whether they are insured. We defer a portion of our gross Avastin product
sales revenue to reflect our estimate of the commitment to supply free Avastin
to patients who elect to enroll in the program.
In
order to make our estimate of the amount of free Avastin to be provided to
patients under the program, we need to estimate several factors, most notably:
the number of patients who are currently being treated for FDA-approved
indications and the start date for their treatment regimen, the extent to which
doctors and patients may elect to enroll in the program, the number of patients
who will meet the financial eligibility requirements of the program, and the
duration and extent of treatment for the FDA-approved indications, among other
factors. We have based our enrollment assumptions on physician surveys and other
information that we consider relevant. We will continue to update our estimates
in each reporting period as new information becomes available. If the actual
results underlying this deferred revenue accounting vary significantly from our
estimates, we will need to make adjustments to these estimates, which could have
a material effect on revenue and earnings in the period of adjustment. Based on
these estimates, we defer a portion of Avastin revenue on product vials sold
through normal commercial channels. The deferred revenue will be recognized when
free Avastin vials are delivered. As enrollment in the program was lower than
expected in 2007, we did not defer any gross Avastin product sales during
the second half of 2007. Further, we recorded a net decrease in deferred
revenue, and a corresponding net increase to Avastin U.S. product sales, of $7
million for the full year 2007, resulting in a remaining deferred revenue
liability in connection with the Avastin Patient Assistance Program of $2
million in our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2007. Usage of the
Avastin Patient Assistance Program may increase with the approval of Avastin for
the treatment of metastatic HER2-negative BC. As we continue to evaluate
the amount of revenue to defer related to the Avastin Patient
Assistance
Program,
we may recognize previously deferred revenue in Avastin U.S. product sales in
future periods or we may increase the amount of revenue deferred.
Product
Sales Allowances
Revenue
from U.S. product sales is recorded net of allowances and accruals for rebates,
healthcare provider contractual chargebacks, prompt-pay sales discounts, product
returns, and wholesaler inventory management allowances, all of which are
established at the time of sale. Sales allowances and accruals are based
on estimates of the amounts earned or to be claimed on the related sales.
The amounts reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Income as product sales
allowances have been relatively consistent at approximately six to eight percent
of gross sales. In order to prepare our Consolidated Financial Statements, we
are required to make estimates regarding the amounts earned or to be claimed on
the related product sales.
Definitions
for the product sales allowance types are as follows:
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Rebate
allowances and accruals include both direct and indirect rebates. Direct
rebates are contractual price adjustments payable to direct customers,
mainly to wholesalers and specialty pharmacies that purchase products
directly from us. Indirect rebates are contractual price adjustments
payable to healthcare providers and organizations such as clinics,
hospitals, pharmacies, Medicaid, and group purchasing organizations that
do not purchase products directly from
us;
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Prompt-pay
sales discounts are credits granted to wholesalers for remitting payment
on their purchases within established cash payment incentive
periods;
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Product
return allowances are established in accordance with our Product Returns
Policy. Our returns policy allows product returns within the period
beginning two months prior to and six months following product
expiration;
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Wholesaler
inventory management allowances are credits granted to wholesalers for
compliance with various contractually defined inventory management
programs. These programs were created to align purchases with underlying
demand for our products and to maintain consistent inventory levels,
typically at two to three weeks of sales depending on the product;
and
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Healthcare
provider contractual chargebacks are the result of contractual commitments
by us to provide products to healthcare providers at specified prices or
discounts.
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We
believe that our estimates related to product returns allowances and wholesaler
inventory management payments are not material amounts, based on the historical
levels of credits and allowances as a percentage of product sales. We believe
that our estimates related to healthcare provider contractual chargebacks and
prompt-pay sales discounts do not have a high degree of estimation complexity or
uncertainty, as the related amounts are settled within a short period of time.
We consider rebate allowances and accruals to be the only estimations that
involve material amounts and require a higher degree of subjectivity and
judgment necessary to account for the rebate allowances or accruals. As a
result of the uncertainties involved in estimating rebate allowances and
accruals, there is a possibility that materially different amounts could be
reported under different conditions or using different assumptions.
Our
rebates are based on definitive agreements or legal requirements (such as
Medicaid). These rebates are primarily estimated using historical and other
data, including patient usage, customer buying patterns, applicable contractual
rebate rates, and contract performance by the benefit providers. Direct rebates
are accrued at the time of sale and recorded as allowances against trade
accounts receivable; indirect (including Medicaid) rebates are accrued at the
time of sale and recorded as liabilities. Rebate estimates are evaluated
quarterly and may require changes to better align our estimates with actual
results. As part of this evaluation, we review changes to Medicaid legislation,
changes to state rebate contracts, changes in the level of discounts, and
significant changes in product sales trends. Although rebates are accrued at the
time of sale, rebates are typically paid out, on average, up to six months after
the sale. We believe that our rebate allowances and accruals estimation process
provides a high degree of confidence in the annual
allowance
amounts established. Based on our estimation, the changes in rebate allowances
and accruals estimates related to prior years have not exceeded 3%. To further
illustrate our sensitivity to changes in the rebate allowances and accruals
process, as much as a 10% change in our rebate allowances and accruals provision
in 2007 (which is in excess of three times the level of variability that we
reasonably expect to observe for rebates) would have an approximate $19 million
effect on our income before taxes (or approximately $0.01 per share after
taxes). The total rebate allowances and accruals recorded in our Consolidated
Balance Sheets were $70 million as of December 31, 2007 and $53 million as of
December 31, 2006.
All
of the aforementioned categories of allowances and accruals are evaluated
quarterly and adjusted when trends or significant events indicate that a change
in estimate is appropriate. Such changes in estimate could materially affect our
results of operations or financial position; however, to date they have not been
material. It is possible that we may need to adjust our estimates in future
periods. Our Consolidated Balance Sheets reflected estimated product sales
allowance reserves and accruals totaling approximately $176 million as of
December 31, 2007 and approximately $139 million as of December 31,
2006.
Royalties
For
substantially all of our agreements with licensees, we estimate royalty revenue
and royalty receivables in the period the royalties are earned, which is in
advance of collection. Our estimates of royalty revenue and receivables in those
instances are based on communication with some licensees, historical
information, forecasted sales trends, and collectibility. Differences between
actual royalty revenue and estimated royalty revenue are adjusted for in the
period in which they become known, typically the following quarter. If the
collectibility of a royalty amount is doubtful, royalty revenue is not accrued
for in advance of payment, but recognized as cash is received. In the case of a
receivable related to previously recognized royalty revenue that is subsequently
determined to be uncollectible, the receivable is reserved for in the period in
which the circumstances that make collectibility doubtful are determined, and
future royalties from the licensee are recognized on a cash basis until it is
determined that collectibility is reasonably assured. Historically, adjustments
to our royalty receivables have not been material to our consolidated financial
condition or results of operations.
We
have confidential licensing agreements with a number of companies on U.S. Patent
No. 6,331,415 (the Cabilly patent), under which we receive royalty revenue on
sales of products that are covered by the patent. The Cabilly patent, which
expires in 2018, relates to methods that we and others use to make certain
antibodies or antibody fragments, as well as cells and DNA used in those
methods. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (Patent Office) is performing a
reexamination of the patent and on February 16, 2007 issued a final Patent
Office action rejecting all 36 claims of the Cabilly patent. We responded to the
final Patent Office action on May 21, 2007 and requested continued
reexamination. On May 31, 2007, the Patent Office granted the request for
continued reexamination, and in so doing withdrew the finality of the February
2007 Patent Office action and agreed to treat our May 21, 2007 filing as a
response to a first Patent Office action. On February 25, 2008, we received
notification from the Patent Office that a final Office action rejecting claims
of the Cabilly patent has been issued and mailed. We intend to file a response
to the final Office action and, if necessary, appeal the rejection. The claims
of the patent remain valid and enforceable throughout the reexamination and
appeals processes. In addition, MedImmune, Inc. has filed a lawsuit against us
challenging the Cabilly patent. See also Note 8, “Leases, Commitments and
Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II,
Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more information on our Cabilly patent
reexamination and the MedImmune lawsuit.
Cabilly
patent royalties are generally due 60 days after the end of the quarter.
Additionally, we pay COH a percentage of our Cabilly patent royalty revenue 60
days after the quarter in which we receive payments from our licensees. As of
December 31, 2007, our Consolidated Balance Sheet included Cabilly patent
receivables totaling approximately $68 million and the related COH payable
totaling approximately $26 million.
Income
Taxes
Income
tax provision is based on income before taxes and is computed using the
liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on
the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and
liabilities using tax rates projected to be in effect for the year in which the
differences are expected to reverse.
Significant
estimates are required in determining our provision for income taxes. Some of
these estimates are based on interpretations of existing tax laws or
regulations, or the findings or expected results from any tax examinations.
Various internal and external factors may have favorable or unfavorable effects
on our future effective income tax rate. These factors include, but are not
limited to, changes in tax laws, regulations and/or rates, the results of any
tax examinations, changing interpretations of existing tax laws or regulations,
changes in estimates of prior years’ items, past and future levels of R&D
spending, acquisitions, changes in our corporate structure, and changes in
overall levels of income before taxes; all of which may result in periodic
revisions to our effective income tax rate.
On
January 1, 2007, we adopted the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards
Board Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income
Taxes” (FIN 48).
As a result of the implementation of FIN 48, we evaluated our income tax
position and reclassified $147 million of unrecognized tax benefits from current
liabilities to long-term liabilities as of January 1, 2007, and we also
reclassified the balance as of December 31, 2006, for consistency, in the
accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Inventories
Inventories
may include currently marketed products manufactured under a new process or at
facilities awaiting regulatory licensure. These inventories are capitalized
based on management’s judgment of probable near-term regulatory licensure.
Excess or idle capacity costs, based on estimated plant capabilities, are
expensed in the period in which they are incurred. The valuation of inventory
requires us to estimate the value of inventory that may expire prior to use or
that may fail to be released for commercial sale. The determination of obsolete
inventory requires us to estimate the future demands for our products, and in
the case of pre-approval inventories, to estimate the regulatory approval date
for the product or for the licensure of either the manufacturing facility or the
new manufacturing process. We may be required to expense previously capitalized
inventory costs upon a change in our estimate, due to, among other potential
factors, the denial or delay of approval of a product or the licensure of either
a manufacturing facility or a new manufacturing process by the necessary
regulatory bodies, or new information that suggests that the inventory will not
be saleable.
Valuation
of Acquired Intangible Assets
We
have acquired intangible assets in connection with our acquisition of Tanox.
These intangible assets consist of developed product technology and core
technologies associated with intellectual property and rights thereon, primarily
related to the Xolair molecule, and assets related to the fair value write-up of
Tanox’s royalty contracts, as well as goodwill. When significant identifiable
intangible assets are acquired, we determine the fair values of these assets as
of the acquisition date using valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow
models. These models require the use of significant estimates and assumptions
including but not limited to determining the timing and expected costs to
complete the in-process projects, projecting regulatory approvals, estimating
future cash flows from product sales resulting from completed products and
in-process projects, and developing appropriate discount rates and probability
rates by project.
We
believe that the fair values assigned to the intangible assets acquired are
based on reasonable estimates and assumptions, given the available facts and
circumstances as of the acquisition date. However, we may record adjustments to
goodwill resulting from our acquisition of Tanox for the resolution of
pre-acquisition contingencies, our restructuring activities, tax matters, and
other estimates related to the acquisition. Further, we will have to continually
evaluate whether any or all intangible assets valued have been
impaired.
Employee
Stock-Based Compensation
Under
the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) No. 123(R),
“Share-Based Payment” (FAS 123R), employee
stock-based compensation is estimated at the date of grant based on the employee
stock award’s fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and is
recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service period in a manner
similar to other forms of compensation paid to employees. The Black-Scholes
option-pricing model requires the use of certain subjective assumptions. The
most significant of these assumptions are our estimates of the expected
volatility of the market price of our stock and the expected term of the award.
Due to the redemption of our Special Common Stock in June 1999 (Redemption) by
RHI, there is limited historical
information
available to support our estimate of certain assumptions required to value our
stock options. When establishing an estimate of the expected term of an award,
we consider the vesting period for the award, our recent historical experience
of employee stock option exercises (including forfeitures), the expected
volatility, and a comparison to relevant peer group data. As required under the
accounting rules, we review our valuation assumptions at each grant date, and,
as a result, our valuation assumptions used to value employee stock-based awards
granted in future periods may change. See also Note 3, “Employee Stock-Based
Compensation,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II,
Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more information.
Results
of Operations
(In
millions, except per share amounts)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
|
|
2006/2005 |
|
Product
sales
|
|
$ |
9,443 |
|
|
$ |
7,640 |
|
|
$ |
5,488 |
|
|
|
24
|
% |
|
|
39
|
% |
Royalties
|
|
|
1,984 |
|
|
|
1,354 |
|
|
|
935 |
|
|
|
47 |
|
|
|
45 |
|
Contract
revenue
|
|
|
297 |
|
|
|
290 |
|
|
|
210 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
38 |
|
Total
operating revenue
|
|
|
11,724 |
|
|
|
9,284 |
|
|
|
6,633 |
|
|
|
26 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
Cost
of sales
|
|
|
1,571 |
|
|
|
1,181 |
|
|
|
1,011 |
|
|
|
33 |
|
|
|
17 |
|
Research
and development
|
|
|
2,446 |
|
|
|
1,773 |
|
|
|
1,262 |
|
|
|
38 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
Marketing,
general and administrative
|
|
|
2,256 |
|
|
|
2,014 |
|
|
|
1,435 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
Collaboration
profit sharing
|
|
|
1,080 |
|
|
|
1,005 |
|
|
|
823 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
22 |
|
Write-off
of in-process research and development related to
acquisition
|
|
|
77 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Gain
on acquisition
|
|
|
(121 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Recurring
charges related to redemption and acquisition
|
|
|
132 |
|
|
|
105 |
|
|
|
123 |
|
|
|
26 |
|
|
|
(15 |
) |
Special
items: litigation-related
|
|
|
54 |
|
|
|
54 |
|
|
|
58 |
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
(7 |
) |
Total
costs and expenses
|
|
|
7,495 |
|
|
|
6,132 |
|
|
|
4,712 |
|
|
|
22 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating
income
|
|
|
4,229 |
|
|
|
3,152 |
|
|
|
1,921 |
|
|
|
34 |
|
|
|
64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other
income (expense):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest
and other income (expense), net
|
|
|
273 |
|
|
|
325 |
|
|
|
142 |
|
|
|
(16 |
) |
|
|
129 |
|
Interest
expense
|
|
|
(76 |
) |
|
|
(74 |
) |
|
|
(50 |
) |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
48 |
|
Total
other income, net
|
|
|
197 |
|
|
|
251 |
|
|
|
92 |
|
|
|
(22 |
) |
|
|
173 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income
before taxes
|
|
|
4,426 |
|
|
|
3,403 |
|
|
|
2,013 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
69 |
|
Income
tax provision
|
|
|
1,657 |
|
|
|
1,290 |
|
|
|
734 |
|
|
|
28 |
|
|
|
76 |
|
Net
income
|
|
$ |
2,769 |
|
|
$ |
2,113 |
|
|
$ |
1,279 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
65 |
|
Earnings
per share:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
$ |
2.63 |
|
|
$ |
2.01 |
|
|
$ |
1.21 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
66 |
|
Diluted
|
|
$ |
2.59 |
|
|
$ |
1.97 |
|
|
$ |
1.18 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
67 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
of sales as a % of product sales
|
|
|
17
|
% |
|
|
15
|
% |
|
|
18
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research
and development as a % of total operating revenue
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marketing,
general and administrative as a % of total operating
revenue
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
22 |
|
|
|
22 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pretax
operating margin
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
34 |
|
|
|
29 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income as a % of total operating revenue
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Effective
income tax rate
|
|
|
37 |
|
|
|
38 |
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
________________________
Percentages
in this table and throughout our discussion and analysis of financial condition
and results of operations may reflect rounding adjustments.
Total
Operating Revenue
Total
operating revenue increased 26% to $11,724 million in 2007 and increased 40% to
$9,284 million in 2006. These increases were primarily due to higher product
sales and royalty revenue, and are further discussed below.
Total
Product Sales
(In
millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Product
Sales
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
|
|
2006/2005 |
|
Net
U.S. product sales
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Avastin
|
|
$ |
2,296 |
|
|
$ |
1,746 |
|
|
$ |
1,133 |
|
|
|
32
|
% |
|
|
54
|
% |
Rituxan
|
|
|
2,285 |
|
|
|
2,071 |
|
|
|
1,832 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
Herceptin
|
|
|
1,287 |
|
|
|
1,234 |
|
|
|
747 |
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
65 |
|
Lucentis
|
|
|
815 |
|
|
|
380 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
114 |
|
|
|
* |
|
Xolair
|
|
|
472 |
|
|
|
425 |
|
|
|
320 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
33 |
|
Tarceva
|
|
|
417 |
|
|
|
402 |
|
|
|
275 |
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
46 |
|
Nutropin
products
|
|
|
371 |
|
|
|
378 |
|
|
|
370 |
|
|
|
(2 |
) |
|
|
2 |
|
Thrombolytics
|
|
|
268 |
|
|
|
243 |
|
|
|
218 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
Pulmozyme
|
|
|
223 |
|
|
|
199 |
|
|
|
186 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
Raptiva
|
|
|
107 |
|
|
|
90 |
|
|
|
79 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
Total
U.S. product sales
|
|
|
8,540 |
|
|
|
7,169 |
|
|
|
5,162 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
39 |
|
Net
product sales to collaborators
|
|
|
903 |
|
|
|
471 |
|
|
|
326 |
|
|
|
92 |
|
|
|
44 |
|
Total
product sales
|
|
$ |
9,443 |
|
|
$ |
7,640 |
|
|
$ |
5,488 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
39 |
|
________________________
*
|
Calculation
not meaningful.
|
|
The
totals shown above may not appear to sum due to
rounding.
|
Total
net product sales increased 24% to $9,443 million in 2007 and increased 39% to
$7,640 million in 2006. Net U.S. sales increased 19% to $8,540 million in 2007
and increased 39% to $7,169 million in 2006. These increases in U.S. sales were
due to higher sales across almost all products, in particular higher sales of
our oncology products and sales resulting from the approval of Lucentis on June
30, 2006. Increased U.S. sales volume accounted for 83%, or $1,136 million, of
the increase in U.S. net product sales in 2007, and 89%, or $1,785 million in
2006. Changes in net U.S. sales prices across the majority of products in the
portfolio accounted for most of the remainder of the increases in U.S. net
product sales in 2007 and 2006.
Our
references below to market adoption and penetration, as well as patient share,
are derived from our analyses of market tracking studies and surveys that we
undertake with physicians. We consider these tracking studies and surveys
indicative of trends and information with respect to our direct customers’
buying patterns. We use statistical analyses to extrapolate the data that we
obtain, and as such, the adoption, penetration, and patient share data presented
herein represents estimates. Limitations in sample size and the timeliness in
receiving and analyzing this data result in inherent margins of error; thus,
where presented, we have rounded our percentage estimates to the nearest
5%.
Avastin
Net
U.S. sales of Avastin increased 32% to $2,296 million in 2007 and 54% to $1,746
million in 2006. Net U.S. sales in 2007 included the net recognition of $7
million of previously deferred revenue, mostly due to lower than expected
enrollment in our Avastin Patient Assistance Program. The increase in sales in
2007 was primarily a result of increased use of Avastin in first-line metastatic
NSCLC, approved on October 11, 2006, and in metastatic BC, an unapproved
use of Avastin during 2007.
Among
first-line metastatic NSCLC patients, we estimate that Avastin penetration was
approximately 35% in the fourth quarter of 2007. Among the approximately 50%-60%
of patients in first-line metastatic lung cancer who are eligible for Avastin
therapy, we estimate that penetration was approximately 60%. With respect to
dose, use of the 15mg/kg/every-three-weeks dose during the fourth quarter of
2007 remained stable relative to the third quarter of 2007 at approximately
60%-65%. We expect dose in metastatic NSCLC to continue to be a source of
uncertainty for Avastin. The Roche-sponsored BO17704 study, which was presented
at the American Society of Clinical Oncology in June 2007, evaluated a
15mg/kg/every-three-weeks dose of Avastin (the dose approved in the U.S. for use
in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel) and a 7.5mg/kg/every-three-weeks
dose of Avastin (a dose not approved for use in the U.S.) in combination
with gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone in
patients with previously untreated, advanced NSCLC. Both doses met the primary
endpoint of prolonging PFS compared to chemotherapy alone. Although the study
was not designed to compare the Avastin doses, a similar treatment effect in PFS
was observed between the two arms. We also expect overall survival data from the
BO17704 study during the first half of 2008. Depending on these results,
additional physicians may adopt Avastin at the lower dose of
7.5mg/kg/every-three-weeks.
In
first-line metastatic CRC, penetration in the fourth quarter of 2007 was in line
with penetration in the fourth quarter of 2006. In second-line CRC, we estimate
that Avastin penetration in the fourth quarter of 2007 was consistent with that
seen in the fourth quarter of 2006. Increased competition in second-line CRC
negatively affected Avastin use in the first half of 2007 but use in CRC has
since returned to fourth quarter 2006 levels.
In
first-line metastatic BC patients, Avastin adoption in the fourth quarter of
2007 was approximately 25%. Avastin use in this setting has been supported by
favorable reimbursement, which is partially due to its Compendia listing. On
February 12, 2008, we announced that AVADO, Roche’s study evaluating two doses
of Avastin in first-line metastatic BC, met its primary endpoint of prolonging
PFS. Both doses of Avastin in combination with chemotherapy showed statistically
significant improvement in the time patients lived without their disease
advancing compared to chemotherapy and placebo, although the study was not
designed to compare the Avastin doses. The FDA notified us on February 22, 2008
that Avastin received accelerated approval for use in combination with
paclitaxel chemotherapy, for patients who have not received prior chemotherapy
for metastatic HER2-negative BC. We anticipate increased use of Avastin in
breast cancer as a result of this favorable decision.
The
increase in sales in 2006 was primarily a result of increased use of Avastin in
metastatic NSCLC and metastatic BC, an unapproved use of Avastin
during 2006. In addition, the increase reflected modest gains in the treatment
of first-line metastatic CRC. These increases were partially offset by declining
revenue in metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic
pancreatic cancer, which are both unapproved uses.
Rituxan
Net
U.S. sales of Rituxan increased 10% to $2,285 million in 2007 and 13% to $2,071
million in 2006. Sales growth in 2007 and 2006 resulted from increased use of
Rituxan in the oncology setting and in the rheumatoid arthritis setting, and
from price increases in both years.
In
the oncology setting, the increases came from Rituxan’s use following
chemotherapy in indolent NHL, including areas of unapproved use, and chronic
lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an unapproved use. We estimate that Rituxan’s
overall adoption rate in combined markets of NHL and CLL increased slightly to
approximately 85% at the end of 2007 from approximately 80% at the end of
2006.
Primary
drivers of growth in the rheumatoid arthritis setting were increased new patient
starts, increased total numbers of prescribers to an estimated 80% of targeted
rheumatologists, and a retreatment interval averaging between six and seven
months. It remains difficult to precisely determine the sales split between
Rituxan use in oncology and immunology settings since many treatment centers
treat both types of patients, but we estimate that sales in the immunology
setting represented approximately 11% of total Rituxan sales for
2007.
On
January 25, 2008, the FDA approved our sBLA to expand the label for Rituxan to
include slowing the progression of structural damage in adult patients with
moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis who have failed anti- tumor necrosis
factor (TNF) therapies. In January 2008, results from Rituxan Phase III SUNRISE
trial met its primary endpoint. This study was a controlled retreatment study
for patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to
previous treatment with one or more TNF antagonist therapies. A preliminary
review of the safety data revealed no new safety signals. On January 24, 2008 we
announced that the SERENE Phase III clinical study of Rituxan in patients who
have not been previously treated with a biotherapeutic met its primary endpoint
of a significantly greater proportion of Rituxan-treated patients achieving an
American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 response at week 24, compared to
placebo. In this study, patients who received a single treatment course of two
infusions of either 500 mg or 1,000 mg of Rituxan in combination with a stable
dose of methotrexate displayed a statistically significant improvement in ACR20
scores compared to patients who received placebo in combination with
methotrexate. Although the study was not designed to compare the Rituxan doses,
treatment efficacy appears to be similar between both Rituxan
doses.
Herceptin
Net
U.S. sales of Herceptin increased 4% to $1,287 million in 2007 and 65% to $1,234
million in 2006. The sales growth in 2007 and 2006 was due to price increases
that occurred from 2005 through 2007, and increased use of Herceptin in the
treatment of early-stage HER2-positive BC (approved on November 16,
2006). We estimate Herceptin’s penetration in the adjuvant setting was
approximately 75% at the end of 2007. In first-line HER2-positive metastatic BC
patients, we estimate Herceptin’s penetration remained flat at approximately 70%
from the end of 2006.
On
January 18, 2008, the FDA expanded the Herceptin label, based on the HERA study,
for the treatment of patients with early-stage HER2-positive BC to include
treatment for patients with node-negative BC. Herceptin also may now be
administered for one year in an every-three-week dosing schedule, instead of
weekly.
Lucentis
Lucentis
was approved by the FDA for the treatment of neovascular (wet) AMD on June 30,
2006. Net U.S. sales of Lucentis increased 114% to $815 million in 2007
from $380 million in 2006, and sales in the fourth quarter of 2007 decreased 9%
to $197 million from the comparable period in 2006. We believe that
approximately 50% of newly diagnosed patients were treated with Lucentis during
the fourth quarter of 2007, which was flat compared to the third quarter of
2007, and a decrease from 55% in the fourth quarter of 2006. We believe that the
main factors affecting Lucentis sales in 2007 were the continued unapproved use
of Avastin and reimbursement concerns from retinal specialists. Lucentis
received a permanent J-code classification from the Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services in January 2008, which we believe may address some of the
reimbursement concerns. In October 2007 we announced that we planned to no
longer allow compounding pharmacies the ability to purchase Avastin directly
from wholesale distributors, and this change in distribution was made effective
on January 1, 2008. However, physicians can purchase Avastin from authorized
distributors and ship to the destination of the physicians’ choice.
The
unapproved use of Avastin and the change in distribution for Avastin, as well as
reimbursement concerns have created a difficult environment for the promotion of
Lucentis and the building of relationships with retinal specialtists. We expect
these factors to persist and limit Lucentis sales growth.
Xolair
Net
U.S. sales of Xolair increased 11% to $472 million in 2007 and 33% to $425
million in 2006. Sales growth in 2007 and 2006 was driven by increased
penetration in the asthma market and, to a lesser extent, price increases
effective between 2005 and 2007. At the FDA’s request, we and Novartis, our
co-promotion collaborator, updated the Xolair product label in June 2007 with a
boxed warning regarding the risk of anaphylaxis in patients receiving Xolair. We
believe that this update had a minimal effect on sales of Xolair in 2007.
Genentech is working with the FDA to finalize a Risk Minimization Action
Plan that emphasizes the incidence of anaphylaxis and
instructs
physicians
that patients should be closely observed for an appropriate period of time after
Xolair administration.
Tarceva
Net
U.S. sales of Tarceva increased 4% to $417 million in 2007 and 46% to $402
million in 2006. Sales in 2007 were positively affected by price increases
during 2007 and 2006. These increases, however, were partially offset by product
returns and return reserve requirements (which were higher than expected in the
second and third quarters of 2007) and by modest decreases in volume in 2007. We
estimate that Tarceva’s penetration in second-line NSCLC was 30% in 2007, which
was stable compared to 2006. In the first-line pancreatic cancer setting, we
estimate that Tarceva’s penetration was 40% in 2007, which was stable compared
to 2006.
The
increase in product sales in 2006 was due to price increases in 2006 and 2005,
and growth in penetration and duration of treatment in both second-line NSCLC
and first-line pancreatic cancer.
Nutropin
Products
Combined
net U.S. sales of our Nutropin products decreased 2% to $371 million in 2007 and
increased 2% to $378 million in 2006. Sales in 2007 and 2006 were positively
affected by price increases in 2005 through 2007. However, decreases in sales
volume resulting from increased managed care contracting and increased
competitive activity offset the price increase in 2007 and partially offset the
price increase in 2006.
Thrombolytics
Combined
net U.S. sales of our three thrombolytics products—Activase, Cathflo Activase,
and TNKase—increased 10% to $268 million in 2007 and 11% to $243 million in
2006. Sales growth in 2007 and 2006 was due to growth in Cathflo Activase sales
in the catheter clearance market and increased Activase sales in the acute
ischemic stroke market. Also contributing to the increases in product sales for
2007 and 2006 were price increases in 2005 through 2007.
Pulmozyme
Net
U.S. sales of Pulmozyme increased 12% to $223 million in 2007 and 7% to $199
million in 2006. The sales growth in both 2007 and 2006 reflects price increases
in 2005 through 2007, as well as a focus on earlier, more aggressive treatment
of cystic fibrosis.
Raptiva
Net
U.S. sales of Raptiva increased 19% to $107 million in 2007 and 14% to $90
million in 2006. The majority of growth in 2007 and 2006 was due to price
increases in 2005 through 2007 and more favorable sales allowance in
2007.
Sales
to Collaborators
Product
sales to collaborators, the majority of which were for non-U.S. markets,
increased 92% to $903 million in 2007 and 44% to $471 million in 2006. The
increase in 2007 was primarily due to more favorable Herceptin pricing terms
that were part of the supply agreement with Roche signed in the third quarter of
2006 and increased sales volume of Avastin and Herceptin. The favorable
Roche Herceptin pricing terms will continue through the end of 2008. The
increase in 2006 was primarily due to higher sales of Herceptin, Avastin, and
Rituxan to Roche.
Royalties
Royalty
revenue increased 47% to $1,984 million in 2007 and 45% to $1,354 million in
2006. The increases were due to higher sales by Roche of Herceptin, Avastin, and
Rituxan in 2007 and 2006, and higher sales by various other licensees. The
increase in 2007 was also due to sales of Lucentis by Novartis and an
acceleration of royalties during
2007,
as discussed below. Royalties from other licensees include royalty revenue on
our patents, including our Cabilly patents noted below. Of the overall royalties
recognized, royalty revenue from Roche represented approximately 61% in 2007,
62% in 2006, and 53% in 2005.
In
June 2007, we entered into a transaction with an existing licensee to license
from them the right to co-develop and commercialize certain molecules. In
exchange, we released the licensee from its obligation to make certain royalty
payments to us that would have otherwise been owed between January 2007 and June
2010, and that period may be extended contingent upon certain events as defined
in the agreement. We estimate that the fair value of the royalty revenue owed to
us over the three-and-a-half-year period, less any amount recognized in the
first quarter of 2007, was approximately $65 million, and this amount was
recognized as royalty revenue in the second quarter of 2007. We also recognized
a similar amount as R&D expense for the purchase of the new license, and
thus the net earnings per share (EPS) effect of entering into this new
collaboration was not significant in 2007.
We
have confidential licensing agreements with a number of companies on the Cabilly
patent, under which we receive royalty revenue on sales of products covered by
the patent. The Cabilly patent expires in December 2018, but is the subject of
an ongoing reexamination and likely appeals process, and the MedImmune
litigation. The net pretax contributions related to the Cabilly patent were as
follows (in
millions, except per
share amounts):
|
|
|
|
Royalty
revenue
|
|
$ |
256 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gross
expenses(1)
|
|
$ |
123 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
of tax effect of Cabilly patent on diluted EPS
|
|
$ |
0.08 |
|
______________________
(1)
|
Gross
expenses include COH’s share of royalty revenue and royalty COS on our
U.S. product sales.
|
See
also Note 8, “Leases, Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more
information on our Cabilly patent reexamination and the MedImmune lawsuit
related to the Cabilly patent.
Cash
flows from royalty income include revenue denominated in foreign currencies. We
currently enter into foreign currency option contracts (options) and forwards to
hedge a portion of these foreign currency cash flows. These options and forwards
are due to expire between 2008 and 2009. See also Note 2, “Summary of
Significant Accounting Policies,” and Note 4, “Investment Securities and
Financial Instruments—Derivative Financial Instruments,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form
10-K.
Royalties
are difficult to forecast because of the number of products involved, potential
licensing and intellectual property disputes, and the volatility of foreign
currency exchange rates. For 2008, we expect moderate royalty revenue growth,
but a number of factors could affect these results. Most notably, versus 2007, a
continued weakened dollar could positively affect royalty revenue. However,
royalty revenue growth could be negatively affected if licensees terminate their
licenses or fail to meet their contractual payment obligations as a result of an
adverse decision or ruling in the Cabilly reexamination, the MedImmune lawsuit,
or appeals of these matters.
Contract
Revenue
Contract
revenue increased 2% to $297 million in 2007, and increased 38% to $290 million
in 2006. The increase in 2007 was primarily due to recognition of a $30 million
milestone payment from Novartis for European Union approval of Lucentis for the
treatment of patients with AMD, higher reimbursements from Biogen Idec related
to R&D efforts on Rituxan, and recognition of previously deferred
revenue from an opt-in payment from Roche on Rituxan. Included in contract
revenue in 2007 was $196 million of R&D expense reimbursements which were
received from certain collaborators. The increase in 2006 was primarily due
to higher contract revenue from Roche driven by higher reimbursements related to
R&D development efforts on Avastin and manufacturing plant start-up costs,
and a Herceptin milestone payment. Also contributing to the increase in 2006
were higher reimbursements
from
Biogen Idec related to R&D development efforts on Rituxan (rheumatoid
arthritis and other immunology indications). Included in contract revenue in
2006 was $185 million of R&D expense reimbursements which were received from
certain collaborators. See “Related Party Transactions” below for more
information on contract revenue from Roche.
Contract
revenue varies each quarter and is dependent on a number of factors, including
the timing and level of reimbursements from ongoing development efforts,
milestones and opt-in payments received, and new contract
arrangements.
Cost
of Sales
Cost
of sales (COS) as a percentage of net product sales was 17% in 2007, 15% in
2006, and 18% in 2005. The increase in COS as a percentage of sales in 2007 was
due to the recognition of employee stock-based compensation expense of $71
million, related to products sold for which employee stock-based compensation
expense was previously capitalized as part of inventory costs in 2006, and
higher volume of lower margin sales to collaborators. COS in 2007 included a
non-recurring charge of approximately $53 million, resulting from our decision
to cancel and buy out a future manufacturing obligation. However, COS as a
percentage of product sales was favorably affected by the U.S. product sales mix
(increased sales of our higher margin products, primarily Avastin, Lucentis,
Rituxan, and Herceptin in 2007). For 2007, COS as a percentage of product sales
also benefited from the effects of a price increase on sales of Herceptin to
Roche, which started in the third quarter of 2006. COS in 2006 was favorably
affected by increased sales of our higher margin products, primarily Lucentis,
Avastin, Herceptin, and Rituxan.
We
continually work to configure our supply chain to balance our objectives of
mitigating supply risk while managing our COS. Significant manufacturing
productivity improvements, ongoing changes in our and Roche’s forecasted product
demand requirements, and recent and expected future additions of new capacity to
our manufacturing network require that we constantly evaluate our manufacturing
resources, including optimizing the size of our workforce. In February 2008, we
established a voluntary severance program for select groups of manufacturing
employees. The program provides these employees the opportunity to voluntarily
resign from the Company in exchange for a severance package. Employees will have
until March 2008 to elect whether to participate in the voluntary severance
program. We currently expect to record compensation charges in COS associated
with this program of approximately $20 million in the first quarter of 2008,
although the charges could be higher or lower depending on the number of
employees who elect to participate.
Research
and Development
Research
and development (R&D) expenses increased 38% in 2007 and 40% in 2006 to
$2,446 million and $1,773 million, respectively. R&D expense as a percentage
of total operating revenue was 21% in 2007 and 19% in 2006 and
2005.
The
major components of R&D expenses were as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and
Development
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
|
|
2006/2005 |
|
Product
development (including post-marketing)
|
|
$ |
1,742 |
|
|
$ |
1,269 |
|
|
$ |
935 |
|
|
|
37
|
% |
|
|
36
|
% |
Research
|
|
|
423 |
|
|
|
326 |
|
|
|
235 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
39 |
|
In-licensing
|
|
|
281 |
|
|
|
178 |
|
|
|
92 |
|
|
|
58 |
|
|
|
93 |
|
Total
|
|
$ |
2,446 |
|
|
$ |
1,773 |
|
|
$ |
1,262 |
|
|
|
38 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
Product
development: Product development expenses include costs of
conducting clinical trials, activities to support regulatory filings,
and post-marketing expenses, which include Phase IV and
investigator-sponsored trials and product registries. Such costs include costs
of personnel, drug supply costs, research fees charged by
outside
contractors,
co-development costs, and facility expenses, including depreciation. Total
development expenses increased 37% to $1,742 million in 2007 and 36% to $1,269
million in 2006. See “Products in Development” in the Business section of Part
I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K for further information regarding our development
pipeline.
The
increase in 2007 expense was primarily driven by: (i) $353
million higher development expenses due to increased activity across our entire
product portfolio, including increased spending on clinical programs, including
late-stage clinical trials for Avastin, Lucentis, Rituxan used in immunology,
and other programs, early-stage projects and higher clinical manufacturing
expenses in support of our clinical trials; and (ii) a $40 million increase in
post-marketing expense related to studies of Xolair, Lucentis, Rituxan used in
immunology and Herceptin. In addition, development expenses in 2007 included
$126 million of employee stock-based compensation expense related to FAS
123R.
The
increase in 2006 expense was primarily driven by: (i) $184
million higher development expenses due to increased activity across our entire
product portfolio, including increased spending on clinical programs, including
late-stage clinical trials for Avastin, Rituxan used in immunology, humanized
anti-CD20, and other programs, early-stage projects and higher clinical
manufacturing expenses in support of our clinical trials; and (ii) a $37 million
increase in post-marketing expense related to studies of Avastin, Lucentis,
Rituxan used in immunology and Xolair. In addition, development expenses in 2006
included $113 million of employee stock-based compensation expense related to
FAS 123R.
Research: Research
includes expenses associated with research and testing of our product candidates
prior to reaching the development stage. Such expenses primarily include the
costs of internal personnel, outside contractors, facilities, including
depreciation, and lab supplies. Personnel costs primarily include salary,
benefits, recruiting and relocation costs. Research expenses increased 30% to
$423 million in 2007 and 39% to $326 million in 2006. The
primary driver of the increase in both years was an increase in internal
personnel and related expenses, and outside contractors for research and testing
of product candidates. In addition, research expenses in 2007 and 2006 included
$27 million of employee stock-based compensation expense related to FAS
123R.
In-licensing: In-licensing
includes costs incurred to acquire licenses to develop and commercialize various
technologies and molecules. In-licensing expenses increased 58% to $281
million in 2007 and 93% to $178 million in 2006. The increase in 2007 related to
new in-licensing collaborations with (i) Abbott Laboratories for the global
research, development, and commercialization of two of Abbott’s investigational
anti-cancer, small molecule compounds: ABT-263 and ABT-869, (ii) Seattle
Genetics, Inc. for the development and commercialization of a humanized
monoclonal antibody currently in Phase I clinical trials for multiple myeloma,
chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and NHL, and a Phase II clinical trial for diffuse
large B-cell lymphoma, (iii) BioInvent to co-develop and commercialize a
monoclonal antibody currently in Phase I for the potential treatment of
cardiovascular disease, and (iv) Altus relating to a subcutaneously
administered, once-per-week formulation of human growth hormone. The
collaboration with Altus was subsequently terminated in 2007.
The
increase in 2006 primarily related to new in-licensing collaborations with
(i) Exelixis to co-develop a small-molecule inhibitor of methyl ethyl keyton
(MEK), (ii) AC Immune to research and develop anti-beta-amyloid antibodies for
the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s and other diseases, (iii) Inotek
Pharmaceuticals Corporation related to certain inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose)
polymerase (PARP) for the potential treatment of cancer (we provided notice to
terminate this agreement in October 2007, effective in April 2008), and (iv) CGI
Pharmaceuticals to research, develop, manufacture, and commercialize
therapeutics for the potential treatment of cancer and immunological
disorders.
For
2008, we expect R&D absolute dollar spending to increase over 2007 levels as
we continue to invest in our late-stage pipeline and add new molecules and
indications to the early-stage pipeline.
Marketing,
General and Administrative
Overall
marketing, general and administrative (MG&A) expenses increased 12% to
$2,256 million in
2007 and 40% to $2,014 million in 2006.
MG&A as a percentage of total operating revenue was 19% in 2007 and 22% in
2006 and 2005. The decline in this ratio primarily reflects the increase in
operating revenue.
The
increase in 2007 expense was primarily due to: (i) an increase of $91
million in royalty expense, primarily to Biogen Idec resulting from higher Roche
sales of Rituxan, (ii) a $64 million increase resulting from ongoing marketing
efforts with established products, primarily Herceptin, and newly launched
products, including Rituxan for rheumatoid arthritis and Lucentis, (iii) an
increase of $47 million in charitable contributions related to increased
donations to independent public charities that provide co-pay assistance to
eligible patients, (iv) an increase of $11 million related to post-acquisition
costs for Tanox, Inc., and (v) an increase of $11 million related to property
and equipment write-offs. In addition, MG&A expenses in 2007 included $179
million of employee stock-based compensation expense related to FAS
123R.
The
increase in 2006 expense was primarily due to: (i) an increase of $149 million
in marketing and sales spending primarily in support of launch activities
related to Lucentis for AMD and Rituxan for rheumatoid arthritis, (ii) an
increase of $84 million in marketing and sales spending on Avastin, primarily in
support of launch activities for NSCLC, a recently approved indication, and
pre-launch activities for BC, (iii) a $47 million increase resulting from
ongoing marketing efforts with established products, primarily Herceptin,
partially offset by a $40 million decrease in Raptiva marketing costs, (iv) an
increase of $131 million in support of our continued corporate growth including
headcount growth and headcount related expenses, charitable donations, of which
$26 million related to increased donations to independent public charities that
provide co-pay assistance to eligible patients, and legal costs, and (v) an
increase of $39 million in royalty expense, primarily to Biogen Idec resulting
from higher Roche sales of Rituxan. In addition, MG&A expenses in 2006
included $169 million of employee stock-based compensation expense related to
FAS 123R.
For
2008, we expect MG&A expense to remain relatively flat compared to 2007
levels as we continue to manage our infrastructure costs.
Collaboration
Profit Sharing
Collaboration
profit sharing expenses increased 7% to $1,080 million in 2007 and 22% to $1,005
million in 2006 due to higher sales of Rituxan, Tarceva and higher U.S. sales of
Xolair and the related profit sharing expenses, partially offset by a decrease
in profit sharing expense related to Xolair operations outside of the
U.S.
The
following table summarizes the amounts resulting from the respective profit
sharing collaborations, for the periods presented (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
|
|
2006/2005 |
|
U.S.
Rituxan profit sharing expense
|
|
$ |
730 |
|
|
$ |
672 |
|
|
$ |
603 |
|
|
|
9
|
% |
|
|
11
|
% |
U.S.
Tarceva profit sharing expense
|
|
|
165 |
|
|
|
146 |
|
|
|
83 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
76 |
|
Total
Xolair profit sharing expense
|
|
|
185 |
|
|
|
187 |
|
|
|
137 |
|
|
|
(1 |
) |
|
|
36 |
|
Total
collaboration profit sharing expense
|
|
$ |
1,080 |
|
|
$ |
1,005 |
|
|
$ |
823 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
22 |
|
Currently,
our most significant collaboration profit sharing agreement is with Biogen Idec,
with whom we co-promote Rituxan in the U.S. Under the collaboration agreement,
Biogen Idec granted us a worldwide license to develop, commercialize, and market
Rituxan in multiple indications. In exchange for these worldwide rights, Biogen
Idec has co-promotion rights in the U.S. and a contractual arrangement under
which we share a portion of the pretax U.S. co-promotion profits of Rituxan and
we pay royalty expense based on sales of Rituxan by collaborators. In
June
2003,
we amended and restated the collaboration agreement with Biogen Idec to include
the development and commercialization of one or more anti-CD20 antibodies
targeting B-cell disorders, in addition to Rituxan, for a broad range of
indications.
Under
the amended and restated collaboration agreement, our share of the current
pretax U.S. co-promotion profit sharing formula is approximately 60% of
operating profits, and Biogen Idec’s share is approximately 40% of operating
profits. For each calendar year or portion thereof following the approval date
of the first new anti-CD20 product, after a period of transition, our share of
the pretax U.S. co-promotion profits will change to approximately 70% of
operating profits, and Biogen Idec’s share will be approximately 30% of
operating profits.
Collaboration
profit sharing expense, exclusive of R&D expenses, related to Biogen Idec
for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006, and 2005, consisted of the
following commercial activity (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
|
|
2006/2005 |
|
Product
sales, net
|
|
$ |
2,285 |
|
|
$ |
2,071 |
|
|
$ |
1,832 |
|
|
|
10
|
% |
|
|
13
|
% |
Combined
commercial costs and expenses
|
|
|
552 |
|
|
|
489 |
|
|
|
390 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
Combined
co-promotion profits
|
|
$ |
1,733 |
|
|
$ |
1,582 |
|
|
$ |
1,442 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
Amount
due to Biogen Idec for their share of co-promotion profits–included in
collaboration profit sharing expense
|
|
$ |
730 |
|
|
$ |
672 |
|
|
$ |
603 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
In
addition to Biogen Idec’s share of the combined co-promotion profits for
Rituxan, collaboration profit sharing expense includes the quarterly
settlement of Biogen Idec’s portion of the combined commercial costs. Since we
and Biogen Idec each individually incur commercial costs related to Rituxan, and
the spending mix between the parties can vary, collaboration profit sharing
expense as a percentage of sales can also vary accordingly.
Total
revenue and expenses related to our collaboration with Biogen Idec included the
following (in
millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
|
|
2006/2005 |
|
Contract
revenue
|
|
$ |
108 |
|
|
$ |
79 |
|
|
$ |
59 |
|
|
|
37
|
% |
|
|
34
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Co-promotion
profit sharing expense
|
|
$ |
730 |
|
|
$ |
672 |
|
|
$ |
603 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Royalty
expense on ex-U.S. sales of Rituxan and other patent costs–included in
MG&A expense
|
|
$ |
247 |
|
|
$ |
175 |
|
|
$ |
139 |
|
|
|
41 |
|
|
|
26 |
|
Contract
revenue from Biogen Idec primarily reflects the net reimbursement to us for
development and post-marketing costs we incurred on joint development projects
less amounts owed to Biogen Idec on their development efforts on these
projects.
Write-off
of In-process Research and Development Related to Acquisition
In
connection with the acquisition of Tanox in the third quarter of 2007, we
recorded a $77 million charge for in-process research and development. This
charge primarily represents acquired R&D for label extensions for Xolair
that have not yet been approved by the FDA and require significant further
development. We expect to continue further developing these label extensions
until a decision is made to file for a label extension or to discontinue
development efforts. We expect these development efforts to be completed from
2009 to 2013, if not abandoned sooner.
Gain
on Acquisition
The
acquisition of Tanox is considered to include the settlement of our 1996 license
arrangement of certain intellectual property and rights thereon from
Tanox. Under EITF 04-1, a business combination between parties with a
preexisting relationship should be evaluated to determine if a settlement of
that preexisting relationship exists. We measured the amount that the license
arrangement is favorable, from our perspective, by comparing it to estimated
pricing for current market transactions for intellectual property
rights similar to Tanox’s intellectual property rights related to Xolair.
In connection with the settlement of this license arrangement, we recorded a
gain of $121 million on a pretax basis, in accordance with EITF
04-1.
Recurring
Charges Related to Redemption and Acquisition
On
June 30, 1999, RHI exercised its option to cause us to redeem all of our Special
Common Stock held by stockholders other than RHI. The Redemption was reflected
as the purchase of a business, which under GAAP required push-down accounting to
reflect in our financial statements the amounts paid for our stock in excess of
our net book value (see Note 1, “Description of Business—Redemption of Our
Special Common Stock,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part
II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K).
On
August 2, 2007, we acquired Tanox. In connection with the acquisition, we
recorded approximately $814 million of intangible assets, representing developed
product technology and core technology, which are being amortized over 12
years.
We
recorded recurring charges related to the amortization of intangibles associated
with the Redemption and push-down accounting and our acquisition of Tanox in the
third quarter of 2007. These charges were $132 million in 2007, $105 million in
2006, and $123 million in 2005.
Special
Items: Litigation-Related
We
recorded accrued interest and bond costs related to the COH trial judgment of
$54 million in 2007, 2006, and 2005. The California Supreme Court heard our
appeal on this matter on February 5, 2008
and we expect a ruling within 90 days of the hearing date. Therefore, we expect
that we will continue to incur interest charges on the judgment and service fees
on the surety bond up to the second quarter of 2008. The amount of cash paid, if
any, or the timing of such payment in connection with the COH matter will depend
on the outcome of the California Supreme Court’s decision. See Note 8, “Leases,
Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial
Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information
regarding our litigation. Also included in this line in 2005 is a charge related
to a litigation settlement, net of amounts received on a separate litigation
settlement.
Operating
Income
Operating
income increased 34% to $4,229 million in 2007 and increased 64% to $3,152
million in 2006. Our operating income as a percentage of operating revenue
(pretax operating margin) was 36% in 2007, 34% in 2006, and 29% in
2005.
Other
Income (Expense)
The
components of “Other income (expense)” are as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
|
|
2006/2005 |
|
Gains
on sales of biotechnology equity securities, net
|
|
$ |
22 |
|
|
$ |
93 |
|
|
$ |
9 |
|
|
|
(76 |
)
% |
|
|
933
|
% |
Write-down
of biotechnology debt and equity securities
|
|
|
(20 |
) |
|
|
(4 |
) |
|
|
(10 |
) |
|
|
400 |
|
|
|
(60 |
) |
Interest
income
|
|
|
270 |
|
|
|
230 |
|
|
|
143 |
|
|
|
17 |
|
|
|
61 |
|
Interest
expense
|
|
|
(76 |
) |
|
|
(74 |
) |
|
|
(50 |
) |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
48 |
|
Other
miscellaneous income
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(83 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Total
other income, net
|
|
$ |
197 |
|
|
$ |
251 |
|
|
$ |
92 |
|
|
|
(22 |
) |
|
|
173 |
|
Other
income, net, decreased 22% to $197 million in 2007, and increased 173% to $251
million in 2006. Gains on sales of biotechnology equity securities, net were
lower in 2007 compared to 2006 due to the timing of certain acquisitions in 2006
which resulted in approximately $79 million in gains on sales related to Amgen’s
acquisition of Abgenix, Pfizer’s acquisition of Rinat, Stiefel Laboratories’
acquisition of Connetics Corporation, and Astra Zeneca’s acquisition of
Cambridge Antibody Technology. For 2007, there were no equivalent gains driven
by acquisition. Investment income in 2007 was higher due to higher average cash
balances, partially offset by lower yields and a $30 million write-down of a
fixed-income investment. In 2006, investment income was higher due to higher
average balances and higher yields. Interest expense in 2007 increased slightly
due to higher average debt levels compared to 2006. Interest expense increased
in 2006 due to new full-year debt service costs.
Income
Tax Provision
The
effective income tax rate was 37% in 2007, 38% in 2006, and 36% in 2005. The
effective tax rate in 2007 was lower than in 2006, primarily due to the increase
in the domestic manufacturing deduction. The effective tax rate in 2006 was
higher than 2005 primarily due to new Final Regulations issued by the U.S.
Department of Treasury, which required a $34 million reduction in research
credits claimed in prior years. The increase in the 2006 effective income tax
rate also resulted from higher income before taxes in 2006.
We
adopted the provisions of FIN 48 on January 1, 2007. Implementation of FIN 48
did not result in any adjustment to our Consolidated Statements of Income or a
cumulative adjustment to retained earnings (accumulated deficit). As a result of
the implementation of FIN 48, we reclassified $147 million of unrecognized tax
benefits from current liabilities to long-term liabilities as of January 1,
2007, and we also reclassified the balance as of December 31, 2006, for
consistency, in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, none of which
would have been considered due in 2007 in the presentation of our Contractual
Obligations table in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December
31, 2006.
In
2008, we expect our annual effective income tax rate to be similar to our 2007
effective income tax rate. Various internal and external factors may have
favorable or unfavorable effects on our future effective income tax rate. These
factors include, but are not limited to, changes in tax laws, regulations and/or
rates, the results of any tax examinations, changing interpretations of existing
tax laws or regulations, changes in estimates to prior years’ items, past and
future levels of R&D spending, acquisitions, changes in our corporate
structure, and changes in overall levels of income before taxes; all of which
may result in periodic revisions to our effective income tax
rate.
Relationship
with Roche
As
a result of the June 1999 redemption of our Special Common Stock (Redemption)
and subsequent public offerings, we amended our certificate of incorporation and
bylaws, amended our licensing and marketing agreement with Roche Holding AG and
affiliates (Roche), and entered into or amended certain agreements with RHI,
which are discussed below.
Affiliation
Arrangements
Our
Board of Directors consists of three RHI directors, three independent directors
nominated by a nominating committee currently controlled by RHI, and one
Genentech employee. However, under our bylaws, RHI has the right to obtain
proportional representation on our Board at any time.
Except
as follows, the affiliation arrangements do not limit RHI’s ability to buy or
sell our Common Stock. If RHI and its affiliates sell their majority ownership
of shares of our Common Stock to a successor, RHI has agreed that it will cause
the successor to agree to purchase all shares of our Common Stock not held by
RHI as follows:
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with
consideration, if that consideration is composed entirely of either cash
or equity traded on a U.S. national securities exchange, in the same form
and amounts per share as received by RHI and its affiliates;
and
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in
all other cases, with consideration that has a value per share not less
than the weighted-average value per share received by RHI and its
affiliates as determined by a nationally recognized investment
bank.
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If
RHI owns more than 90% of our Common Stock for more than two months, RHI has
agreed that it will, as soon as reasonably practicable, effect a merger of
Genentech with RHI or an affiliate of RHI.
RHI
has agreed, as a condition to any merger of Genentech with RHI or the sale of
our assets to RHI, that either:
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the
merger or sale must be authorized by the favorable vote of a majority of
non-RHI stockholders, provided no person will be entitled to cast more
than 5% of the votes at the meeting;
or
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in
the event such a favorable vote is not obtained, the value of the
consideration to be received by non-RHI stockholders would be equal to or
greater than the average of the means of the ranges of fair values for the
Common Stock as determined by two nationally recognized investment
banks.
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We
have agreed not to approve, without the prior approval of the directors
designated by RHI:
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any
acquisition, sale, or other disposal of all or a portion of our business
representing 10% or more of our assets, net income, or
revenue;
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any
issuance of capital stock except under certain circumstances;
or
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any
repurchase or redemption of our capital stock other than a redemption
required by the terms of any security and purchases made at fair market
value in connection with any deferred compensation
plans.
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Licensing
Agreements
We
have a July 1999 amended and restated licensing and marketing agreement with
Roche and its affiliates granting an option to license, use and sell our
products in non-U.S. markets. The major provisions of that agreement include the
following:
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Roche’s
option expires in 2015;
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Roche
may exercise its option to license our products upon the occurrence of any
of the following: (1) upon the filing of an Investigational New
Drug Application (IND) for a product, (2) completion of the first Phase II
trial for a product or (3) completion of a Phase III trial for that
product, if Roche previously paid us a fee of $10 million to extend
its option on a product;
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If
Roche exercises its option to license a product, it has agreed to
reimburse Genentech for development costs as follows: (1) If
exercise occurs upon the filing of an IND, Roche will pay 50% of
development costs incurred prior to the filing and 50% of development
costs subsequently incurred; (2) If exercise occurs at the completion
of the first Phase II trial, Roche will pay 50% of development costs
incurred through completion of the trial, 75% of development costs
subsequently incurred for the initial indication, and 50% of subsequent
development costs for new indications, formulations or dosing schedules;
(3) If the exercise occurs at the completion of a Phase III trial,
Roche will pay 50% of development costs incurred through completion of
Phase II, 75% of development costs incurred through completion of Phase
III, and 75% of development costs subsequently incurred; and $5 million of
the option extension fee paid by Roche to preserve its right to exercise
its option at the completion of a Phase III trial will be credited against
the total development costs payable to Genentech upon the exercise of the
option; and (4) Each of Genentech and Roche have the right to “opt-out” of
developing an additional indication for a product for which Roche
exercised its option, and would not share the costs or benefits of the
additional indication, but could “opt-back-in” within 30 days of decision
to file for approval of the indication by paying twice what they would
have owed for development of the indication if they had not opted
out;
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We
agreed, in general, to manufacture for and supply to Roche its clinical
requirements of our products at cost, and its commercial requirements at
cost plus a margin of 20%; however, Roche will have the right to
manufacture our products under certain
circumstances;
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Roche
has agreed to pay, for each product for which Roche exercises its option
upon the filing of an IND or completion of the first Phase II trial, a
royalty of 12.5% on the first $100 million on its aggregate sales of that
product and thereafter a royalty of 15% on its aggregate sales of that
product in excess of $100 million until the later in each country of the
expiration of our last relevant patent or 25 years from the first
commercial introduction of that
product;
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Roche
will pay, for each product for which Roche exercises its option after
completion of a Phase III trial, a royalty of 15% on its sales of that
product until the later in each country of the expiration of our last
relevant patent or 25 years from the first commercial introduction of that
product; however, $5 million of any option extension fee paid by Roche
will be credited against royalties payable to us in the first calendar
year of sales by Roche in which aggregate sales of that product exceed
$100 million; and
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For
certain products for which Genentech is paying a royalty to
Biogen Idec, including Rituxan, Roche shall pay Genentech a royalty
of 20% on sales of such product. Once Genentech is no longer obligated to
pay a royalty to Biogen Idec on sales of such products, Roche shall
then pay Genentech a royalty on sales of 10% on the first $75 million on
its aggregate sales of that product and thereafter a royalty of 8% on its
aggregate sales of that product in excess of $75 million until the later
in each country of the expiration of our last relevant patent or 25 years
from the first commercial introduction of that
product.
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We
have further amended this licensing and marketing agreement with Roche to delete
or add certain Genentech products under Roche’s commercialization and marketing
rights for Canada.
We
also have a July 1998 licensing and marketing agreement related to anti-HER2
antibodies (including Herceptin and pertuzumab) with Roche, providing them with
exclusive marketing rights outside of the U.S. Under the agreement, Roche funds
one-half the global development costs incurred in connection with developing
anti-HER2 antibody products under the agreement. Either Genentech or Roche has
the right to “opt-out” of developing an additional indication for a product and
would not share the costs or benefits of the additional indication, but could
“opt-back-in” within 30 days of decision to file for approval of the indication
by paying twice what would have been owed for development of the indication if
no opt-out had occurred. Roche has also agreed to make royalty payments of 20%
on aggregate net product sales outside the U.S. up to $500 million in each
calendar year and 22.5% on such sales in excess of $500 million in each calendar
year. In December 2007, Roche opted-in to our trastuzumab drug conjugate
products under terms similar to those of the existing anti-HER2
agreement.
Research
Collaboration Agreement
We
have an April 2004 research collaboration agreement with Roche that outlines the
process by which Roche and Genentech may agree to conduct and share in the costs
of joint research on certain molecules. The agreement further outlines how
development and commercialization efforts will be coordinated with respect to
select molecules, including the financial provisions for a number of different
development and commercialization scenarios undertaken by either or both
parties.
Tax
Sharing Agreement
We
have a tax sharing agreement with RHI. If we and RHI elect to file a combined
state and local tax return in certain states where we may be eligible, our tax
liability or refund with RHI for such jurisdictions will be calculated on a
stand-alone basis.
Roche Holdings, Inc.’s Ability to
Maintain Percentage Ownership Interest in Our Stock
We
issue shares of Common Stock in connection with our stock option and stock
purchase plans, and we may issue additional shares for other purposes. Our
affiliation agreement with RHI provides, among other things, that with respect
to any issuance of our Common Stock in the future, we will repurchase a
sufficient number of shares so that immediately after such issuance, the
percentage of our Common Stock owned by RHI will be no lower than 2% below the
“Minimum Percentage” (subject to certain conditions). The Minimum Percentage
equals the lowest number of shares of Genentech Common Stock owned by RHI since
the July 1999 offering (to be adjusted in the future for dispositions of shares
of Genentech Common Stock by RHI as well as for stock splits or stock
combinations) divided by 1,018,388,704 (to be adjusted in the future for stock
splits or stock combinations), which is the number of shares of Genentech Common
Stock outstanding at the time of the July 1999 offering, as adjusted for stock
splits. We have repurchased shares of our Common Stock since 2001 (see
discussion below in “Liquidity and Capital Resources”). The affiliation
agreement also provides that, upon RHI’s request, we will repurchase shares of
our Common Stock to increase RHI’s ownership to the Minimum Percentage. In
addition, RHI will have a continuing option to buy stock from us at prevailing
market prices to maintain its percentage ownership interest. Under the terms of
the affiliation agreement, RHI’s Minimum Percentage is 57.7% and RHI’s ownership
percentage is to be no lower than 55.7%. At December 31, 2007, RHI’s ownership
percentage was 55.8%.
Related
Party Transactions
We
enter into transactions with our related parties, Roche and Novartis. The
accounting policies that we apply to our transactions with our related parties
are consistent with those applied in transactions with independent third
parties, and all related party agreements are negotiated on an arm’s-length
basis.
In
our royalty and supply arrangements with related parties, we are the principal,
as defined under EITF Issue No. 99-19, “Reporting Revenue Gross as a
Principal versus Net as an Agent” (EITF 99-19), because we
bear the manufacturing risk, general inventory risk, and the risk to defend our
intellectual property. For circumstances in which we are the principal in the
transaction, we record the transaction on a gross basis in accordance with EITF
99-19. Otherwise our transactions are recorded on a net basis.
Roche
We
signed two new product supply agreements with Roche in July 2006, each of which
was amended in November 2007. The Umbrella Manufacturing Supply Agreement
(Umbrella Agreement) supersedes our existing product supply agreements with
Roche. The Short-Term Supply Agreement (Short-Term Agreement) supplements the
terms of the Umbrella Agreement. Under the Short-Term Agreement, Roche has
agreed to purchase specified amounts of Herceptin, Avastin and Rituxan through
2008. Under the Umbrella Agreement, Roche has agreed to purchase specified
amounts of Herceptin and Avastin through 2012 and, on a perpetual basis, either
party may order other collaboration products from the other party, including
Herceptin and Avastin after 2012, pursuant to certain forecast terms. The
Umbrella Agreement also provides that either party may terminate its obligation
to purchase and/or supply Avastin and/or Herceptin with six years notice on or
after December 31, 2007. To date, we have not received such notice of
termination from Roche.
In
December 2007, Roche opted-in to our trastuzumab drug conjugate products under
terms similar to those of the existing anti-HER2 agreement. As part of the
opt-in, Roche paid us $113 million and will pay 50% of subsequent development
costs related to the trastuzumab drug conjugate products. We recognized the
payment received from Roche as deferred revenue, which will be recognized over
the expected development period.
We
currently have no active profit sharing arrangements with Roche.
Under
our existing arrangements with Roche, including our licensing and marketing
agreement, we recognized the following amounts (in millions):
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Product
sales to Roche
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$ |
768 |
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$ |
359 |
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$ |
177 |
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Royalties
earned from Roche
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$ |
1,206 |
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$ |
846 |
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$ |
500 |
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